Disorder In Society Research Articles

The prevalence of sleep disorders in Iranian adults - an epidemiological study

BackgroundSleep disorders can be harmful to our health and treating them can also be expensive. Due to the widespread occurrence and impact of sleep disorders, it is valuable to investigate and study them from an epidemiological perspective. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders among Iranian adults in 2022.MethodThis is a cross-sectional study that examines the prevalence of sleep disorders and problems in Iranian society. The participants were selected using a mixed sampling approach (utilizing virtual space and cluster sampling). A two-part package was used for evaluating participants sleep problems, which included a demographic profile form and the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire. After collecting the data, appropriate statistical tests in SPSS version 25 were utilized for analysis.ResultsA total of 6013 questionnaires were fully filled out for this research, with participants answering the specific questions. The participants’ score on sleep disorders was 1.94, which means 44.1% of them suffer from sleep disorders. The results indicated that the prevalence of sleep disorders in this study was as follows: insomnia (35%), parasomnia (35.3%), circadian rhythm sleep disorder (38.4%), hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness (39%), restless leg syndrome and leg movements during sleep (43%), and breathing disorders related to sleep (38.4%). The prevalence of sleep disorders among the study participants demonstrated a significant relationship with most of their demographic variables (P < 0.001). The Pearson correlation coefficient also revealed an inverse and significant relationship between the prevalence of sleep disorders in the study participants and their age, monthly household income, and BMI (P < 0.001).ConclusionOverall, the results depicted a relatively high prevalence of sleep disorders in the studied community. These findings emphasize the need for interventions to prevent and treat sleep disorders in society.

"I feel so small and big at the same time"-exploring body experience and binge eating disorder following inpatient treatment: a qualitative study.

Limited research into binge eating disorder (BED), a low treatment rate, and a lack of treatment rights, reflects a marginalized disorder in society and a treatment context. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the psychopathology of BED, by exploring the patients' meanings related to the disorder and the role of the body in the treatment of BED. Qualitative methodology using a reflexive thematic analysis. The data material is based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with six cis-gendered women who had previously completed an inpatient treatment program for BED at a department for EDs and met the criteria for 307.51 Binge Eating Disorder in DSM-5. The qualitative analysis rendered two meta-themes comprising six themes and 12 subthemes. The initial meta-theme was "Relational challenges and feelings could not be talked about at home." The secondary meta-theme was "Body contempt disturbs the experience of self and others" and the third was "Their body has not been a theme in previous treatment." This categorization depicts a narrative of the disorder in terms of development, current condition, and experiences with prior treatment. The findings indicate that shame and disgust are central to playing pivotal roles in the embodiment of BED, highlighting the significance of addressing one's relationship with their body for achieving recovery and preventing an experienced repetition of the perceived rejection as a child.

Professional satisfaction of practitioners in psychiatry departments

The study was conducted to determine the indicators of job satisfaction of doctors working in psychiatry departments, to analyse the professional satisfaction of Polish, European and world psychiatrists and to identify ways to improve it. The study identified factors that influence the professional satisfaction of psychiatrists, compared it among psychiatrists in Poland, Europe, and the world, and developed a number of methods to improve this indicator. The results of the study showed that the level of professional satisfaction of psychiatric doctors is influenced by the following factors: salary level, working conditions, team relations, resource support of the work process, stress level, level of emotional burnout, sense of recognition and importance of their own work, work-life balance, and the degree of stigmatization of mental disorders in society. In terms of the number of practising psychiatrists in the country, the availability of psychiatric services and the level of the average annual salary of psychiatrists in Poland, Europe, and the world, the highest rates of professional satisfaction are recorded in the Scandinavian countries and Austria. Poland and Eastern European countries have lower scores, but the gradual increase in funding for psychiatry in Poland is leading to a positive upward trend. Ways in which this increase can be achieved include: increasing the staff of psychiatric units and optimizing administrative work to reduce workload, using cooperation and mentoring programmes to achieve a comfortable team environment, encouraging specialists to participate in training and mentoring programmes to enhance their professional development.

