Dismissive Attachment Research Articles

Personality Traits, Attachment Styles, and Financial Attitudes

The present study investigated the relationship between personality traits, attachment styles, and financial attitudes. Data were collected from 299 adults using an Information Form, Five Factor Personality Scale, Relationship Scales Questionnaire, and Financial Attitude Scale in Istanbul, Türkiye. Findings of the structural equation modeling showed that fearful attachment and dismissive attachment were positively associated with neuroticism, while secure attachment was positively associated with the remaining personality traits. Extraversion and agreeableness had mediating effects in the relationship between secure attachment and financial attitude. Therefore, professionals need to consider attachment style and personality traits if the aim is to improve financial behaviors.

Examining the impact of emotional intelligence and attachment style on loneliness Alisha Azad Maldar * and Monalisa Nayak

Background: Loneliness is a prevalent psychological phenomenon with significant implications for mental health and well-being. Attachment theory posits that early attachment experiences shape individuals' interpersonal relationships and emotional experiences throughout life, potentially influencing susceptibility to loneliness. However, the relationship between attachment styles and loneliness remains underexplored, particularly in the context of diverse populations. Additionally, emotional quotient (EQ), which encompasses the ability to perceive, understand, regulate, and utilize emotions effectively, may play a crucial role in mitigating loneliness by facilitating adaptive coping strategies and fostering meaningful social connections. Methods: This quantitative study examined the relationship between attachment styles and loneliness among 103 participants. Attachment styles were assessed using Revised Adult Attachment Scale, emotional quotient using Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, while loneliness was measured using UCLA Loneliness Scale. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to assess differences in loneliness scores across attachment styles, followed by post-hoc comparisons to elucidate specific patterns. Pearson’s correlation was used to find the correlation between emotional quotient and loneliness. Results: The results revealed a significant difference in loneliness scores across attachment styles (F =8.644, p < 0.001). Post-hoc comparisons indicated that individuals with secure attachment styles reported significantly lower levels of loneliness compared to those with dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful attachment styles. Specifically, individuals with secure attachment styles reported a mean loneliness score of 17 (SD = 16), while those with dismissive attachment styles reported the highest mean loneliness score of 35 (SD = 12). There is a statistically significant correlation between Loneliness and Emotional Quotient with p value 0.001 at 5% level of significance. The r value is -0.486 which means that there is negative moderate correlation. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of considering attachment styles and emotional quotient in understanding individuals' experiences of loneliness. Individuals with secure attachment styles appear to be less vulnerable to loneliness, while those with insecure attachment styles are more likely to experience higher levels of loneliness. There is negative moderate correlation between emotional quotient and loneliness, i.e., as the emotional quotient increases, loneliness decreases. Future research may explore the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted interventions aimed at promoting secure attachment and improving emotional quotient to reduce loneliness among vulnerable populations.

Perfectionism, Attachment Styles and Perceived Social Support in a Single Child

The purpose of the present study is to understand the relationship between perfectionism, attachment styles and perceived social support in a single child. The sample included 100 individuals, between the age of 18-30, Indian citizens, who fulfill the criteria of being an only or a single child. The sample was selected using Non-Probability sampling techniques like convenient, purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics (mean) and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The findings from this study suggest that there is an association between perfectionism, attachment styles and perceived social support. This association or correlation is such that perfectionism is negatively correlated with secure attachment style and positively correlated with all the three insecure attachment styles in an individual. Perceived social support is positively correlated with secure and dismissive attachment style whereas negatively correlated with fearful and preoccupied attachment style. Perfectionism and perceived social support are negatively correlated. Furthermore, the single child sample of the present study is found to have high perceived social support, a dominant fearful attachment style (although secure and preoccupied also have very close and similar values) and to not have high perfectionistic tendencies.

Press Play to Feel: The Role of Attachment Styles and Alexithymic Features in Problematic Gaming.

