Disparities In Health Care Quality Research Articles

Chinese American Pain Experience Project (CAPE): Perceptions, Expectations, and Attitudes on Pain Management among Chinese American Postoperative Patients.

Chinese Americans are one of the fastest growing racial and ethnic groups and represent the largest subgroup of the Asian American population in the US and in New York City (NYC) where they number 573,528 in 2021. Despite their numbers, current pain perceptions, expectations, and attitudes of Chinese Americans remains poorly understood, especially as related to postoperative pain. A better understanding of pain experience among Chinese American patients is needed to inform strategies on improving pain management satisfaction. A total of 27 Chinese American postoperative patients from a NYC health system were recruited for face-to-face surveys and interviews with a trained bilingual and bicultural Community Health Worker. Questions from the Survey on Disparities in Quality of Healthcare and Kleinman's Explanatory Model of Illness were integrated into the survey and topic guide. Topics of discussion included satisfaction with healthcare and pain management during hospital stay and health beliefs and practices. More than half of participants experienced language challenges that made it difficult to communicate with healthcare staff. In general, high levels of satisfaction with pain management were reported; however, participants reported feeling less comfortable asking healthcare teams questions. Common themes across interviews included: (1) pain was an expected outcome of the procedure and was thus perceived as tolerable; (2) the wish to not be a burden to others; (3) concerns about side effects of pain medications; and (4) a cultural and language mismatch between healthcare teams and patients on words being used to elicit pain and discomfort. Our project findings can inform pain management strategies and tools to serve the Chinese American patient population.

Rural-Urban Disparities in Hospital Services and Outcomes for Children With Medical Complexity

Limited availability of inpatient pediatric services in rural regions has raised concerns about access, safety, and quality of hospital-based care for children. This may be particularly important for children with medical complexity (CMC). To describe differences in the availability of pediatric services at acute care hospitals where rural- and urban-residing CMC presented for hospitalization; identify rural-urban disparities in health care quality and in-hospital mortality; and determine whether the availability of pediatric services at index hospitals or the experience of interfacility transfer modified rural-urban differences in outcomes. This retrospective cohort study examined all-payer claims data from Colorado, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire from 2012 to 2017. Analysis was conducted from May 2023 to July 2024. Participants included CMC younger than 18 years residing in these states and hospitalized during the study period. Rural or urban residence was determined using Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes. Hospitals were categorized as children's hospitals or general hospitals with comprehensive, limited, or no dedicated pediatric services using American Hospital Association survey data. Interfacility transfers between index and definitive care hospitals were identified using health care claims. In-hospital mortality, all-cause 30-day readmission, medical-surgical safety events, and surgical safety events were operationalized using Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality measure specifications. Among 36 943 CMC who experienced 79 906 hospitalizations, 16 525 (44.7%) were female, 26 034 (70.5%) were Medicaid-insured, and 34 008 (92.1%) were urban-residing. Rural-residing CMC were 6.55 times more likely to present to hospitals without dedicated pediatric services (rate ratio [RR], 6.55 [95% CI, 5.86-7.33]) and 2.03 times more likely to present to hospitals without pediatric beds (RR, 2.03 [95% CI, 1.88-2.21]) than urban-residing CMC, with no significant differences in interfacility transfer rates. In unadjusted analysis, rural-residing CMC had a 44% increased risk of in-hospital mortality (RR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.03-2.02]) with no significant differences in other outcomes. Adjusting for clinical characteristics, the difference in in-hospital mortality was no longer significant. Index hospital type was not a significant modifier of observed rural-urban outcomes, but interfacility transfer was a significant modifier of rural-urban differences in surgical safety events. In this cohort study, rural-residing CMC were significantly more likely to present to hospitals without dedicated pediatric services. These findings suggest that efforts are justified to ensure that all hospital types are prepared to care for CMC.