Psychodynamic Features of Depressed Patients with Dependent Personality Disorder and Hypokalemia: a Case Report

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in society. Depression is influenced by several factors, including the personality of the sufferer and the existence of a comorbid disease that aggravates the symptoms. Several previous studies have not clearly reported on the psychodynamic picture of depressed patients with dependent personality disorder accompanied by hypokalemia. The study aims to provide a psychodynamic picture of depressed patients with dependent personality disorder accompanied by hypokalemia. A man, 26 years old, an Indonesian citizen, came with the main complaint of feeling helpless to do anything that has been burdensome for the last 2 months. The complaint was felt to be aggravating after he started working as a private employee. The patient feels insecure in his ability to complete the work assigned to him and feels that he is looked down upon by his peers and superiors. Patients often miss the figure of their deceased father. In addition, the patient has suffered from hypokalemia since he was in high school and has taken potassium supplements until now. The symptoms of depression experienced by patients are aggravated by the presence of dependent personality disorders and hypokalemia suffered by patients. Dependent personality disorder lowers the patient's confidence, and hypokalemia aggravates the vegetative symptoms he experiences, such as body weakness, decreased appetite, and palpitations. Dependent personality disorder and hypokalemia are very influential in aggravating the clinical symptoms experienced by depressed patients

A Comparative Study of Cystatin C and Creatinine as a Preliminary Marker of Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background: Type 2 diabetes disorder (T2DD) is one of the most common disorder in societies, and its causes are genetic and acquired. This disorder is characterized by an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood. High concentrations of glucose in the blood for long periods lead to complications, the most important of which is diabetic nephropathy (DNP), which is characterized by the gradual loss of the kidney's filtration function.Material and methods: The present study was designed based on collecting twenty patients with newly DNP (as first group) and twenty healthy individuals (as second group). The levels of HbA1c, Creatinine and Cystatin C of all study individuals were measured using Chromatographic assay method, Kinetic colorimetric method and Immunoturbidimetric assay techniques respectively.Results: This study used the t-test statistical method to compare groups as well as sensitivity and specificity based on HbA1c, creatinine and Cystatin C biomarkers. The current study showed a higher the HbA1c percentage, creatinine level and Cystatin C level in the first group compared to the second group. On the other hand, the current study showed that Cystatin C has greater sensitivity and specificity than creatinine towards the DNP disease.Conclusion: The current study concluded by stating the importance of the role of Cystatin C as an early indicator of DNP disease, as the current study proved that Cystatin C has greater sensitivity and specificity than creatinine towards DNP disease

Spatial deprivation of children with autism spectrum disorders in the arctic city

The inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorders in society is an urgent social task that, due to its complexity, requires new perspectives of scientific research for the sound regulation of inclusive processes. The problem of the study was determined by the contradiction between the social significance of the development of inclusion and the risks of including children with ASD in the urban space existing in the Arctic city. We have introduced the category of spatial deprivation of children with autism spectrum disorders into the research field, and proposed its author's interpretation. The empirical study was aimed at identifying the state of inclusion of children with ASD in the space of the Arctic city. The results of the study showed their significant spatial deprivation in the Arctic city. It manifests itself in relation to public, semi-public spaces, spaces for movement, expressed both in their insufficient accessibility and in a significant limitation of forms of development. The conclusion is made about the low social status of children with ASD in the Arctic city, as well as about the presence of obstacles to their realization of their universal needs. This situation is mainly determined by socio-psychological and organizational factors and objectifies the difficulties of developing inclusive processes.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LONG TIME ON HEMODIALISIS AND THE LEVEL OF DEPRESSION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE PATIENTS IN THE HEMODIALISIS ROOM SANTOSA HOSPITAL BANDUNG CENTRAL (SHBC)