Problematic gaming has been consistently associated with insecure attachment styles and alexithymia. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of specific alexithymic features and insecure attachment styles on problematic gaming. The study included a sample of 358 online game players (242 males, 67.6%) between the ages of 18 and 59 (M = 28.46; SD = 8.76) who were recruited from online gaming communities. The participants completed a sociodemographic schedule and measures on attachment styles, alexithymia, and problematic gaming. The results provide evidence for a positive prediction of problematic gaming by dismissing attachment style and the alexithymic factors concerning the difficulty identifying feelings and externally oriented thinking, even when controlling for potentially confounding factors, such as age, sex, education, marital status, and self-reported time devoted to online games. Additionally, the analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between externally oriented thinking and dismissing attachment style in the prediction of problematic gaming. The interaction implies that the alexithymia factors pertaining to externally oriented thinking hold significant relevance in predicting problematic gaming behaviors, especially in cases where dismissive attachment levels are moderately to highly present. These findings emphasize the significance of considering specific insecure attachment styles and alexithymic features when studying problematic gaming behaviors.

High care and low overprotection from both paternal and maternal parents predict a secure attachment style with a partner among perinatal Japanese women

This study aimed to determine how paternal and maternal parenting before adolescence affects adult attachment to a partner during the perinatal period, using three different models of attachment. We used the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) to examine perceived parenting practices and adult attachment styles, respectively. The participants included 4586 Japanese women who were pregnant or who had given birth, up until one month after childbirth. We performed structural equation modeling analysis between PBI and RQ scores with three different category models, including the four-category model (secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissive attachment) as Model 1, the two-category model (model of the self and others) as Model 2, and the single-category model (total attachment style) as Model 3. Models 1 and 2 showed a good fit. Both path models showed a significant association between adult attachment style and perceived paternal and maternal parenting before adolescence, where high care and low overprotection from both paternal and maternal parents predicted adult attachment. Our findings indicate that attachment styles are best described using the four-category and two-category models, and suggest that both paternal and maternal overprotection and care influence adult attachment with a partner during the perinatal period.

Uzman Hekimlerin Bağlanma Stilleri ve Bağlanma Stillerinin Uzmanlık Dalıyla İlişkisi

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the attachment styles of specialist physicians and to examine the differences in attachment styles according to their specialty and whether they are placed in their first preference in the medical specialty exam (TUS).
 Method: A total of 92 physicians were included in the study. Individual information collection forms and the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) were administered to all participants. Participants were asked about their gender, their specialization field, and whether their current specialization field was their first choice in the Medical Specialization Exam (TUS). Specialization fields were divided into 4 groups: surgical specialties, internal medicine specialties, basic medical sciences, and family medicine specialization.
 Results: Among all participants, 14.1% exhibited secure attachment, 57.6% displayed fearful attachment, 32.6% demonstrated preoccupied attachment, and 3.3% had dismissive attachment. There was no significant difference in attachment styles based on the participants' genders. There was no significant difference in attachment styles based on whether they entered their first choice in the Medical Specialization Exam (TUS). There was no significant difference in attachment styles based on the specialization fields in which the participants received their education.
 Conclusion: Among expert physicians, anxious attachment was the most common attachment style. Although there was no statistically significant difference in attachment styles based on physicians' specialization fields, family medicine and internal medicine practitioners exhibited a higher rate of secure attachment compared to those in the basic medical and surgical sciences. Determination of other possible motivational factors as well as attachment styles could provide guidance and insight to the physician in this choice that will affect her/his whole life

An Evaluation of Psychogenic Predictors of Non-Organic Erectile Dysfunction.

Background and Objectives: Erectile dysfunction is a significant problem, which diminishes the quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of childhood trauma and attachment styles in the aetiology of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Materials and Methods: The study included 80 participants (40 patients who presented with the complaint of erectile dysfunction, were not determined with an organic pathology, and were diagnosed with erectile dysfunction according to the DSM-5 criteria; and a control group of 40 healthy subjects.) The structured clinical interview form for DSM-5 (SCID-5) was applied to all the participants, together with the International Erectile Function Index (IIEF), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: The emotional abuse (p = 0.002), physical abuse (p = 0.049), emotional neglect (p = 0.004), physical neglect (p = 0.002), and total scale points of the CTQ were determined to be significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. Secure (p = 0.022) and dismissive (p = 0.009) attachment styles were found to be higher in the control group. As the time together with the current sexual partner increased, so the severity of erectile dysfunction increased, and sexual function, orgasmic function, sexual satisfaction, and general satisfaction decreased. As emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect increased, the severity of erectile dysfunction increased. Childhood trauma (β = -0.275, t (73) = -2.704, p = 0.009) and the duration together with the partner (β = -0.249, t (73) = -2.512, p = 0.014) were found to be predictive of erectile dysfunction. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that childhood trauma and the time elapsed without treatment are predictors of psychogenic erectile dysfunction severity, and secure attachment style and self-esteem play an important role in the aetiology of psychogenic erectile dysfunction.

