Disorder Phenomena Research Articles

Unveiling the roadblocks: exploring substance use disorder treatment policies in Iran through a qualitative lens.

Different countries, including Iran, have implemented various policies to address substance use disorder. This study aims to describe the policies related to substance use disorder treatment and identify challenges related to these policies in Iran since the beginning of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. This qualitative study utilized document analysis and interviews with policymakers and implementers. We reviewed a total of 22 documents related to substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction. The results from document analysis complemented and validated the interview data. The research population comprised policymakers and implementers, including individuals directly involved in formulating and implementing substance use disorder treatment policies. Purposive sampling was employed, with a snowball strategy utilized to maximize diversity. Data saturation was achieved after conducting 32 semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was used for data analysis. In general, the policy landscape for substance use disorder treatment in the Islamic Republic of Iran can be divided into two periods: the "Moral Model" era (1979-1993) and the "Disease Model" era (1993-present). Challenges within the content of substance use disorder treatment policies in Iran encompass the lack of law revisions, existence of contradictions in laws and nature of disease, the absence of evidence-based policymaking, and an inadequate comprehensive perspective on the phenomenon of substance use disorder. The presence of multiple authorities with different perspectives on substance use disorder and its treatment, coupled with the application of personal preferences in policymaking and the absence of evidence-based policymaking, have contributed to weaknesses in decision-making and policy formulation. The true philosophy of Disease Model appears not to have been fully grasped by health policymakers in Iran, as all Disease Model policies have been pursued with an emphasis on abstinence and quitting. Iran and other nations facing similar challenges should place more reliance on evidence-based approaches and shift away from the "Moral Model" paradigm to develop more effective substance use disorder treatment policies.

Synthesis of Low-Symmetric α-Cobalt(II) Hydroxide-Incorporated Cyanuric Acid Layers with High Néel Temperature and Large Coercivity: Structure and Magnetism.

α-Cobalt(II) (CoII) hydroxide (compound 1) incorporating cyanuric acid layers was synthesized via the solvothermal method. 1 exhibited two distinct characteristics, which were different from reported α-CoII hydroxides. (i) The presence of abundant consecutive hydrogen bonds between the adjacent hydroxide layers enhanced the driving force of crystallization along the direction of the c axis. Thus, 1 revealed high crystallinity without the disorder phenomenon. (ii) 1 showed low symmetry. The configuration of CoTd sites did not follow the regular triangular net. The low symmetry favored the magnetic anisotropy. Thus, 1 revealed ferrimagnetic behavior with a high Néel temperature (TN = 56.8 K) and coercivity (Hc = 36 kOe at 2 K). The ferrimagnetic behavior of 1 was validated via the Hubbard U correction density functional theory.

Thermal evaluation of polymorphic transitions in layered hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites for energy storage applications

Layered hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (LHOIPs) have gained specific attention in applications such as optoelectronics. However, from the thermal perspective, these materials present a high potential for thermal energy storage applications in solid-state due to their heat storage capacity during their phase transitions. Here, we evaluate the first-order transition of these materials from the molecular point of view and make a relation with organic size, which is responsible for the ordering-disordering transition. Six LHOIPs have been synthesised, (C12H25N)2CuCl4, (C14H29N)2CuCl4, (C16H33N)2CuCl4, (C12H24N)2MnCl4, (C14H29N)2MnCl4 and (C16H33N)2MnCl4, where the crystal transformation has been evaluated under X-ray diffraction and Raman, and thermal conductivity as well as the thermal expansion have been studied. This work provides a comprehensive evaluation of the disordering phenomenon that is produced during phase transitions.