Introduction. The prevalence of depression cases in the world is around 17% of all mental disorders in society. This figure is the largest compared to other mental disorders. This condition will increase under certain conditions, for example in patients with certain medical conditions who experience chronic illnesses such as stroke, diabetes, cancer and chronic kidney failure. Patients with chronic kidney failure who are required to undergo hemodialysis will increase the risk of depression, this is caused by stressors that arise such as dependence on hemodialysis machines for life, changes in lifestyle patterns related to long periods of undergoing hemodialysis, restrictions on food and drink patterns and adaptation to disease condition. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the length of time undergoing hemodialysis and the level of depression in chronic kidney failure patients in the SHBC hemodialysis room. Method. This research is a quantitative correlation research with a cross sectional approach or also called a point time approach . The sampling technique used in this research was Accidental Sampling of 92 respondents using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaire. Result &amp; Analysis. Based on the results of statistical tests, the p-value = 0.038 (p &lt;0.05). Discussion. In this study, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the length of time undergoing hemodialysis and the level of depression in chronic kidney failure patients in the SHBC hemodialysis room in 2022. Patients with chronic kidney failure have many stressors that arise while undergoing hemodialysis, for this reason families and nurses can provide motivation to patients with chronic kidney failure so that they can reduce the level of depression.

Community Inclusion Experiences While Establishing Community Mental Health Clubhouses in Taiwan: Perspectives from Mental Health Professionals.

Community inclusion is a human right for all people, including people with mental illness. It is also an important part of individualized support to enable people experiencing mental illness to live in their preferred communities and to recover. In Taiwan, no study has investigated the social experiences of healthcare professionals. To fill this knowledge gap and inform ongoing mental health system strengthening, this study examined the not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) phenomenon observed while establishing community mental health clubhouses in Taiwan and corresponding experiences of community inclusion. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews of 16 purposively sampled frontline healthcare professionals from Taiwanese mental health clubhouses. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Two themes were identified: "NIMBY phenomenon: Community residents' resistance to clubhouses" and "Measures adopted by the clubhouse for community inclusion". Two categories with eleven subcategories emerged. The findings demonstrate the following conclusions. First, the NIMBY phenomenon is related to the stigmatization and discrimination faced by individuals with mental disorders in society. Second, in Asian societies, mental disorders are associated with a particular social and cultural context. Third, the fear and rejection of individuals with mental disorders deepen their social exclusion. Forth, community mental health clubhouse models employ seven strategic approaches to community inclusion, listed as follows: capacity building for individuals, direct interaction with the public through community activities, provision of community services, life skills training, repairing and managing neighborhood relationships, assisting individuals in obtaining community employment, and conducting social education for community residents. Clearly, we need to combat social exclusion of people with mental illness and promote inclusive and accessible services and systems across sectors.

Predictors for interest to participate in digital mental health therapy: a cross-sectional survey of individuals with anxiety and depression

BackgroundDue to a multitude of factors, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant increase in mental health issues within society, including depression and anxiety. Due to the increased trend of mental health disorders in society, digital mental health therapies are more useful than ever. With the emergence of programs utilizing Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT), mental health resources are easily accessible and can be widely implemented to those in need.The aim of this study was to identify predictors for interest to participate in SilverCloud digital mental health therapy among individuals with mild to severe anxiety and/or depression based on preliminary findings from the COVIDsmart study.MethodsCOVIDSmart participants who had moderate to severe anxiety and/or depression based on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores, and who consented to be contacted for future studies, were invited to complete a needs assessment survey via Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). This assessment used self-reported measures including medical diagnoses, mental health services received, reasons for anxiety and/or depression, the use of coping strategies, suicidal ideology using the Ask Suicide Questions tool, and whether they would be interested in receiving free digital mental therapy. Descriptive statistics were used to report participants’ demographics and a logistic regression was used to find predictors for interest in participation in SilverCloud. SAS 9.4 was used and p values < 0.05 were considered significant.ResultsOut of the original 782 COVIDsmart participants, 634 consented to be contacted for future studies, 280 were subsequently invited to complete the SilverCloud needs assessment, and 120 individuals completed it. The largest demographic among these participants were females (70.83%) who identified as White (80.83%). The mean age was 48.74 years (SD = 14.66). Results revealed that having a mental health comorbidity significantly predicted the likelihood of interest in participating in the SilverCloud digital mental health program (p = 0.027).ConclusionsIn this study, mental illness comorbidities predicted the interest to participate in digital mental therapy. Fragmented healthcare and perceptions of unmet care needs are likely contributor factors. Further research with a diverse sample of participants is necessary for generalizability. Findings may have important implications for healthcare best practices.

