dish-Stirling Solar Thermal System Research Articles

Frequency Control of a Realistic Dish Stirling Solar Thermal System and Accurate HVDC Models Using a Cascaded FOPI-IDDN-Based Crow Search Algorithm

Unbalancing the real power in power system leads to fluctuation in system frequency which can cause the several negative effects on the performance and reliability of the interconnected power system. Therefore, to deal with this, the load frequency control (LFC) of a three-area asymmetric thermal power system integrated with a solar thermal power plant (STPP), a realistic dish-stirling solar thermal system (DSTS), and an accurate high voltage direct current (HVDC) link are presented in this work. For the suggested system, a novel cascade controller called fractional-order proportional-integral and integral-double-derivative with filter (FOPI-IDDN) is designed. By minimising a newly proposed performance index called the HPA-ISE and adjusting the controller and other system model parameters using a metaheuristic method called the crow search algorithm (CS). When comparing the system dynamics, it was found that the suggested FOPI-IDDN controller outperformed the FOPI, PIDN, and FOPIDN controllers. The findings of this study show that HPA-ISE shows approximately 30% and 60% improvements in settling time (ST) and peak overshoots (POS) for frequency response, and 32% and 18% improvements for the tie power responses in terms of ST and POS over ISE criteria. Also, studies on different area capacity ratios have shown that a system connected to a greater capacity ratio operates better. The realistic DSTS system with fixed and recurring insolation in area 1 and area 2 outperforms the others, according to experiments using different DSTS insolation. Also, it is discovered that the parallel AC-AHVDC link study is superior to the AC and HVDC connection research. Moreover, it seems from the sensitivity study that the CS-optimized FOPI-IDDN controller improvements obtained under normal settings are consistent across a wide range of changes.

Mitigation of AGC Problem of the RES Integrated Hydro-Thermal System Using FACTS and INEC Based AHVDC with ESS Considering the 3DOF-TIDN Controller

This article highlights the mitigation of automatic generation control (AGC) problem considering various FACTS devices and inertia emulation control (INEC) strategies based accurate model of HVDC links using various energy storage systems (ESS). The proposed system comprises a three-area hydro-thermal system integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) such as a realistic dish-Stirling solar thermal system (RDSTS) and a precise wind turbine system (PWTS). A maiden effort has been made to design a novel secondary controller called three degrees of freedom tilt-integral-derivative with filter coefficient (3DOF-TIDN) for the proposed system, and their parameters are successfully optimized by the bird swarm algorithm (BSA). The comparative analysis of system dynamics corresponding to the proposed 3DOF-TIDN controller exhibits betters dynamics over 3DOF-PID and 2DOF-PID controllers. The system dynamic performances are also evaluated considering RDSTS and PWTS in all the areas, and it has been evident that the incorporation of RDSTS and PWTS improves system dynamics. The system with AHVDC link shows quickly damped out the system oscillation. Moreover, the study on inertia emulation using various ESS such as redox flow battery (RFB), ultra-capacitor (UC) and battery energy storage (BES) systems inferred that the system’s initial response with RFB is better than others. Furthermore, the integration of various FACTS devices such as thyristor control phase shifter (TCPS), static synchronous series capacitor (SSSC) and Gate-Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC) revealed that the system dynamics marginally enhanced with GCSC than TCPS and SSSC.