Research on vibration response distorted similitude of cylindrical shells under modal distribution disorder

Similitude theory enables local-scale models to reflect the dynamic characteristics of full-scale models and is widely employed in engineering experimentation. However, shell structures, constrained by wall thickness, cannot undergo experiments through proportional downsizing. Existing similitude studies with retained wall thickness exhibit only minimal distortion, and accurate prediction of vibration responses is hindered by modal distribution disorder. To address these challenges, a method based on modified frequency response functions of natural frequencies and mode shapes is proposed. Scaling laws for natural frequencies and mode shapes of cylindrical shells with retained wall thickness are established. This method yields a maximum prediction error of 4.29 % for prototype natural frequencies, compared to 50.57 % for existing methods. Predicted prototype vibration acceleration responses correspond well with theoretical calculations in both frequency and amplitude, while existing methods fail entirely. The phenomenon of modal distribution disorder and the effectiveness of the proposed method in mitigating it are verified by modal experiments and response tests. Research reveals that the sensitivity of different modal frequencies to the wall thickness scaling factor varies, serving as the cause of modal distribution disorder. The modal distribution with the same circumferential wave number is unaffected by wall thickness. Modes above the bending frequency, with axial half-wavelength consistent with bending modes, are prone to disorder due to wall thickness distortion. During wall thickness distortion, a mode originally with the lowest frequency is surpassed towards lower frequency by the mode with larger circumferential wave number and the same axial half-wave number, leading to disorder. The proposed method addresses the challenge of minimal distortion in structural vibration response and poor performance, advancing the development of distorted similitude.

Numerical study on the gas-solid diffusion characteristics of airflow and dust particles in metal mine blasting excavation under three hybrid ventilation modes

Dust pollution has long been a challenge in the blasting excavation of underground metal mines, and uncontrolled diffusion of dust particles seriously endangers the health and safety of workers as well as the environment in underground space. Most existing research on dust diffusion focuses on fully mechanized coal mining face or borehole drilling, where the dust source emission characteristics differ significantly from metal mine blasting excavation. Furthermore, it is still unclear how the ventilation modes of Far-Pressing-Far-Absorption (FPFA), Near-Pressing-Far-Absorption (NPFA), and Far-Pressing-Near-Absorption (FPNA) affect the mechanism of dust diffusion in the breathing zone. In this work, gas-solid flow characteristics in a typical metal mine blasting tunnel are numerically studied based on Euler-Lagrange method. The interphase forces between airflow and dust particles are comprehensively modeled, and the particle diffusion effect caused by fluid turbulence is described by the discrete random walk model. Five typical regions for airflow disorder phenomena in the working tunnel are predicted, including the jet development region, the return airflow core region, the airflow reversal region, the airflow recirculation region, and the secondary flow region. The spatial distribution of dust exhibits nonuniform characteristics under turbulent airflow transport. The time results of the monitored dust concentration reveal that the junction of the working tunnel and the return airway is a key area of focus for the prevention and control of dust pollution. Among the three ventilation modes, the Far-Pressing-Near-Absorption (FPNA) ventilation mode has the best dust removal efficiency. The supply vent further from the blasting face allows the jet to fully develop, while the exhaust vent closer to the blasting face allows dust particles to be drawn in and discharged earlier. Under the condition of fixed total power consumption for the supply and exhaust fans, a larger exhaust airflow velocity helps remove dust from the breathing zone.

The Phenomenon of Language Disorder in Children With Autism

Language is a means of communicating between people, but there are those who are unlucky so that they have language disorders, language disorders are phenomena that occur in a person both in receiving and expressing language in communication, not only parents can be affected by language disorders, children can also receive language disorders because the causes of language disorders vary. This study examines language disorders in children with autism using qualitative research methods, as well as descriptive analysis. The aim is to determine the phenomenon of language disorders in children with autism both in terms of receptive and expressive.

Clinical-descriptive phenomenon of body dysmorphic disorder

Clinical-descriptive phenomenon of body dysmorphic disorder

Dynamical analysis combined with parameter identification for a model of infection in honeybee colonies with social immunity