Inequalities in Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions: An International Comparison of High-Income Countries

ObjectiveTo examine the differences in inequalities in Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) hospitalizations relative to socioeconomic status across nine countries, namely Australia, Canada, England, Finland, France, New Zealand, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States (US). ApproachThe International Collaborative on Costs, Outcomes, and Needs in Care (ICCONIC) research collaborative developed national data sets with hospitalization and sociodemographic data aggregated to small-area levels and pooled across countries using a common data model. Inequalities were assessed using both the slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality. ResultsThis study developed a common definition and set of codes for ACSC hospitalizations that proved to be comparable across countries and regions. Consistent socioeconomic gradients were observed in all countries with higher ACSC hospitalization rates for individuals in most disadvantaged areas. The greatest difference in hospitalizations between the highest and lowest income quintiles were observed in New Zealand (1603 per 100,000), Finland (1802 per 100,000) and England (1955 per 100,000). ConclusionsThe high-income countries included in this study displayed many commonalities in inequalities in ACSC hospitalizations. As a proxy measure of primary care access and quality, the observed inequalities may implicate disparities in health care quality and access for the lowest socioeconomic status groups. ImplicationsBarriers to health care access in low socioeconomic groups remain a complex and multifaceted issue. Future research should investigate the underlying contributing factors to the observed ACSC hospitalization equity gradients, including primary care delivery model, remuneration approach, and population structure.

Race and ethnic disparities arthroplasty trends and hotspots: Bibliometric analysis

IntroductionDespite continual advancements in total joint arthroplasty and perioperative optimization, there remains national variability in outcomes. These outcome variabilities have been in part attributed to racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare quality and access to care. This study aims to identify arthroplasty racial and ethnic disparities research and to predict future hotspots. MethodsEthnic and racial disparities articles between 1992 and 2022 were queried from the Web of Science Core Collection of Clarivate Analytics. Bibliometric indicators in excel format were extracted and subsequently imported for further analysis. Bibliometrix and VOSviewer analyzed current and previous research. ResultsDatabase search yielded 234 total articles assessing racial and ethnic disparities between 1992 and 2022. Twenty-six countries published manuscripts with the United States producing the majority of publications. The Veterans Health Administration and University of Pittsburgh were the most relevant institutions. Ibrahim SA was the most relevant and influential author within this field. Visuals of thematic map and co-occurrences identified the basic, motor, and niche themes within the literature. ConclusionsRacial and ethnic disparity within arthroplasty literature demonstrate growing traction with global contributions. United States authors and institutions are the largest contributors within this field. This bibliometric analysis identified previous, current, and future trends for prediction of future hotspots.

Addressing Financial and Administrative Challenges in Public Sector Health Programs: A Review of Pakistan’s Health care System

This study examines the financial and administrative obstacles that public sector health programs encounter, with Pakistan as the focal point. It explores the challenges associated with overseeing and financing public health projects. The study adds to the address on enhancing healthcare systems in developing nations such as Pakistan by analyzing key obstacles and possible remedies. Pakistan's healthcare system encounters various obstacles, such as restricted service accessibility, inadequate infrastructure, insufficient financial resources, disparities in healthcare quality, prevalent public health concerns, fragmented financing approaches, and governance inefficiencies. A comprehensive number of solutions and interventions are suggested to tackle these issues. These actions involve enhancing healthcare infrastructure, procuring cutting-edge medical equipment and technologies, increasing healthcare funding through creative approaches, enhancing healthcare worker training and education, launching extensive public health campaigns, revamping healthcare financing systems, and improving governance and management frameworks. Implementing these measures may assist Pakistan in developing a more robust, equitable, and effective healthcare system that guarantees equitable access to healthcare services for all.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Effects of Group Prenatal Care On Identification of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial of CenteringPregnancy

Abstract Purpose Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) during pregnancy can have serious consequences for maternal, infant, and child health. Importantly, the risk and consequences of IPV are greater for Black and Hispanic pregnant individuals than for White pregnant individuals. Thus, identification of IPV and referral to services during pregnancy is important, particularly for Black and Hispanic patients. Continuity of care and patient-centered care are thought to be essential for the identification of IPV in healthcare settings. Thus, we proposed that group prenatal care, which involves prenatal care providers delivering health, education, and support services to patients in a group setting, would create an atmosphere that is conducive to the identification of IPV. We specifically expected to see this effect among Black and Hispanic patients because group prenatal care has been hypothesized to increase the quality of the provider-patient relationship and reduce clinical bias against patients of color. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial of CenteringPregnancy (N = 523). Results We found that group prenatal care does have a significant, positive effect on IPV identification among prenatal care patients, but only for White women. Members of other racial and ethnic groups, who are at increased risk of experiencing IPV and its harmful consequences, do not receive this benefit. Conclusions Moving forward, researchers and practitioners should establish whether group prenatal care could be improved by intentionally incorporating a curriculum that directly addresses racial and ethnic disparities in quality of healthcare. Trial Registration Number and Date NCT02640638 (Prospectively registered 12/29/2015).

