Disorders In Young Athletes Research Articles

Association between Physical Activity and Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Young Athletes.

Our study aims to evaluate clinical predictors of menstrual cycle disorders in female athletes who compete in running disciplines. This is a prospective observational study. Women were recruited between January and May 2022. Fifty-three patients were enrolled and completed a questionnaire about menstrual cycle, physical activity, and food habit characteristics. Of the women in our population, 39.6% had menstrual irregularities and reported a significantly higher number of kilometers run per week (67 vs. 35, p:0.02). The number of kilometers run per week was associated with menstrual irregularities (for 10 km, OR 1.35; IC95% 1.05-1.73; p: 0.02) after adjusting for BMI, age, level of sport and caloric intake. The variable of "km run per week" appeared as a diagnostic indicator of irregular menstrual cycle with statistical significance (AUC ROC curve 0.71, IC95% 0.54-0.86, p-value=0.01) and the cut-off of 65 km run per week is a good indicator of the presence of irregular menstrual cycle (sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of 55% and 81.48%). Menstrual cycle disorders are very frequent in female athletes, and the variable of km run per week may play a role in screening endurance athletes at high risk for these disorders.

ОЦЕНКА ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ ВИТАМИНОМ D ЮНЫХ СПОРТСМЕНОВ

Optimal vitamin D supplementation is necessary for the normal course of growth and develop-ment processes, bone formation, prevention of stress fractures, improvement of recovery after injuries and physical exertion in young athletes. There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficien-cy in children and adolescents in Russia currently. The number of studies on the prevalence of vitamin D metabolic disorders in young athletes is insufficient. The purpose of this research was to assess the vitamin D availability in young athletes. Methods used: cross-sectional, single-center study included young athletes from 24 kinds of sports who underwent medical examination in March to July, 2022. Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D3) was measured in all athletes using the chemiluminescence analysis. Results: 527 young athletes (254 (48.2%) boys/273 (51.8%) girls) aged 10 to 17 years and 11 months old (average 15.2 [14.2; 16.5] y/o) were examined. Vit-amin D deficiency (25(OH)D3 <20 ng/ml) was detected in 226 (42.9%) athletes, of which severe deficiency (25(OH)D3 <10 ng/ml) was in 5 (2%). Vitamin D insufficiency was diagnosed in 219 (41.6%), and the optimal level of 25(OH)D3 (>30 ng/ml) was detected only in 82 (15.5%). There were no statistically significant gender differences in the frequency of occurrence of vitamin D insufficiency (p=0.561) and deficiency (p=0.673). Conclusion: extremely low vitamin D availa-bility in young athletes was revealed. Conducting further research on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and ways to correct it in young athletes is necessary to start working on recommended optimizing and preventive and therapeutic approaches to correcting of the vitamin D levels in high-performance youth sports.

Social and Individual Factors Associated with Eating Disorders in Young Athletes: Effects on Concentration and Fatigue.

Eating disorders are a growing societal problem, especially among young people. This study aims to determine the individual and social factors that support and perpetuate the risk of eating disorders (ED) and their possible consequences on an individual's athletic and academic performances. The sample consisted of 395 athletes between 12 and 16 years of age (M = 14.07; SD = 1.35), of whom 142 (35.9%) were female, and 253 (64.1%) were male. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on sociodemographic data, body image, use of social networks, social relationships, sports practice, risk of developing ED, and academic and sports performance. In the resulting analysis, an initial cross-tabulation was carried out to observe the body distortion of the respondents as a function of BMI, followed by a linear regression to analyze the factors influencing the risk of suffering from ED. In addition, correlations were made to determine the relationship between the risk of manifesting ED and academic and sports performance. The main results show that 77.7% of the young athletes present a risk of ED (M = 13.3; DT = 3.33) due to a high body image distortion, which becomes the determining factor. In addition, relationships with family and friends have a significant influence on this. On the other hand, behaviors related with eating disorders affect concentration (r = -0.122; p = 0.01) and fatigue (r = -0.376; p < 0.01). For all these reasons, generating and promoting prevention and early detection guidelines during adolescence is necessary.