Attachment styles and orthorexia nervosa among Lebanese adolescents: The indirect effect of self-esteem

BackgroundOrthorexia nervosa (ON), defined as the pathological obsession for pure foods, remains a novelty in the field of eating disorders. Many studies in the literature have shown that attachment styles correlate with the development of eating disorders. Patients with eating disorders were found to be more avoidant and anxious and less secure than individuals who do not have eating disorders. However, studies on the relationship between attachment styles and ON remain limited, particularly in adolescents. This study assessed the relationship between attachment styles and ON in Lebanese adolescents (15–18 years), along with evaluating the indirect effect of self-esteem on this association. MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional design and was carried out during May–June 2020 with 555 students (15–18 years) enrolled. The Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale was utilized to screen for ON tendencies. A linear regression was conducted taking the DOS score as the dependent variable. The PROCESS Macro was used to test the indirect effect of self-esteem between attachment styles and ON. ResultsHigher fearful and preoccupied attachment styles, female gender, and more physical activity were significantly associated with more ON tendencies, whereas higher self-esteem was significantly associated with less ON tendencies. When adjusting for all sociodemographic characteristics and other attachment styles, none of the attachment styles remained significantly correlated with ON tendencies. Self-esteem mediated the association between secure attachment style and ON and between dismissive attachment style and ON. ConclusionsThe rise in ON warrants further studies and investigations to raise awareness and plan behavioral interventions in order to treat it.

“It’s not you, it’s me”: identity disturbance as the main contributor to interpersonal problems in pathological narcissism

BackgroundCore impairments in self and other functioning typify individuals with personality disorder. While interpersonal dysfunction is a known element of narcissistic disorders, empirical research investigating intrapersonal elements is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the internal representations of individuals with grandiose and vulnerable features, as manifested through their attachment styles, and the specific role of identity disturbance in explaining the relationship between pathological narcissism and maladaptive interpersonal functioning.MethodsA sample of 270 university students completed the Brief Pathological Narcissism Inventory (B-PNI), the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP), the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32).ResultsBoth vulnerable and grandiose narcissism were positively associated with both fearful and preoccupied attachment, and negatively associated with secure attachment, whilst grandiose narcissism was also positively associated with dismissive attachment. Furthermore, unstable representations of self, poor self-reflective functioning, and low sense of purpose fully mediated the relationship between interpersonal problems and grandiose narcissism while partially mediating the relationship between interpersonal problems and vulnerable narcissism.ConclusionsOverall, our findings suggest that for individuals presenting with narcissistic features, capacity for adaptive interpersonal functioning is grounded by deficits in identity integration. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Maternal and Paternal Attachment Patterns in Pakistani Internet Users During COVID-19

With ever-growing Internet penetration and increasing numbers of social media applications, the apprehensions around problematic use of the Internet among young adults are rising. Among the determinants of problematic Internet use (PIU), parental attachment toward both fathers and mothers is considered significant. However, research in Pakistan, despite growing numbers of Internet users, is either insufficient or methodologically challenged. This study aims to address these gaps by using improved methodology to study PIU and parental attachment among young adults while also accounting for the impact of psychological distress due to COVID-19. Using a correlational quantitative research design, we recruited a total of 142 young adults (>18 years) residing in Pakistan, with no previous psychiatric history, who were asked to complete the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2, Experiences in Closed Relationships-Relationships Structures scale, and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10). Results showed that psychological distress had a significant positive association with PIU and paternal attachment had a significant positive association with PIU. Regression analysis showed that only duration of Internet use and psychological distress were significant predictors in the model and that parental attachment was nonsignificant. Furthermore, securely attached individuals reported significantly less psychological distress than those with fearful-avoidant and dismissive attachment styles. Therefore, our results show that general parental attachments are associated with psychological distress and psychological distress is associated with PIU. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Influence of Attachment Behavior in Psychosis