Continuity of care in general practice in Norway.

Maintaining continuity of care between doctors and patients is considered a fundamental aspect of quality in primary healthcare. In this study, we aim to examine continuity in Norway over time by computing two commonly used indicators of continuity: the St Leonard's Index of Continuity of Care (SLICC) and the Usual Provider of Care Index (UPC). We employ individual-level data, which covers all primary care consultations. This data includes the identities of each patient and physician, and we can identify each patient's regular general practitioner (GP). The SLICC is calculated as the share of consultations conducted by the patient's regular GP annually from 2006 to 2021. Additionally, we identify each patient's most visited physician and compute the UPC as the share of total consultations conducted by the most visited physician during the same period. Our analysis is conducted at the national level and stratified according to the level of centrality, differentiating between areas of high, moderate, and low centrality. Our findings reveal that, at the national level, SLICC and UPC exhibit remarkable stability, reaching 64 and 71 percent, respectively, in 2021. However, there is significant geographical variation, with the least central areas experiencing less continuous healthcare (SLICC at 49 percent in 2021) than patients residing in more central areas (SLICC at 68 in 2021). Our results demonstrate a high degree of continuity that has been stable over time. However, large geographical variations suggest that policymakers should strive to reduce geographical disparities in healthcare quality.

News Brief: Racial disparities in health care quality and safety exist in even the highest rated hospitals.

News Brief: Racial disparities in health care quality and safety exist in even the highest rated hospitals.

A small area model to assess temporal trends and sub-national disparities in healthcare quality

Monitoring subnational healthcare quality is important for identifying and addressing geographic inequities. Yet, health facility surveys are rarely powered to support the generation of estimates at more local levels. With this study, we propose an analytical approach for estimating both temporal and subnational patterns of healthcare quality indicators from health facility survey data. This method uses random effects to account for differences between survey instruments; space-time processes to leverage correlations in space and time; and covariates to incorporate auxiliary information. We applied this method for three countries in which at least four health facility surveys had been conducted since 1999 – Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania – and estimated measures of sick-child care quality per WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) guidelines at programmatic subnational level, between 1999 and 2020. Model performance metrics indicated good out-of-sample predictive validity, illustrating the potential utility of geospatial statistical models for health facility data. This method offers a way to jointly estimate indicators of healthcare quality over space and time, which could then provide insights to decision-makers and health service program managers.

Understanding the Context for Incorporating Equity into Quality Improvement Throughout a National Health Care System.

Although health care systems aspire to deliver equitable care, practical tools that empower the health care workforce to weave equity throughout quality improvement (QI) processes are lacking. In this article, we report findings from context of use interviews that informed the development of a user-centered tool to support equity-focused QI. Semistructured interviews were conducted from February to April of 2019. Participants included 14 medical center administrators, departmental or service line leaders, and clinical staff involved in direct patient care from three Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers within a single region. Interviews covered existing practices for monitoring health care quality (i.e., priorities, tasks, workflow, and resources) and explored how equity data might fit into current processes. Themes extracted through rapid qualitative analysis were used to draft initial functional requirements for a tool to support equity-focused QI. Although the potential value of examining disparities in health care quality was clearly recognized, the data necessary for examining disparities were lacking for most quality measures. Interviewees also desired guidance on how inequities could be addressed through QI. The ways in which QI initiatives were selected, carried out, and supported also had important design implications for tools to support equity-focused QI. The themes identified in this work guided the development of a national VA Primary Care Equity Dashboard to support equity-focused QI within VA. Understanding the ways in which QI was carried out across multiple levels of the organization provided a successful foundation upon which to build functional tools to support thoughtful engagement around equity in clinical settings.