Особенности желудочковой экстрасистолии на фоне коморбидной патологии у юных спортсменов

Aim: to assess the role of autonomic disorders and undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) of the heart in children with ventricular extrasystoles (VE) engaged in sports. Patients and Methods: the study included 52 athlete boys with newly diagnosed cardiac arrhythmia in the form of ventricular extrasystoles. The study group (n=34) consisted of children with moderate VE severity co-existing with asympaticotonic type of autonomic dysfunction syndrome (ADS) amid undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia mostly affecting the heart (UCTDH). The study group was split into two subgroups: subgroup 1 (n=11) – children with monotopic VE persisting at load and subgroup 2 (n=23) – children with occasionally appearing VE which reduced in the vertical position and/or at load. The control group (n=18) consisted of children with moderate VE amid UCTDH without ADS manifestations. A comprehensive clinical and laboratory assessment was performed in all patients. Results: on Holter monitoring (HM), in patients of the study group, subgroup 1, a sinus rhythm was recorded with the presence of 9,000- 15,000 VE per day (single or paired). The power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in the subgroup 1 children demonstrated that in most cases (10 (90.9%)) there were low levels of the total power (TP) (р&lt;0.05) and high values of the high-frequency component (HF) (p&lt;0.05) as compared to those in the control group children. Also, a significant decrease in creatine phosphokinase-MB activity in the blood serum was found in children of the study group, subgroup 1, as compared to the reference values (р&lt;0.05). The VE development in the study group, subgroup1, children was caused by the combined exposure to sport loads and the autonomic control of cardiovascular function amid UCTDH. In the study group, subgroup 2, children the laboratory testing did not demonstrate any statistically significant changes in creatine phosphokinase-MB activity in the blood serum as compared to the reference values (р&gt;0.05). On HM, in most of the subgroup 2 children, a sinus rhythm was recorded with the presence of 6,000-9,000 VE per day. The changes in HRV parameters and their spectrogram in 19 (82.6%) cases were common for asympaticotonic type. As compared to the values in the control group children, TP was slightly lower (р&gt;0.05) along with a high HF level (р&gt;0.05). A half of the control group children had a moderate increase in creatine phosphokinase-MB activity in the blood serum (р&lt;0.05), while in other cases its values did not differ considerably from the normal range. On HM, in most cases a normal sinus rhythm with usually single EV, 300-5,000 per day, was recorded. The main measurements of the power spectral analysis of HRV and spectrogram indicators suggested that children of this group had sufficient body energy supply. The presence of VE in the control group children was associated with the impact of sport loads on the heart with dysplasia. Conclusion: the authors have distinguished the clinical variants of heart rhythm disorders in young athletes with different levels of body energy supply, VE patterns, etc. In young athletes, ventricular extrasystoles are characterized by a persisting occurrence in cases with asympaticotonic type of autonomic disorders amid UCTDH. They are associated with a decrease in energy supply of the body, in particular, the myocardial muscle. Occasionally occurring VE were recorded in athletes without significant disturbances in energy supply. KEYWORDS: ventricular extrasystoles, autonomic dysfunction syndrome, undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia of the heart, energy supply, athletes. FOR CITATION: Cherkasov N.S., Doronina T.N., Prakhov A.V., Semenova I.A. Characteristics of ventricular extrasystoles co-occurring with comorbidities in young athletes. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2023;6(1):45–49 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2023-6-1-45-49.

СТРУКТУРА МОДЕЛІ ПРОГРАМИ ЗДОРОВ’ЯЗБЕРІГАЮЧОЇ СПРЯМОВАНОСТІ НА ЕТАПІ ПОПЕРЕДНЬОЇ БАЗОВОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ У ЮНИХ ФУТБОЛІСТІВ З ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИМИ ПОРУШЕННЯМИ ОПОРНО-РУХОВОГО АПАРАТУ