Psychosis is a symptom of functional decline due to hallucinations, delusions, and the resulting behavior, and it appears in several psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and severe mood episodes of bipolar affective disorder. Psychosis is influenced by environmental factors, including childhood stress, as well as genetic predisposition. People with psychosis are known to have more insecure attachments than the general population, and are particularly more likely to display dismissive attachment styles. Attachment behavior is related to stress-induced CRH secretion, CRH suppression by oxytocin, and dopamine release in the brain. Imbalances of CRH, oxytocin, and dopamine are expected in psychotic patients with unstable attachments, requiring tailored treatment for this condition. Therefore, this review intends to investigate the effects of insecure attachment in individuals with psychosis.

Examination of the Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas, Attachment Styles and Adult Separation Anxiety ın a non-Clinical Sample

Early maladaptive schemas are based on belief mechanisms that are shaped in the childhood of individuals and manifest in relationships in their future lives. These schemas consist of 5 domains and 18 sub-dimensions also affect the way people perceive others.Another factor that predicts relationships in adulthood is the quality of the attachment established with the caregiver in early life.Attachment types seen in adults are examined under 4 main headings. The aim of this study is to determine the level and existence of the correlation between early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles of individuals and their perceived separation anxiety in adulthood, using the correlational survey model. The scales used were, Personal Information Form, Young Schema Questionnaire ,Adult Attachment Scale, and Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire. 285 individuals, 148 women and 137 men, over the age of 18 and residing in Istanbul, participated in the study. According to the findings of the study, there is a positive correlation between the Fearful, Preoccupied and Dismissive Attachment subscale scores and the Adult Separation Anxiety Scale scores, and there is a negative significant relationship with the Secure Attachment subscale overall score. It is seen that the sub-dimensions of the Young Schema Questionnaire significantly predict separation anxiety in adults. On the other hand, it was found that the Young Schema Scale sub-dimensions were positively correlated with the scores of other attachment styles, except for secure attachment. The obtained results support previous studies.

Parental Acceptance/Rejection Perceptions and Attachment Styles of Men With Online Gambling Disorder.

Online gambling disorder has recently emerged as a significant public health issue. Family dynamics play an important role in the development of online gambling disorder. In this research, the aimed to compare the parental acceptance/rejection and attachment styles of individuals with online gambling disorder with a healthy control group. Also, the relationship between parental acceptance/rejection and attachment styles was examined in individuals with online gambling disorder. The study group consisted of 53 male patients with online gambling disorder and 57 healthy controls. The individuals with online gambling disorder perceived more rejection from mothers but especially from fathers than the individuals in the control group. Paternal hostility/aggression and indifference/neglect are determinants of online gambling behavior. The individuals with online gambling disorder had lower levels of secure attachment and higher levels of dismissive and fearful attachment than the individuals in the control group. Both secure attachment style and dismissive attachment style are thought to be determinants of gambling behavior. Mother-father rejection and insecure attachment are important in terms of creating risk for online gambling. Assessment of the effects of maternal and especially paternal rejection in online gambling disorder will be beneficial within the scope of preventive mental health.

INFLUENCE OF ATTACHMENT STYLES ON MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MARRIED COUPLES

Researchers are interested in marital satisfaction since it is signicant for couples' psychological well-being. They have been studying the factors that lead to a happy marriage for a long time. Adult attachment styles, according to the prior study, serve an active role in forming an intimate relationship. The purpose of the current study was to examine the inuence of adult attachment styles (Secure, Fearful, Dismissive, and Preoccupied) on marital satisfaction among Indian married couples. 304 respondents (152 females & 152 males) from various cities across India participated in the study. To assess the participants' attachment styles and marital satisfaction, the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996) and ENRICH-SF Marital Satisfaction Scale (Fowers, & Olson, 1993) were used respectively. The statistical analysis was determined using the Chisquare, Kruskal-Wallis One way ANOVAand Mann-Whitney U tests. Results showed that the respondents with secure and dismissive attachment styles had higher marital satisfaction than the respondents with preoccupied and fearful attachment styles. The study found that male and female subjects did not differ signicantly in their attachment styles and marital satisfaction. However, participants who were married for more than 20 years were more in number to have experienced a secure attachment style and they had higher marital satisfaction. Psychotherapists and counsellors in general, and couple therapists in particular, will benet from the current research. Further study will aid in a better understanding of this nding.