Design of a quasi‐oppositional FBI based fuzzy PIDF (1 + PI) controller for frequency regulation with renewable energy sources and energy storage elements

AbstractIntegration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in modern power system has put a great challenge on researchers and system engineers to satisfactorily operate the power system when it is subjected to various disturbances. Automatic generation control (AGC) plays a very essential role in modern power system to control the tie‐line power flows and system frequencies. This paper illustrates about optimal design and implementation of various controllers for AGC of a two‐area non‐reheat thermal power system with some supplementary generation from dish stirling solar thermal system and wind‐turbine system. In addition to the generating sources, some energy storage systems like capacitive energy storage and redox flow battery are integrated to improve the dynamic stability of the system. Various controllers like fuzzy logic based PID controller, PID controller with filter (PIDF) and fuzzy PIDF (1 + PI) controller are used as supplementary controllers of the AGC system. The proposed controllers are optimally designed by FBI algorithm and QO‐FBI algorithm. A step load of 1% (0.01 pu) is applied in area‐1 to analyze the performances of the proposed controllers. Investigation of the study includes undershoot, overshoot and settling time of frequency and tie‐line power deviations. The percentage improvement of QO‐FBI based FPIDF (1 + PI) controller with respect to ICA based FPIDF (1 + PI) controller is examined. It is noticed that, AGC system equipped with QO‐FBI based FPIDF (1 + PI) controller outperforms ICA‐FPIDF (1 + PI) controller in all aspects. The superiority of the QO‐FBI based FPIDF (1 + PI) controller is validated under parametric variation in system parameters. Sensitivity analysis is also carried out by varying the inputs to the intermittent renewable sources. Comparative performance analysis reveals that QO‐FBI based FPIDF (1 + PI) controller performs better in comparison with other proposed controllers and a recently proposed ICA based FPIDF (1 + PI) controller.

Frequency regulation of hybrid shipboard microgrid system using butterfly optimization algorithm synthesis fractional‐order controller

AbstractInclusion of intermittent natured renewable energy resources in microgrid to reduce global warming, especially in shipboard power system and due to highly fluctuating propulsion load, frequency control strategy of isolated shipboard hybrid microgrid (ISHMG) is major point of attraction. Hence, a power system of marine vessel with dish‐stirling solar thermal system (DSTS), wind‐driven generation (WDG), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), super‐conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), two different AC‐loads, and propulsion loads are considered as an ISHMG. The main objective of this paper is reducing the mismatch between generation and demand with the help of fractional‐order proportional integral‐derivative (FOPID) controller. To improve the frequency control, the tuning of the controller coefficients plays a major role as the controller's performance fully dependent on the parameters. Accordingly, the recently developed butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA) has been used to optimize the FOPID controller's parameters. Comparative analysis of several techniques like FA, PSO, GOA, SSA, and BOA used for PID, PI, FOPID controllers' optimization, and sensitivity analysis under different parametric variation has been presented to prove the stability of the ISHMG model. Analyzing all the results, it is found that BOA‐based FOPID controller is performing the frequency control far better than other techniques.

Impact of RFB and PLL Dynamic on Combined ALFC-AVR Regulation of Multiarea Multisource System Under Deregulated Environment with AC/Accurate HVDC link

ABSTRACT The paper discusses the coordinated effect of redox flow battery (RFB) and accurate high voltage dc (AHVDC) link on the combined voltage and frequency control of two-area systems under deregulated environment. Each area has three generating companies (GENCOs) and three distribution companies. GENCOs in Area-1 are thermal, realistic dish-Stirling solar thermal system (RDSTS) and solar thermal power plants, and in Area-2 GENCOs are hydro, RDSTS, and geothermal power plants. Appropriate nonlinearity constraints are equipped with both hydro and thermal units. A maiden attempt has been made to employ a cascaded fractional-order PD with filter and PID with filter (CFOPDN-PIDN) as a secondary controller for the considered system. Artificial flora algorithm is used to optimize the controller parameters under various system conditions. The proposed CFOPDN-PIDN controller yields better system dynamic responses than the PIDN controller for the Poolco, bilateral, and contract violation power transactions. The investigations reveal that the parallel operation of the AC/AHVDC links deteriorates the system dynamics having more oscillations and peak deviations compared to individual AC and AHVDC links. The dynamic effect of Phase-Lock-Loop (PLL) is important for the realistic operation of AHVDC link. A novel approach for analyzing the dynamic effect of the AHVDC links considering PLL effects during the coordination with the AC system is presented. By adding the dynamic model of PLL to the parallel AC/AHVDC link, the system's performance is improved. The analysis reflects that the RFB-AHVDC links with PLL dynamics provided better system damping than the RFB-AC tie-line and AC tie-line alone.