The relationship between hospital ownership, in-hospital mortality, and medical expenses: an analysis of three common conditions in China

BackgroundPrivate hospitals expanded rapidly in China since 2009 following its national health reform encouraging private investment in the hospital sector. Despite long-standing debates over the performance of different types of hospitals, empirical evidence under the context of developing countries remains scant. We investigated the disparities in health care quality and medical expenses among public, private not-for-profit, and private for-profit hospitals.MethodsA total of 64,171 inpatients (51,933 for pneumonia (PNA), 9,022 for heart failure (HF) and 3,216 for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)) who were admitted to 528 secondary hospitals in Sichuan province, China, during the fourth quarters of 2016, 2017, and 2018 were selected for this study. Multilevel logistic regressions and multilevel linear regressions were utilized to assess the relationship between hospital ownership types and in-hospital mortality, as well as medical expenses for PNA, HF, and AMI, after adjusting for relevant hospital and patient characteristics, respectively.ResultsThe private not-for-profit (adjusted OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.08, 2.64) and for-profit (adjusted OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.06, 2.62) hospitals showed higher in-hospital mortality than the public ones for PNA, but not for AMI and HF. No significant differences were found in medical expenses across hospital ownership types for AMI, but the private not-for-profit was associated with 9% higher medical expenses for treating HF, while private not-for-profit and for-profit hospitals were associated with 10% and 11% higher medical expenses for treating PNA than the public hospitals. No differences were found between the private not-for-profit and private for-profit hospitals both in in-hospital mortality and medical expenses across the three conditions.ConclusionThe public hospitals had at least equal or even higher healthcare quality and lower medical expenses than the private ones in China, while private not-for-profit and for-profit hospitals had similar performances in these aspects. Our results added evidences on hospitals’ performances among different ownership types under China’s context, which has great potential to inform the optimization of healthcare systems implemented among developing countries confronted with similar challenges.

Providers’ Perspectives on Women’s Healthcare Disparities and Barriers

ABSTRACT Women face persistent disparities in healthcare quality, access to care, and treatment rates and outcomes, with women from marginalized identities facing greater difficulties. Little is known about providers’ understanding of these disparities, despite the vital role they play. This qualitative study explored interdisciplinary providers’ (psychologists and primary care physicians) perceptions of healthcare disparities and challenges across marginalized groups of women (women of color, women with disabilities, and women from low SES, elderly, and LGBTQ backgrounds). Providers frequently focused on individual patient barriers over systemic and relational barriers. Narratives varied by provider type and when discussing different groups of women. Continued provider training and health equity approaches are needed to combat healthcare disparities for diverse women.

Information and Disparities in Health Care Quality: Evidence from Gp Choice in England

Information and Disparities in Health Care Quality: Evidence from Gp Choice in England

Differences in Patient Experiences Among People From Ethnic Minority Backgrounds: A Comparative Analysis of HCAHPS Results

Patients from ethnic minority backgrounds often experience disparities in healthcare quality and outcomes. This study aimed to compare the patient-reported experiences of patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) to general patients in the Australian healthcare setting. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey was used to evaluate patient experiences from patients in a metropolitan public healthcare network, spanning three hospitals. Level of English proficiency was based on primary language spoken at home. To identify disparities in experience ratings between patients with LEP and the general cohort, independent t-tests were employed. Data was analysed from 2,291 patients, collected over a five-year period (2017–2022), with 490 patients identified as LEP (i.e. speaking a language other than English at home). Statistically significant differences were identified between the cohorts, with LEP patients rating their experiences higher in three areas: doctors listening carefully, doctors explaining in a way they could understand, and quietness at night. Conversely, patients with LEP scored lower in areas regarding nursing respect and responsiveness to call bells. Although patients with LEP had a more positive overall experience, this difference was not statistically significant. The findings indicate potential misalignment between the often poorer health outcomes among people from ethnic minority backgrounds and their experiences in hospital. Additional research is crucial to delve into the unique experiences of ethnic minority patients, including those with LEP, to understand the differences influencing perceptions of care and contributing to disparities in health outcomes.