Several models on honeybee population dynamics have been considered in the past decades, which explain that the growth of beecolonies is highly dependent on the availability of food and social inhibition. The phenomenon of the Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and its exact causes remain unclear and here we are interested on the factor of social immunity. We work with the mathematical model in [1]. The core model, consisting of four nonlinear ordinary differential equations with unknown functions: brood and nurses B, iB, N and iN represent the number of healthy brood, infected brood, healthy nurses, and infected nurses, respectively. First, this model implements social segregation. High-risk individuals such as foragers are limited to contact only nectar-receivers, but not other vulnerable individuals (nurses and brood) inside the nest. Secondly, it includes the hygienic behavior, by which healthy nurses actively remove infected workers and brood from the colony. We aim to study the dynamics and the long-term behavior of the proposed model, as well as to discuss the effects of crucial parameters associated with the model. In the first stage, we study the model equilibria stability in dependence of the reproduction number. In the second stage, we investigate the inverse problem of parameters identification in the model based on finite number time measurements of the population size. The conjugate gradient method with explicit Frechet derivative of the cost functional is proposed for the numerical solution of the inverse problem. Computational results with synthetic and realistic data are performed and discussed.

The study on mechanical model considering optimal self-adaption in the bottleneck area

It aims to solve the problem that the evacuation state of pedestrians depicted by the traditional social force model in a crowded multiexit scenario has a relatively large difference with the actual state, especially the 'optimal path' considered by the self-driving force is the problem of shortest path, and the multiexit evacuation mode depicted by the 'herd behavior' is the local optimum problem. Through in-depth analysis of actual evacuation data of pedestrians and causes of problem, a new crowd evacuation optimization model is established in order to effectively improve the simulation accuracy of crowd evacuation in a multi-exit environment. The model obtains the direction of motion of pedestrians using a field model, fully considers the factors such as exit distance, distribution of pedestrians and regional crowding degree, makes a global optimization for the self-driving force in the social force model using a centralized and distributed network model, and makes a local optimization for it using an elephant herding algorithm, so as to establish a new evacuation optimization method for optimal self-adaption in the bottleneck area. The performance status is compared between the improved social force model and the new model by experiments, and the key factors that affect the new model are analyzed in an in-depth manner. The results show that the new model can optimize the optimal path choice at the early stage of evacuation and improve the evacuation efficiency of pedestrians at the late stage, so as to ensure relatively even distribution of pedestrians at each exit, and also make the simulated evacuation process be more real; and the improvement in overall evacuation efficiency is greater when the number of pedestrians to be evacuated is larger. Therefore, the new model provides a method to solve the phenomenon of disorder in overall pedestrian evacuation due to excessive crowd density during the process of multi-exit evacuation.

Biomonitoring: Developing a Beehive Air Volatiles Profile as an Indicator of Environmental Contamination Using a Sustainable In-Field Technique

The wellbeing of the honey bee colonies and the health of humans are connected in numerous ways. Therefore, ensuring the wellbeing of bees is a crucial component of fostering sustainability and ecological harmony. The colony collapse disorder (CCD) phenomenon was first reported in 2006 when the majority of bee colonies in Europe died out, due to an increase in infections, contamination of hives with agrochemical pesticides, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Only 6 years after the emergence of CCD, more than 6.5 million premature deaths were reported, as a consequence of persistent human exposure to air pollution. The insect species such as the honey bee Apis mellifera L. and the air matrix inside the beehive can be used as tools in biomonitoring, instead of traditional monitoring methods. This may have advantages in terms of cost-effective bioindicators of the environmental health status, showing the ability to record spatial and temporal pollutant variations. In this study, we present the sustainable in-field usage of the portable membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) instrument for an instant and effective determination of the level of environmental pollution by analytical identification of hive atmosphere volatile organic compound (VOC) contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) compounds, and pesticides. The samples were taken from hives located in urbanized and rural regions, highlighting variations in contamination. The MIMS results were benchmarked against a conventional laboratory sampling technique, such as GC-MS.

Order from disorder phenomena in BaCoS2

At TN ≃ 300K the layered insulator BaCoS2 transitions to a columnar antiferromagnet that signals non-negligible magnetic frustration despite the relatively high TN, all the more surprising given its quasi two-dimensional structure. Here, we show, by combining ab initio and model calculations, that the magnetic transition is an order-from-disorder phenomenon, which not only drives the columnar magnetic order, but also the inter-layer coherence responsible for the finite Néel transition temperature. This uncommon ordering mechanism, actively contributed by orbital degrees of freedom, hints at an abundance of low energy excitations above and across the Néel transition, in agreement with experimental evidence.