Coordinated Control of ALFC-AVR in Multiarea Multisource Systems Integrated with VRFB and TCPS Using CFPDN-PIDN Controller

The article discusses the coordinated effect of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) and thyristor control phase shifter (TCPS) on combined automatic load frequency control and automatic voltage regulator of three area hydrothermal systems incorporating renewable sources. Solar thermal power plant, dish-Stirling solar thermal system, and geothermal power plant are integrated into Area-I, Area-II, and Area-III, respectively. Suitable generation rate constraint and governor dead-band are considered for both thermal and hydro plants. A new fuzzy logic-based cascaded controller named fuzzy proportional-derivative with filter coefficient cascaded with proportional-integral-derivative with filter coefficient (CFPDN-PIDN) is proposed as a secondary controller and its performance is compared with the PIDN and CPDN-PIDN controllers. Various controller parameters are optimized by the artificial flora algorithm. Simulation results reveal that the CFPDN-PIDN controller outperforms the PIDN and CPDN-PIDN controllers. Two types of control schemes are used to regulate the TCPS's phase angle variation: Type-I is a first-order lag transfer function, while Type-II includes a washout filter and lead-lag compensator along with Type-I. Analysis shows that the Type-I control strategy is better than Type-II. VRFB charging/discharging is regulated using high-pass filter (HPF) and dead-band (DB) control schemes. Investigation reveals that the BD scheme provided better system dynamics than the HPF scheme. Moreover, the system performance degrades with very high or low state-of-charge values. Further, using the best control schemes for both VRFB and TCPS, the system's dynamic performance was superior to that of the individual one. Finally, the robustness of the proposed control approach is validated through sensitivity analysis.

Effect of partial loading on a three‐area hydro‐thermal system integrated with realistic dish‐Stirling solar thermal system, accurate model of high‐voltage direct link considering virtual inertia and energy storage systems

This article presents the studies of automatic generation control (AGC) on a three-area hydro-thermal system under various loading conditions. The study at various loading conditions is investigated because the model parameter of steam and hydro depend on their generation schedule. A maiden attempt has been made to design a three degree of freedom tilt integral derivative (3DOF-TID) controller as a secondary controller. Its gains are optimized using a novel bird swarm algorithm (BSA). Comparison of dynamic responses in a hydro-thermal system with the proposed 3DOF-TID reveals better performance over 2DOF-TID, 2DOF-PID controllers. It is also explored that the dynamic system responses are improved in thermal power plants and deteriorate in the hydropower plants when loading increases from its nominal values. Moreover, the dynamic system responses are analysed with the realistic dish-Stirling solar thermal system (RDSTS) considering fixed and random solar insolations. The comparative analysis suggests that RDSTS with fixed insolation enhances system dynamics by 5.72% over random insolation. Further, the comparison of dynamic responses of the system with AC tie-line and parallel AC/accurate high-voltage direct (AHVDC) tie-lines reveals that the system dynamics are improved with the parallel AC/AHVDC tie-lines. Furthermore, the inertia is emulated in the parallel AC/AHVDC tie-line using capacitive energy storage (CES), super magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems, and redox flow battery (RFB). Simulations show that the inertia emulated hydro-thermal-RDSTS system with RFB provides better dynamics. Sensitivity analysis suggests that 3DOF-TID parameters values at nominal condition are appropriate for higher value of disturbance without need for optimization.