Мета. Розробити модель програм здоров’язберігаючої спрямованості на етапі попередньої базової підготовки у юних футболістів з функціональними порушеннями опорно-рухового апарату. Методи. Аналіз даних науково-методичної літератури й інформаційних ресурсів мережі Інтернет, контент-аналіз теоретичних і методичних робіт, реконструкція, синтез. За даними наукової спільноти властива сучасному дитячо-юнацькому спорту інтенсифікація навчально-тренувального процесу, спрямована на досягнення високих спортивних результатів, призводить до збільшення навантажень на дитячий організм і може спричинити виникнення в юних спортсменів метаболічних, морфо-функціональних порушень, донозологічних станів і захворювань. Сьогодні все більшу актуальність набуває проблема профілактики, раннє виявлення і корекції порушень станів кістково-м’язової системи юних спортсменів.Враховуючи фундаментальні розробки теорії та методики юнацького спорту, біомеханіки просторовоїорганізації тіла людини, специфіку планування фізичних навантажень з акцентом на особливості організму юних спортсменів, розроблено модель програм здоров’язберігаючої спрямованості футболістів з функціональними порушеннями опорно-рухового апарату на етапі попередньої базової підготовки та технологічні операції, яка включає два взаємопов’язаних блоки: організаційно-методичний та змістовно-цільовий. Організаційно-методичний блок моделі програм здоров’язберігаючої спрямованості футболістів з функціональними порушеннями опорно-рухового апарату на етапі попередньої базової підготовки передбачає організацію попередньої підготовчо-методичної роботи зі створення здоров’язберігаючого се-редовища. У змістовно-цільовий блок програм входили мета, завдання, засоби, форми і методи корекційно-профілактичних заходів, принципи і методи проектування і реалізації здоров’язберігаючої технології.Ключові слова: юні футболісти, модель, програми здоров’язберігаючої спрямованості,порушення постави.

Morphobiomechanical peculiarities of football players aged 11–13 years

Background. Modern sports practice, numerous scientific studies show that the world sports peaks can be conquered only by especially talented athletes who, firstly, have a pronounced natural inclination to achievements in a particular sport, and secondly, who managed to implement them in long-term improvement process. Materials and Methods. The number of respondents involved in the observational experiment stage was n = 130 players of 11–13 years old. The paper used professional scientific and methodological literature reviews, pedagogical observation; anthropometry, adolescent’s posture analysis was performed using "Torso" program, mathematical statistics methods. Results. The videometry results, which are confirmed by an orthopedist, established the dynamics of functional state deterioration of musculoskeletal system. The study that examined the body length parameters in young players with different posture types, determined that among athletes aged 11–12 years, the highest body length values were in players with scoliotic posture and round back. In athletes aged 12–13 years, the highest average body weight values were typical for players with round back posture type and the lowest for flat back players. Conclusions. Characteristic posture features of the studied contingent have been established: normal posture was observed in 50% of football players aged 11–12, and 42.85% of football players aged 12–13. The most common functional musculoskeletal system disorder in young athletes is scoliotic posture, which is found in 26.66% of 11–12 year old players and 28.57% of 12–13 year old players. The second in the number of detected functional musculoskeletal system disorders in young football players is a round back observed in 16.67% of 11–12 year olds and 17.15% in 12–13 year old athletes. The data obtained indicate that the problem of functional musculoskeletal system disorders in young athletes is more acute than ever.

Postural Disorders in Young Athletes

Research background and hypothesis. Athletes across all sports face sports injuries stemming from the overuse of specific muscle groups for that particular sport. It was hypothesised that athletes from each sport would show similar muscular-skeletal changes allowing a postural stereotype for each sport to be allocated. The aim of this study was to determine the peculiarities of postural changes of young athletes in accordance with postural tone and phasic contraction muscles.Research methods. The participants of this study were 92 young Latvian athletes aged 14–17 and having different preparation level, i. e. 20 swimmers, 20 ice-hockey players and 19 basketball players, 17 handball players and 16 cyclists. Tests were completed using methods of visual diagnostics (Васильева, 1996) and muscular functional testing (Kendall, M. O., Kendall, F. P., 1982).Research results. The lower cross syndrome is a common feature for athletes of sports requiring complicated coordination at high rates of workloads on lower extremities. Individual decline from a neutral posture in the sagittal plane is a characteristic feature for individuals of various kinds of sport due to overload of some muscle groups.Discussion and conclusions. The presence of a postural stereotype indicates that these muscular-skeletal changes are beneficial to athletes. How much benefit the athletes gain from these postural changes before injury occurs, is open to debate. It is purposeful to distinguish muscles according to their tone to postural and contracting muscles. The postural muscles that form posture have rather high tone, but if these muscles are overloaded, the tone pathologically increases and the muscle cannot contract nor relax effectively enough to allow the antagonist to work.Keywords: sport event specifics, postural stereotypes, functional postural changes.