H-Induced local disorder in the structure of Ti2Ni-type Hf(Zr)4Fe2Ox compounds

The parent Hf(Zr)4Fe2Ox compounds and their saturated deuterides have been synthesized. The crystal structures of Hf2FeD4, Hf4Fe2O0.3D6.34, Hf4Fe2O0.6D3.5, Zr4Fe2O0.25D8.5 and Zr4Fe2O0.5D7.5 using both X-ray and neutron powder diffraction have been determined. Experimental data together with the analysis of the crystal structure of the deuterides indicate that oxygen content influences substantially on H(D)-storage capacity. The interesting phenomenon of local disorder of the metal matrix for the majority of the studied deuterides, which appears at certain concentrations of oxygen and hydrogen, was discovered and analysed. This disorder was in a good agreement with the 57Fe hyperfine data observed at low temperatures for Zr4Fe2O0.25D9.9.

Introduction to order, disorder and ultrafast phenomena in functional solids

Tokoro Hiroko, Eric Collet and Ernest Pastor introduce the Materials Advances themed collection on order, disorder and ultrafast phenomena in functional solids.

Research on the molecular mechanism of singularity phenomenon in neurological disorders

Research on the molecular mechanism of singularity phenomenon in neurological disorders

Application of single-molecule analysis to singularity phenomenon of cells.

Single-molecule imaging in living cells is an effective tool for elucidating the mechanisms of cellular phenomena at the molecular level. However, the analysis was not designed for throughput and requires high expertise, preventing it from reaching large scale, which is necessary when searching for rare cells that induce singularity phenomena. To overcome this limitation, we have automated the imaging procedures by combining our own focusing device, artificial intelligence, and robotics. The apparatus, called automated in-cell single-molecule imaging system (AiSIS), achieves a throughput that is a hundred-fold higher than conventional manual imaging operations, enabling the analysis of molecular events by individual cells across a large population. Here, using AiSIS, we demonstrate the single-molecule imaging of molecular behaviors and reactions related to tau protein aggregation, which is considered a singularity phenomenon in neurological disorders. Changes in the dynamics and kinetics of molecular events were observed inside and on the basal membrane of cells after the induction of aggregation. Additionally, to detect rare cells based on the molecular behavior, we developed a method to identify the state of individual cells defined by the quantitative distribution of molecular mobility and clustering. Using this method, cellular variations in receptor behavior were shown to decrease following ligand stimulation. This cell state analysis based on large-scale single-molecule imaging by AiSIS will advance the study of molecular mechanisms causing singularity phenomena.

An explainable prediction method based on Fuzzy Rough Sets, TOPSIS and hexagons of opposition: Applications to the analysis of Information Disorder

This paper presents a novel approach for predicting and explaining instances of Information Disorder. The paper reports two significant findings: i) the use of structures of opposition to describe relationships between instances of Information Disorder, and ii) the development of an explainable prediction method that combines Fuzzy Rough Sets and TOPSIS with these structures. The findings have the potential to assist analysts and decision-makers in gaining a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of Information Disorder. The results are based on real data and demonstrate promising applications for future research.

Exploring Co-Regulation as a Solution to Automated Disinformation in Kenya

This paper discusses automated disinformation on social media in Kenya and its impact on democracy. Automated disinformation refers to disinformation that is exacerbated by the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related emerging technologies, including algorithms and bots. The paper considers the electoral process in Kenya as a case study to highlight the threats that automated disinformation poses to the democratic process and proposes co-regulation as the way forward. Specifically, it reviews the impacts of automated disinformation on democracy including the negative effect on the availability of reliable and accurate information to enlighten the social media users’ political choices and the effect on the exercise of political will, public opinion, and democracy. The objective of this research is to provide policy recommendations to the relevant stakeholders on tackling the challenge of widespread automated disinformation perpetuated by social media users in Kenya whilst respecting fundamental human rights and promoting democracy. The author discusses the regulatory framework applicable to the information disorder phenomenon including those relevant to the exercise of the freedom of expression and access to information, noting that these rights play a significant role in strengthening democracy. This paper also considers the nascent regulation of AI and undertakes an analysis of how effective regulation can counter the widespread automated disinformation on social media platforms.