Load frequency control of a multi‐area system incorporating realistic high‐voltage direct current and dish‐Stirling solar thermal system models under deregulated scenario

A maiden attempt was made to demonstrate the impact of realistic high-voltage direct current (RHVDC) tie-line along with realistic dish-Stirling solar thermal system (RDSTS) models in multi-area load frequency control studies under a deregulated scenario. Area-1, area-2 and area-3 comprise thermal-RDSTS systems with relevant generation rate constraints. Each area includes two generation and two distribution companies. A new secondary controller with a cascaded combination of fractional order (FO) proportional derivative with filter coefficient (N) and FO-proportional-integral-derivative with filter coefficient (N) (FOPDN-FOPIDN) is proposed for the first time. The performance indices (peak magnitude, settling time and oscillations magnitude) of the proposed controller shows the dominance in comparison with the existing FOPI, PIDN and FOPIDN controllers in the policy schemes like poolco, bilateral and contract violation. A recent metaheuristic algorithm named the crow-search algorithm is successfully applied for simultaneous optimisation of the proposed FOPDN-FOPIDN controller gains and RDSTS parameters under the deregulated environment for the first time. Under the above policy schemes, the effect of RDSTS and RHVDC tie-line using FOPDN-FOPIDN controller is investigated, and the use of RHVDC tie-line with AC tie-line is explored. System dynamic response comparison with parallel AC-RHVDC tie-lines reveals better performance over AC tie-line and RHVDC tie-line when used alone.

Designing anti-windup PI controller for LFC of nonlinear power system combined with DSTS of nuclear power plant and HVDC link

This paper proposes anti-windup proportional integral controller to deal with generation rate constraint problem during a frequency load control. An interconnected two-area power system is used by considering nonlinear constraints for thermal and hydro units combined with dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) in the first area, the nuclear power plant in the second area, and HVDC link in both areas. The imperialist competitive algorithm was used for optimal adjustment of parameters of the proposed controller. Simulations are performed in different scenarios. The proposed control scheme is compared with conventional PI controller; the effect of the presence of DSTS and HVDC link is investigated, and finally the robustness of the proposed controller against uncertain load is studied. The comparisons are made by using various performance factors of the system response such as overshoot, settling time and rise time. The results show a significant improvement in the system response and reduction in oscillation frequency of the areas and the power of the tie-line.

Automatic generation control of a solar thermal and dish‐stirling solar thermal system integrated multi‐area system incorporating accurate HVDC link model using crow search algorithm optimised FOPI Minus FODF controller

This article demonstrates the automatic generation control of a multi-area system incorporating various sources. Area-1 and area-2 consist of thermal and parabolic trough solar thermal plant (PTSTP) of fixed and random solar insolation, respectively, and area-3 comprises of thermal and realistic dish-stirling solar thermal system units. A maiden effort has been made to use a fractional order (FO) proportional-integral minus FO derivative with filter coefficient (FOPI-FODF) controller as a secondary controller. The controller gains are optimised using a novel algorithm called crow search algorithm. Comparisons of system dynamic response with and without renewable energy sources for FOPI-FODF, and for some commonly used integer order and FO controller's reveals the better performance of FOPI-FODF controller. A study comparing both fixed and random solar insolation in PTSTP of different areas have been tested. An accurate high-voltage direct current (AHVDC) line model is designed using inertia emulation strategy and is placed instead of AC tie line, and with parallel AC tie lines resulting in better system dynamic performances than AC tie line alone. The selection of the optimum location of AHVDC line in parallel AC tie line exposes the AHVDC line connected with the area where the system is disturbed.