Understanding regional disparities in healthcare quality and accessibility in West Bengal, India: A multivariate analysis

AbstractHealthcare inequality is a major issue in developing countries, as it puts increasing pressure on the local population, particularly rural and disadvantaged groups, to maintain a decent standard of living and have equitable access to healthcare. Using principal component analysis and average aggregation methods, a multilevel, dimension‐based composite healthcare quality index was constructed in the present study. The healthcare quality and accessibility index has four aspects (availability, affordability, accommodation, and amenities) with 21 parameters. The four‐dimensional index and healthcare quality and accessibility index were used to map the spatial pattern of healthcare disparity in the context of service availability, distribution of healthcare facilities, and socioeconomic status across the 18 districts of West Bengal, India. The findings show that in West Bengal, different districts have the widest discrepancies in the various dimensions considered for this research, which require particular attention. According to the healthcare quality and accessibility index, districts in the state's northern and western regions are underdeveloped, which corresponds to a wide variance in total healthcare service quality, accessibility, and socioeconomic position. Puruliya, Maldah, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, and Coochbehar are the districts with the lowest healthcare quality and accessibility, accounting for 28.63% of the total area and housing 17.96 million people who suffer greatly from the poor access to decent healthcare.

Racial and ethnic differences in low-value pediatric emergency care.

Disparities in health care quality frequently focus on underuse. We evaluated racial/ethnic differences in low-value services delivered in the pediatric emergency department (ED). We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of low-value services in children discharged from 39 pediatric EDs from January 2018 to December 2019 using the Pediatric Hospital Information System. Our primary outcome was receipt of one of 12 low-value services across nine conditions, including chest radiography in asthma and bronchiolitis; beta-agonist and corticosteroids in bronchiolitis; laboratory testing and neuroimaging in febrile seizure; neuroimaging in afebrile seizure; head injury and headache; and any imaging in sinusitis, constipation, and facial trauma. We analyzed the association of race/ethnicity on receipt of low-value services using generalized linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, weekend, hour of presentation, payment, year, household income, and distance from hospital. We included 4,676,802 patients. Compared with non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients, non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic patients had lower adjusted odds (aOR [95% confidence interval]) of receiving imaging for asthma (0.60 [0.56 to 0.63] NHB; 0.84 [0.79 to 0.89] Hispanic), bronchiolitis (0.84 [0.79 to 0.89] NHB; 0.93 [0.88 to 0.99] Hispanic), head injury (0.84 [0.80 to 0.88] NHB; 0.80 [0.76 to 0.84] Hispanic), headache (0.67 [0.63 to 0.72] NHB; 0.83 [0.78 to 0.88] Hispanic), and constipation (0.71 [0.67 to 0.74] NHB; 0.76 [0.72 to 0.80] Hispanic). NHB patients had lower odds (95% CI) of receiving imaging for afebrile seizures (0.89 [0.8 to 1.0]) and facial trauma (0.69 [0.60 to 0.80]). Hispanic patients had lower odds (95% CI) of imaging (0.57 [0.36 to 0.90]) and blood testing (0.82 [0.69 to 0.98]) for febrile seizures. NHB patients had higher odds (95% CI) of receiving steroids (1.11 [1.00 to 1.21]) and beta-agonists (1.38 [1.24 to 1.54]) for bronchiolitis compared with NHW patients. NHW patients more frequently receive low-value imaging while NHB patients more frequently receive low-value medications for bronchiolitis. Our study demonstrates the differences in care across race and ethnicity extend to many services, including those of low value. These findings highlight the importance of greater understanding of the complex interaction of race and ethnicity with clinical practice.

Evaluation of a village-based digital health kiosks program: A protocol for a cluster randomized clinical trial.

BackgroundTo address disparities in healthcare quality and access between rural and urban areas in China, reforms emphasize strengthening primary care and digital health utilization. Yet, evidence on digital health approaches in rural areas is lacking.ObjectiveThis study will evaluate the effectiveness of Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital's Digital Health Kiosk program, which uses the Dingbei telemedicine platform to connect rural clinicians to physicians in upper-level health facilities and provide access to artificial intelligence-enabled diagnostic support. We hypothesize that our interventions will increase healthcare utilization and patient satisfaction, decrease out-of-pocket costs, and improve health outcomes.MethodsThis cluster randomized control trial will enroll clinics according to a partial factorial design. Clinics will be randomized to either a control arm with clinician medical training, a second arm additionally receiving Dingbei telemedicine training, or a third arm with monetary incentives for patient visits conducted through Dingbei plus all prior interventions. Clinics in the second and third arm will then be orthogonally randomized to a social marketing arm that targets villager awareness of the kiosk program. We will use surveys and Dingbei administrative data to evaluate clinic utilization, revenue, and clinician competency, as well as patient satisfaction and expenses.ResultsWe have received ethical approval from Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital (IRB approval number: GD2H-KY IRB-AF-SC.07-01.1), Peking University (IRB00001052-21007), and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (323385). Study enrollment began April 2022.ConclusionsThis study has the potential to inform future telemedicine approaches and assess telemedicine as a method to address disparities in healthcare access.Trial registration number: ChiCTR2100053872