Influence of Psychological, Anthropometric and Sociodemographic Factors on the Symptoms of Eating Disorders in Young Athletes

The aim of the current study was to analyse the influence of psychological, anthropometric and sociodemographic factors on the risk behaviours for eating disorders (ED) in young athletes. Participants were 580 adolescents of both sexes. We used the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), theBody Shape Questionnaire and the Commitment Exercise Scale to assess the risk behaviours for ED, body image dissatisfaction (BD) and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise (DPCE), respectively. Participants’ weight, height and skinfold thickness were measured. A multiple regression indicated that BD and percentage of fat significantly modulated ( p &lt; .05) the variance of females’ EAT-26 scores, whereas BD, DPCE, fat percentage, age, ethnicity and competitive level significantly explained ( p &lt; .05) the variance of risk behaviours for males’ ED. Thus, only BD influenced risk behaviours for ED in both sexes.

Acute Osteochondral Shear Fracture of the Capitellum in a Twelve-Year-Old Patient

The exact prevalence of radiocapitellar joint injuries in adolescents is unknown. The most common elbow disorders in young athletes include overuse injuries, such as osteochondritis dissecans and Panner disease. Fractures of the capitellum and radial neck can also occur in this age group as a result of direct trauma. Marion and Faysse reported only one capitellar fracture in a series of 2,000 elbow fractures in children1. Two fracture patterns of the capitellum have traditionally been described. The first type, a coronal shear fracture often referred to as the Hahn-Steinthal fracture, usually contains a large portion of cancellous bone from the lateral humeral condyle and may include the lateral crista of the trochlea as well2,3. The second type, a pure articular fracture called the Kocher-Lorenz fracture, has little or no subchondral bone attached to the fragment4,5 and is rarely seen in children6. Since the publication of the study by Marion and Faysse1, several cases of capitellar fractures have been described in older adolescents, whose bone more closely resembles that of an adult7-9; however, a pure articular fracture of the capitellum has rarely, if ever, been reported in children who were less than twelve years of age6. There have been two reports describing anterior or articular sleeve fractures of the lateral condyle10,11, and both of these injuries occurred in patients who were less than twelve years of age. Each of these injuries involved a substantial portion of the articular surface of the capitellum, although neither was a pure capitellar injury. The fracture fragment in these patients was composed mainly of the articular surface from the capitellum, in addition to nonarticular epicondylar and metaphyseal portions of the lateral condyle. The …

Eating Disorders in Young Athletes

In brief: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are increasingly common in young athletes. In this discussion a physician, a psychiatrist, a dietitian, and three college coaches review the problem and discuss what coaches can do about it. Treatment of eating disorders is much more effective when they are detected early. Coaches need to know the symptoms and potential consequences of these illnesses and are in an excellent position to detect them and to counsel athletes. In their anxiety to win, coaches must be careful of their athletes' overall health and should not encourage them to try crash weight-loss programs, which often lead to eating disorders.

Clinical characteristics of patellar disorders in young athletes.

The clinical histories of 50 young athletes who complained of patellar instability or pain were analyzed, and their physical findings were compared to those of 50 controls. The patients were divided into three groups, based on their symptoms. Analysis of their physical findings confirmed the validity of these divisions. Those who complained of frank dislocation of the patella exhibited the most pronounced stigmata of quadriceps dysplasia, including vastus medialis deficiency and infrapatellar fat pad enlargement, and had increased general ligamentous laxity, increased mean patellar mobility, and out-facing patellae with concomitantly decreased Q angles in chronic, recurrent cases. Patients who complained of the classic patellar pain pattern, often called "chondromalacia patella," but who denied swelling were designated CMP. They had normal mean ligamentous laxity and mean patellar mobility, an increased incidence of in-facing patellae with concomitantly increased mean Q angle, and frequently palpable lateral patellofemoral bands. Patients who complained of pain and swelling had physical findings intermediate to the other two groups, and generally correspond to what is usually termed subluxation of the patella. They exhibited normal general laxity but increased mean patellar mobility, normal mean Q angle but an increased incidence of patellar infacing, and fat pad enlargement.