Pathological Narcissism and Emotional Responses to Rejection: The Impact of Adult Attachment.

Background: Aspects of pathological narcissism, such as grandiosity, vulnerability and entitlement, tend be enacted in therapeutic settings, negatively influencing outcome and alliance between the clients and therapist. This research took an experimental approach to understanding the interplay between the emotional reactions of individuals with a pathological narcissistic presentation, and adult attachment style. We predicted that participants reporting narcissistic vulnerability would report greater insecurity in attachment (fearful and preoccupied styles), greater trait emotional reactivity, and also experience more intense and negative responses to simulated rejectionMethods: 269 participants (75.84% female, median age = 21) completed baseline and rejection trials of a virtual ball-tossing game, following the assessment of grandiose and vulnerable pathological narcissism, entitlement, adult attachment, trait emotional reactivity (measured prior to the rejection) and in-situ affective response (measured both before and after the rejection). Change in affect from baseline was calculated to capture affective responses to the manipulation.Results: Vulnerable narcissism was positively associated with both fearful and preoccupied attachment, and negatively associated with secure and dismissive attachment, whilst grandiose narcissism was significantly related to preoccupied attachment only. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed vulnerable narcissism predicted both (1) more negative trait emotional reactivity and (2) a significant increase in negative affect following the rejection trial. Grandiose narcissism was associated with (1) higher positive trait emotional reactivity, and (2) significant reductions in positive affect following rejection.Conclusion: Results indicated that those high in pathological narcissistic vulnerability reported greater insecurity in attachment, negative trait emotional reactivity and experienced a more negative and intense emotional reaction to rejection. Grandiose narcissism was related to a more deactivated pattern of emotional reactivity, and less positive (rather than more negative) emotional reactions. Findings have important implications for therapy, particularly regarding communication of emotions for individuals high in vulnerable and grandiose narcissism.

Personal Agency in Borderline Personality Disorder: The Impact of Adult Attachment Style.

BackgroundPersonal agency- the degree to which one believes they have control over their life- is thought to influence how people understand their interpersonal relationships. Links between adult attachment and personal agency are theoretically relevant to the experience of borderline personality disorder (BPD) but this has yet to be empirically examined. The present research examines the impact of personal agency and adult attachment styles for individuals meeting criteria for BPD.MethodsParticipants consented to an online community study examining measures of locus of control (as an index of personal agency), BPD, and adult attachment. Participants meeting criteria for BPD (N = 96; mean age = 30.63; 70.5% female) were compared to age-matched healthy controls (N = 96; mean age = M = 31.99; 89.0% female).ResultsIndividuals who met criteria for BPD displayed lower personal agency and higher fearful and preoccupied attachment styles in their close relationships, compared to Controls. Controls reported greater personal agency and were more securely attached in their relationships. Using multiple mediation modeling, the indirect effect of personal agency on BPD was significant for preoccupied, fearful, and secure attachment, but was non-significant for dismissive attachment. Lower personal agency was associated with insecure adult attachment styles.ConclusionsFindings highlight the previously unexplored relationship between BPD and personal agency and indicate that adult attachment style plays a significant role. Low personal agency may increase challenges for individuals with symptoms of BPD by exacerbating relationship difficulties. People in treatment for BPD may benefit from focusing on both relationship insecurity and its impact on their perceived personal control.

A meta-analytic review of the relationship between attachment styles and posttraumatic growth.