GERONTOLOGICAL AND GERIATRIC SERVICES FOR THE OLDER GENERATION

The article deals with measures aimed at the development of gerontological and geriatric services, the study of social and psychological determinants of the elderly in order to improve the processes of the organization of providing medical, social and psychological services to people with mental health problems. Attention is paid to topical issues of gerontpsychology, issues of adaptation of people with mental health disorders in society, development of abilities that allow them to live independently. The current state of the system of mental health and social protection services is presented from the point of view of the need to create alternative forms of services. The article pays attention to the importance and necessity of introducing and developing new forms and types of psychological and medical-social care, increasing the targeting of services based on individual psychological features and capabilities of elderly people with mental health problems. The data of the studies conducted by the author as well as those conducted with his participation are given. Conclusions are made and recommendations are provided on the measures necessary to improve the social and psychological condition of people with mental health disorders.

정신장애 범죄인에 대한 형사법적 대응체계의 문제점과 개선방안

From the murder case at a PC room in Gangseo-gu in 2018 to the recent stabbing incidents at Sillim Station and Seohyeon Station, violent incidents by people with mental disorders (including people with mental disabilities related to various addictions such as alcohol or drugs, or people with mental disabilities equivalent to it) continue to occur, leading to high-risk situations such that blind spots in the social safety net still exist due to the lack of a management and supervision system for people with mental disorders in society. In addition, crimes committed by people with mental disorders have increased significantly since 7,304 cases in 2018, increasing to 8,902 cases in 2021, and the recidivism rate has reached 64.3%, meaning that people are immediately released into society without receiving continuous treatment after the end of treatment custody or treatment order (tentative termination). It has been pointed out that there is no judicial treatment and management system for mentally disabled people who have returned to society. Even though violent crimes committed by the mentally disabled are still emerging as a social problem, criminal justice agencies are not reviewing the causes of the crime of the mentally disabled and moving forward with therapeutic treatment but are instead taking measures that focus on repeated surveillance, isolation, and institutionalization. The current treatment and custody law has no provisions for treatment linkage, cooperation, and collaboration between criminal justice agencies and mental (health) medical institutions for therapeutic treatment. Moreover, as criminal justice agencies focus on surveillance, isolation, and institutionalization due to insufficient legislation on treatment linkage, social concerns that mentally disabled people may be stigmatized as potential criminals are increasing, and the need to prevent crimes by mentally disabled people and improve the criminal legal response system is also increasing. Keeping the above situation in mind, this study reviewed the legislative examples of the United States, Germany, and Japan and the limitations of the criminal legal response system for mentally disordered criminals, focusing on the treatment perspective, such as treatment and custody, under the current Medical Treatment and Custody Act. As a result, the following problems were found: First, a lack of connection between the treatment order after the end of treatment and custody; Second, the absence of maintenance and management after the end of the treatment order; Third, the absence of mandatory diagnosis before the execution of the treatment order, and Fourth, a lack of connection and cooperation between the criminal justice system and the mental (health) medical system, and Fifth, the reduction of the target of treatment orders leads to more violent crimes. Therefore, to solve this problem, it is necessary to 'improve' criminal legal response measures, such as harmony and cooperation between the criminal justice system under the Medical Treatment and Custody Act and the mental (health) medical system under the Mental Health and Welfare Act, and more effective treatment of criminals with mental disorders. Accordingly, revision of the Medical Treatment and Custody Act and related criminal law amendments were presented as improvement and legislative measures. However, to more effectively achieve the criminal policy purpose of preventing crimes by mentally disabled people and preventing recidivism within the legislative system between criminal justice and mental (health) medical care proposed in the amendment to the Medical Treatment and Custody Act, it is judged to introduce the followings measures: First, specialization of therapeutic treatment, second, strengthening the ability to respond to mental health problems, third, the right of probation officers to apply for administrative hospitalization, fourth,

Functional Assessment of Patients after Hip and Knee Arthroplasty – Preliminary Studies

Osteoarthritis is one of the main causes of pain and functional disorders in society, one that often affects the performance of everyday activities. The treatment usually consist of physiotherapy and pharmacotherapy, while in advanced stages, surgical treatment is required. The common method to assess the effectiveness of treatment is the physical examination by standardized scales of quality of life, assessment of pain and functioning. More recently, advances in objective assessment tools have been included such as DIERS formetric III 4D, myotometry or bioimpedance. The aim of the study is to evaluate the functional assessment of patients after hip and knee arthroplasty performed due to osteoarthritis. Hip and knee arthroplasty clearly improves the functioning of patients, reduces the intensity of pain and the risk of falls. In addition, changes in muscle tone and stiffness were demonstrated before and after the arthroplasty of the lower limbs.