Size effect on thermal transport performance of inserted Cu/Cu3Sn bilayer

Cu-Sn bonding is widely used in integrated circuits packaging due to the excellent stability and electrical performance, whose thermal transport mechanism is essential to be understood. Here, the size effect on thermal transport performance of Cu/Cu3Sn bilayer inserted between the diamond/carbon nanotube interface was comprehensively investigated. The thermal conductivities of phonon component and electron component were studied by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation and thermal-electrical analogy, respectively. The thermal-electrical analogy was verified to be a promising way to predict the size effect of electron thermal conductivity. In view of interfacial thermal resistance (RK) is determined by phonon-phonon resistance, electron-phonon resistance, and electron-interface resistance, these three components were researched separately. At atomic level, the phenomenon of cross-layer effect and structural disorder were elaborated to reveal the mechanism of phonon heat transfer. The electron effects on RK were also well incorporated, to make our prediction approaching to real-world metal-dielectric interfacial heat transfer. Based on the above results, the total thermal resistance of the inserted Cu/Cu3Sn bilayer was calculated in the last section, revealing the dominant role of RK in micro/nano scale bonding. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the thermal transport performance of multilayer metal bonding.

Novel mutations in TRIP13 lead to female infertility with oocyte maturation arrest.

Oocyte maturation arrest (OMA) refers to a rare clinical phenomenon of oocyte maturation disorder caused by abnormal meiosis, which is also one of the primary causes of female infertility. The clinical manifestations of these patients are often characterized with failure to obtain mature oocytes after repeated ovulation stimulation and/or induced in vitro maturation. To date, mutations in PATL2, TUBB8 and TRIP13 have been demonstrated to be associated with OMA, but studies on the genetic-based factors and mechanisms of OMA are still incomplete. In this study, peripheral blood from 35 primary infertile women characterized with recurrent OMA during assisted reproductive technology (ART) were subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES). By using Sanger sequencing and co-segregated analysis, we identified four pathogenic variants in TRIP13. Proband 1 had a homozygous missense mutation of c.859A>G appeared on the 9th exon, which resulted in substitution of Ile287 to valine (p.Ile287Val); proband 2 had a homozygous missense mutation of c.77A>G on the 1st exon, which resulted in substitution of His26 to arginine (p.His26Arg); and proband 3 had compound heterozygous mutations of c.409G>A and c.1150A>G on the 4th and 12th exon, which resulted in the substitutions of Asp137 to asparagine (p.Asp137Asn) and Ser384 to glycine (p.Ser384Gly) in the encoded protein respectively. Three of these mutations have not been reported previously. Further, transfection of plasmids harboring the respective mutated TRIP13 in HeLa cells resulted in changes in TRIP13 expression and abnormal cell proliferation as demonstrated by western blotting and cell proliferation assay respectively. This study further summarizes the TRIP13 mutations reported previously and expands the mutation spectrum of TRIP13 pathogenic variants, thereby providing a valuable reference for further research on the pathogenic mechanism of OMA associated with TRIP13 mutations.

Il disturbo da gioco d'azzardo online: buone prassi ed ipotesi di trattamento

DSM V has conceptualized for the fi rst time the Gambling Disorder which is sorted amongst the addictions, within the category of "non related with substances"; as of the previous release of DSM it was classified as "urges control disorder".Meanwhile there is a rising interest upon the subject between clinicians and scholars to improve conceptualizing, understanding and therefore indentify the best treatment options.It is thus essential to consider the gambling disorder in all its complexity; paying also attention on the recent growth of online gambling.Nowadays most of the patients accessing public and private Services with a diagnosis of gambling disorder tend to prefer online play and thus the clinician is set on new challenges and must rethink and modify the intervention.The purpose of this article is to introduce the gambling disorder phenomenon, with due attention on its online declination, and successively postulate a course of treatment given its peculiarities.