The Impact of Demographics and Medicare Payments on Quality of External Beam Radiotherapy for Bone Metastases in US Hospitals

External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) has a well-established role in palliation of metastatic bone disease, yet the adherence to evidence based palliative EBRT doses and fractionation schemes is not universal across United States outpatient treatment facilities. We aimed to explore potential disparities in palliative EBRT quality in relation to Medicare visit payments and population demographics.Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) EBRT for Bone Metastases process measure score for 2018 included in the Hospital Outpatient Quality Reporting Program (Hospital OQR) was available for a total of 824 facilities across the US. Radiation Oncology Office Visit Costs per zip code for new and established patients were obtained from CMS. Demographics (percentage of total population representing males, females, 5 years or younger, under 18 years, 65 or older, white, black or African American, Latino) were obtained from US census. Linear regression analysis was carried out with score representing the dependent variable.The median score was 95% (range 5-100%), average 88.86%. In the final multivariate model, the score was significantly positively associated with the percentage of white population (P = 0.04) and negatively associated with the percentage of population under 18 (P = 0.03), and there was a trend toward association with the mode of Medicare pricing for a new patient visit (P = 0.06). Of note, the percentage of population under 18 was positively correlated with percentage of Latino population (P = 3.155e-09) but not black population (P = 0.9.) There was no association with gender, or with the percentage of those patients who were very young (under 5) or over the age of 65 years.The quality of palliative EBRT in US outpatient facilities is associated with demographic diversity of a given area, with predominantly non-diverse neighborhoods generally receiving higher quality EBRT-based palliative care. Additionally, it appears to be affected by Medicare payments. This data suggests that disparities in healthcare quality are directly mediated by race and partially by geography.

COVID-19 health research in low-income countries

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected different countries in different ways and to varying extents. Differences in geography and population, as well as the different health response of respective governments, are factors that play a role in the impact of the virus. Unfortunately, the quality of healthcare systems also plays a key role and there are disparities in healthcare quality across countries. In an initiative led by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), in partnership with UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), 12 health research projects across more than 18 countries are seeking to reduce the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic across low- and middle-income countries. Topics include transmission and infection control, how people in different settings are affected by the virus and long-term outcomes, including the risk of neurological problems. The projects have been informed by the World Health Organization COVID-19 Global Research Roadmap, which features four priority research topics relating to the virus: 'epidemiology, clinical management, infection prevention and control, and health system responses'. One project is looking at the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of older adults in Peru and another is looking at how the virus affected the brain. A project called the DOMINO Study is investigating the indirect effects of COVID-19 on tuberculosis and HIV care in Indonesia and a project based in a low-resource community in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is working to better understand SARS-CoV-2 in children.

Impact of socio-economic status and race on emergency hospital admission outcomes: Analysis from hospital admissions between 2001 and 2012.

Socio-economic and racial/ethnic disparities in healthcare quality have been the point of huge discussion and debate. There is currently a public debate over healthcare legislation in the United States to eliminate the disparities in healthcare. We reviewed the literature and critically examined standard socio-economic and racial/ethnic measurement approaches. As a result of the literature review, we identified and discussed the limitations in existing quality assessment for identifying and addressing these disparities. The aim of this research was to investigate the difference between health outcomes based on patients' ability to pay and ethnic status during a single emergency admission. We conducted a multifactorial analysis using the 11-year admissions data from a single hospital to test the bias in short-term health outcomes for length of stay and death rate, based on 'payment type' and 'race', for emergency hospital admissions. Inconclusive findings for racial bias in outcomes may be influenced by different insurance and demographic profiles by race. As a result, we found that the Self-Pay (no insurance) category has the shortest statistically significant length of stay. While the differences between Medicare, Private and Government are not significant, Self-Pay was significantly shorter. That 'Whites' have more Medicare (older) patients than 'Blacks' might possibly lead to a longer length of stay and higher death rate for the group.