Examination of the Attitudes of Sports Science Students Towards Autism Spectrum Disorder in Terms of Various Variables

This study aimed to examine the attitudes of sports science students towards Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the context of various variables. The research was conducted in a survey model. To determine the participants' attitudes towards Autism Spectrum Disorder, the "Autism Spectrum Disorder Attitudes Scale (ASDAS)" developed by Flood et al. (2013) and adapted to Turkish by Batum (2019) was employed as the data collection tool. Additionally, a 9-item personal information form was included in the data collection tool, addressing participants' gender, academic class, major, the presence of individuals with autism in their immediate surroundings, willingness to work with individuals with autism, participation in programs, seminars, or courses related to autism, knowledge about the educational settings and processes for individuals with autism, awareness of Autism Spectrum Disorder in society, and preferred educational environment for individuals with autism. The data collected from the participants were analyzed using SPSS-25 software. A total of 239 students, consisting of 89 females and 150 males, participated in the study. The results indicated significant differences in the attitudes of students towards Autism Spectrum Disorder concerning the gender variable and the knowledge sub-dimension of ASDAS, the desire to work with individuals with autism and the social attitude and personal distance sub-dimensions of ASDAS, knowledge about the educational settings and processes for individuals with autism and the personal distance sub-dimension of ASDAS, awareness of Autism Spectrum Disorder in society and the total score and knowledge sub-dimension of ASDAS, the major variable and the personal distance sub-dimension of ASDAS, and the preferred educational environment for individuals with autism and the social attitude and knowledge sub-dimensions of ASDAS. In conclusion, it was observed that attitudes towards Autism Spectrum Disorder are not solely determined by individuals' educational level or knowledge but are also influenced by social, cultural, and individual factors.

The frequency of thyroid dysfunction in patients with a diagnosis of depressive disorder.

Thyroid dysfunctions are among the most common endocrine disorders in society. An increase or decrease in thyroid hormone levels may present with neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms. In this study, we aimed both to determine the prevalence of this disorder in our region by determining the frequency of thyroid dysfunction in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder in our outpatient clinic and to raise awareness during the evaluation process of patients. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of 1035 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder in our hospital between January 2020 and January 2022 were retrospectively scanned from the hospital information management system and those outside the reference ranges (0.38-5.33 mIU/L) were determined. It was observed that TSH was not within the reference ranges in approximately 7% of the patients diagnosed with depressive disorder. 1035 patients were included in the study. When the blood results of 1035 patients included in the study were examined retrospectively, 32 of them had TSH values below 0.38 mIU/L. TSH value was found to be above 5.33 mIU/L in 44 of them. Obtained data have shown that thyroid dysfunctions can be encountered frequently in patients presenting with depressive complaints. It is thought that the evaluation of patients with depressive complaints in terms of thyroid dysfunction, and the treatment of the underlying thyroid dysfunction will contribute to the regression of psychiatric symptoms.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice About the Process of Genetic Counselling Among Clinicians.