The present review aimed to examine the relationship between attachment styles and posttraumatic growth in adults exposed to traumatizing events. A systematic literature search resulted in the inclusion of 14 studies in the review. Four correlational meta-analyses of the relationship between the attachment styles of secure, dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful, and posttraumatic growth, were conducted. These revealed a significant small positive relationship between secure attachment and posttraumatic growth (r = 0.21, p < 0.001); a significant small negative relationship between dismissive attachment and posttraumatic growth (r = -0.12, p < 0.001), and a weak relationship between preoccupied attachment and posttraumatic growth (r = -0.04, p = 0.235), and fearful attachment and posttraumatic growth (r = 0.08, p = 0.248). The relationship between attachment styles and posttraumatic growth is modest and may be better explained by other variables. Nonetheless, findings provide useful information for clinicians regarding the potential small impact of attachment style following traumatizing exposure. Implications for future research are highlighted with respect to methodological rigor and the role of other potentially influential variables.

Exploring the associations between narcissism, intentions towards infidelity, and relationship satisfaction: Attachment styles as a moderator.

The ultimate goal of this research was twofold: (1) to investigate the associations between narcissism, intentions towards infidelity, and relationship satisfaction; and (2) to explore the moderating effect of attachment styles on the link between intentions towards infidelity and narcissism. The findings revealed that the link between narcissism and relationship satisfaction is fully mediated by intentions towards infidelity. Similarly, the full mediating effect of relationship satisfaction exists in the association between narcissism and intentions towards infidelity. Mediational analyses further revealed that narcissism is a predictor of intentions towards infidelity, and this link is moderated by preoccupied, fearful, and dismissive attachment styles. As the results indicate, narcissism plays a significant role in young adults' intimate relationships, and attachment styles have a moderating role in narcissism's effect on romantic relationships. Results and implications are discussed in light of the relevant research findings.

The Impact of Australian Psychologists’ Education, Beliefs, Theoretical Understanding, and Attachment on the Use and Implementation of Exposure Therapy

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the relative contributions of university education, exposure specific training, and beliefs about exposure therapy (ET) in relation to the frequency, duration, and intense delivery of ET by Australian psychologists. Associations between clinicians’ use of and theoretical conceptualisation of ET, and attachment style were also evaluated. A total of 115 Australian psychologists (N = 94 females) completed an online survey. Findings revealed that a majority of participants used cognitive behaviour therapy (93%) and ET (88%) to treat anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder. The majority who used ET (90%) reported using therapist-assisted in vivo exposure with clients. Findings also showed that therapists spend 42% of session time on exposure. Moreover, therapists who reported more comprehensive training had more positive beliefs about ET. Positive beliefs about ET, and clearer conceptualisation of treatment, were related to greater use and more intense implementation of ET. Psychologists with a more preoccupied or dismissive attachment style were less likely to deliver intense ET. The findings suggest that ET-specific training may be a powerful medium to improving the adoption and application of ET. Clinician's theoretical conceptualisation of ET and interpersonal attachment style are also worthy targets for future research and training in ET.

A longitudinal study of bonding failure related to aspects of posttraumatic stress symptoms after childbirth among Japanese mothers

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after childbirth may affect mother-infant bonding. This study examined the relationship between aspects of PTSS after childbirth and bonding failure for mothers at 1 month and 4 months after delivery.MethodsThis longitudinal study surveyed 130 mothers at 1 month (T1) and 4 months (T2) after delivery. We performed multiple regression analysis with the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) as the dependent variable and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve score (F.APGAR), and demographic data as independent variables.ResultsThe rate of mothers with an IES-R score of ≥ 25 was 6.2% at T1 and 3.8% at T2. The IES-R and the EPDS were relevant factors for the PBQ at T1. The IES-R was not a relevant factor, but the EPDS was a relevant factor for the PBQ at T2. The IES-R at T1 was not a predictor for the PBQ at T2. The PBQ at T1 was the largest predictor for the PBQ at T2, when compared with the EPDS, F.APGAR, and dismissive attachment pattern (RQ) at T1.ConclusionsPTSS after childbirth had a strong influence on bonding failure at T1. However, the important factor affecting bonding failure was not PTSS after childbirth, but depression at T2. If PTSS after childbirth are accompanied by depression at T2, bonding failure may be affected. Bonding failure affected by PTSS after childbirth at T1 could affect bonding failure at T2. Health professionals should assess the degree of PTSS after childbirth and start to care for mothers at T1.