Introduction Clinicians agree with the fact that the impact of genetics in the field of medicine is humongous. They have to cope with the rapid advances in the field of clinical genetics and offer the best treatment to the patients at the right time. Disease with an underlying genetic cause not only involves the patient but also the family and the community. In the process of genetic counseling, the patient and the family are educated about the genetic basis of the disorder. This helps the patient and the family to make a well-informed decision. It also helps to reduce the genetic burden of the disease in the community over a period of time. In this regard, knowledge, attitude, and practice about the process of genetic counseling among clinicians is imperative. Methods A structured pre-validated questionnaire was distributed amongst 60 clinicians from different departments. Their responses were assessed based on the Likert scale. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and expressed in percentages. Results In the present study, nearly 90% of the clinicians felt that it was important to gather a multi-generational family history of the patient and advise them about inheritance patterns, recurrence risk, and genetic tests for a disorder with an underlying genetic cause. The need to educate the family members regarding the importance of genetic tests and referral to appropriate support groups if they testpositive for a genetic disorder receive a positive response. Mostly the participants agreed that parents of children and couples at risk of having a child affected by a genetic disease should undergo genetic counseling. Conclusion Clinicians may not always be aware of the underlying genetic cause and genetic tests available or may face a paucity of time to counsel the patient and the family. Genetic counseling needs to be done at length in multiple sessions, and it is essential to reduce the burden of genetic disorders in society.

A Comprehensive Literary Review of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in Ayurvedic Perspective

The reasons for the rise in metabolic disorders in society include busy schedules with abnormally pressured lifestyles, altered food habits and their patterns, insufficient sleep, and a lack of observance of Dincharya, Ritucharya, Ratricharya and Sadvritta. Achieving the unlimited desires in a very short period of time produces different types of anxiety, worry, anger, fear and depression which directly or indirectly leads to various types of G.I. tract disorders and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of them. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which affects most nations and their populations, has become a widespread ailment over time. Reflux, or the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, throat, lungs, and airways, is a common complaint among GERD sufferers. Nowadays people do not follow the rules like ‘Dincharya’ and ‘Ritucharya’. All these things disturb the balance of ‘Tridosha’. In addition to these, addition to various vices such as smoking and alcohol results in the disturbance of normal physiology of the body, which again affects G.I. tract and thus produces G.I. disorders. The Pitta Dosha is disturbed by all of the aforementioned elements. The Vyadhis like Amlapitta, Ajirna, Annadravashoola and Parinamashoola can be correlated with GERD. In Amlapitta there is mainly vitiation of Pitta Dosha. Normally Pitta has Katu Rasa but when Katu Rasa becomes Vidagdha and attains Shuktibhava, it creates Amlata in Amashaya, it is called vitiation of Pitta Dosha. Amlapitta is one of the disorders caused by vitiated Pitta. These three Vyadhis come under Annavaha Srotas and Agnimandya is their underlined cause which should be treated. To gain an insight this review will aim to understand the Ayurvedic perspective of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Is gambling like a virus?: A conceptual framework and proposals based on empirical data for the prevention of gambling addiction

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to present a conceptual framework for the prevention of gambling disorder and try to corroborate some of its postulates. The assumption of gambling as if it were acting like a virus may have important considerations in terms of preventing gambling disorder in society and, therefore, it could be a relevant public health issue.BackgroundLike COVID-19, gambling disorder is a disease which is caused by the action of an external agent. The external agent was already in existence, but certain environmental conditions (absence of regulatory measures based on the prevention of gambling disorder) favored its propagation. Regarding immunization, for SARS-CoV-2, it is obtained through vaccination and prevention of exposure. However, it is unlikely that immunization can be developed for any gambling addiction prevention program to immunize everyone who is exposed to the “gambling virus”. So, in the case of gambling disorder, preventive strategies should rather prevent gambling from affecting most people by limiting availability (supply) and accessibility (ease of access) to gambling.Study designThis research is a quasi-experimental investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of anti-COVID measures on the frequency of gambling and evolution of gambling disorder. The present study analyzed gambling patterns and the problems caused by gambling in 2,903 people, including those who were at-risk gamblers or had a gambling disorder.ResultsIn general terms, restrictive measures to combat COVID-19 worked to prevent the consolidation of gambling habits and the appearance of gambling disorder, but they did not seem to be sufficient for people who already had this disorder. The most affected games were electronic games machines (EGMs) that took place in public places (gambling halls, bars and restaurants, etc.).ConclusionsThe findings of this work support the hypothesis that, just as the SAR-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the global pandemic of COVID-19, which can only be stopped with vaccines and social distancing, in the case of gambling, the absence of an effective vaccine for "gambling virus" can lead to an epidemic of gambling disorders in societies, if the environmental conditions that are favorable for the spread of such virus are not modified. Some preventive strategies that can be useful from a public health frame of reference are suggested.

Quality and Content Analysis: Can YouTube Videos on Agoraphobia Be Considered a Reliable Source?

YouTube, known as an online video platform, is one of the most popular and dynamic video platforms in the world. it provides access to videos with a variety of content, both in health and many other areas. The fact that it is accessible to everyone and free of charge makes it frequently preferred by individuals. The effectiveness of social media platforms on the thoughts and behaviors of individuals has caused YouTube and other similar platforms to be the subject of health research in recent years. Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of feeling trapped somewhere. Agoraphobia is a common type of anxiety disorder in society, and cognitive behavioral and psychopharmacological agents are used in its treatment. Our aim in this research is to examine YouTubeTM videos on agoraphobia in terms of reliability and quality. The first 50 videos related to agoraphobia were included in the analysis, and the duration (minutes), video content, institutions/individuals who uploaded the video, the time elapsed since uploading, total views, and likes were recorded. In addition, all videos were evaluated on two different scales: Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information (DISCERN) and the Global Quality Scale (GQS). The obtained data were analyzed statistically. The mean video duration was 11.4±9.38 minutes, the mean views count was 113299.5±333091, and the mean like count was 8512.76±31429.37. Videos were evaluated in terms of content; 50% included general information, 28% agoraphobia experience, and 22% information about overcoming agoraphobia. The GQS and DISCERN scores were significantly higher in professional videos than in non-professionals (p<0.005). As a result of the evaluation of YouTubeTM videos about agoraphobia in terms of quality and content, it has been determined that it is necessary to increase the rate of videos prepared by mental health professionals. Psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals working in the field of anxiety should be encouraged to provide videos with scientific and reliable content.

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy - a review

Introduction: Thyroid diseases, right after diabetes, are the most common endocrine disorder in pregnant women. Hypothyroidism occurs most frequently among all of the thyroid dysfunctions. Thyroid hormones are essential for the proper course of pregnancy and correct fetal development. Even a mild deficiency carries the risk of complications for both mother and child. It is therefore important to make a swift diagnosis, implement appropriate substitution treatment and monitor the course of the disease throughout pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Purpose of the work: The article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding maternal hypothyroidism in pregnancy. The aim of the review is to highlight the prevalence of the disease, stress the associated adverse outcomes and present the recommended management. Materials and methods: A literature research on PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases was done up to May 2023 with restriction to English and Polish language articles regarding hypothyroidism and pregnancy. Summary: It is extremely important to perform TSH screening tests in women planning pregnancy and during the first obstetric visit. Due to the prevalence of thyroid disorders in society, it is necessary to educate both patients and physicians. An uncomplicated diagnosis process, low cost of screening tests and available treatment methods are able to prevent the often tragic consequences of maternal hypothyroidism.

Comparison of depression, suicidal thoughts and social support between transsexuals with and without gender change

Objectives: Social acceptance of people with gender identity disorder in society is very difficult and this condition can lead to depression and suicidal thoughts. On the other hand, social support has a great impact on the psychological factors of these people. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing depression, suicidal thoughts and social support between transsexuals with and without gender change. Instruments &amp; methods: This descriptive research of causal-comparative type was conducted among 60 members of transsexuals with gender change (30 people) and without gender change (30 people) of Iran's Association for the Support of Gender Bored Patients, who were selected by available sampling method. and completed the Beck depression, Beck suicidal thoughts and Sherbon and Stewart social support questionnaires. Data analysis was done by SPSS 24 software and using multivariate analysis of variance test. Findings: The mean scores of the variables of depression and suicidal thoughts in the transsexual group without gender change were higher than the transsexual group with gender change, but in the variable of social support, the transsexual group with gender change had a higher average score. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of suicidal thoughts and social support variables (p=0.01), but no significant difference was observed in terms of depression variable (p&gt;0.0). Conclusion: In both groups of transsexuals with and without gender reassignment, there is a moderate level of depression and suicidal thoughts, but transsexuals without gender reassignment have more suicidal thoughts and transsexuals with gender reassignment are more likely to seek social support.