Effect of energy storage systems on automatic generation control of interconnected traditional and restructured energy systems

During major disturbances in electric power system (PS) penetrated with renewable energy sources, primary and supplementary automatic generation control (AGC) strategies usually show inefficiency in mitigating the frequency and power oscillations because of sluggish control action. The frequency and power deviations should be controlled to retain the generation-demand balance, which reinforce the quality and stability of overall PS. The fast-acting energy storage systems (ESSs) having very small time constants like capacitive energy storage (CES) and redox flow battery (RFB) are utilised in this study to improve these dynamic responses. To conduct the analysis, initially, a two-area nonreheat thermal PS with extra generations from wind turbine system (WTS) and dish-stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) is explored extensively, and then to validate the efficacy of the method, the approach is tested on two-area nonreheat thermal system having governor deadband (GDB) nonlinearity, reheat thermal, and restructured multisource thermal gas systems. An imperialist competition algorithm (ICA) optimised fuzzy PID-filter-(1 + PI) controller named as FPIDF-(1 + PI) is utilised as supplementary controller, and its performance with CES/CES-RFB is compared with ICA-optimised FPIDF with/without CES and existing optimal PI/PID/PIDF/FPID controller without CES. Investigation of dynamic responses for sudden variation in power demand unveils the superiority of the control approach compared with others regarding settling time, peak undershoot, and performance index. Analysing the impact of ESSs on the responses divulges that the amalgamation of CES-RFB in PS imparts better system dynamics. The robustness analysis suggests that ICA-optimised controller with ESSs performs excellently and robustly for ±25% variation in PS parameters, random load disturbances, and nonlinearities.

Deregulated AGC of multi-area system incorporating dish-Stirling solar thermal and geothermal power plants using fractional order cascade controller

The present study highlights the attempt of incorporating geothermal power plant (GTPP), dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) and high voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) link, with the conventional thermal system, in automatic generation control of an interconnected power system under deregulated environment. Appropriate generation rate constraints are provided in thermal systems. A new fractional order (FO) cascade controller named as FO proportional-integral-FO proportional-integral-derivative (FOPI-FOPID) is proposed as secondary controller and its performance is compared with the commonly used classical controllers. A stochastic algorithm, Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) is used to optimize the controller gains and other parameters. Analyses of the dynamic responses reveal the superiority of FOPI-FOPID over the others in terms of settling time, peak deviation and magnitude of oscillation. Performance index comparison is carried out and integral squared error is selected. The effect of GTPP, DSTS and HVDC link have been examined separately and the responses disclose that integration of HVDC link to the combined system having both GTPP and DSTS along with thermal leads to better dynamics. Sensitivity analysis of SCA optimized FOPI-FOPID controller parameters obtained at nominal Disco Participation Matrix (DPM) validate that they are healthy enough and need not be optimized for change in DPMs.

Combined application of redox flow battery and DC link in restructured AGC system in the presence of WTS and DSTS in distributed generation unit

This article deals with automatic generation control (AGC) of an unequal two-area system under deregulated environment. Area-1 comprises distribution generation (DG) and thermal units and area-2 has gas and thermal units. The DG unit comprises wind turbine system (WTS), dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS), aqua electrolyser, fuel cell, diesel generator, and battery energy storage system. A maiden attempt has been made to apply a cascade controller called integer order proportional–integral–derivative with filter (PIDN) cascaded with fractional order integral–derivative (PIDN-FOID) controller and its performance is compared with I, PI, and PIDN controller. Investigation reveals that PIDN-FOID outperforms in terms of peak deviations, settling time, and oscillations in both constant and variable conditions of wind speed and solar insolation. The effect of using WTS, DSTS, both WTS and DSTS on system dynamics is also evaluated and explored that system dynamics improves with integration of these renewable sources. The gains and other parameters are optimised by whale optimisation algorithm. The effect of DC link, redox flow battery, and both on system dynamics is also evaluated in the presence of PIDN-FOID controller and explores that the use of these shows promising dynamic performance. The robustness of controller gains and parameters are tested with change in size of contract.

Maiden application of an sine–cosine algorithm optimised FO cascade controller in automatic generation control of multi‐area thermal system incorporating dish‐Stirling solar and geothermal power plants

The present study highlights an attempt of integrating the geothermal power plant (GTPP) in automatic generation control of an interconnected system comprising of dish-Stirling solar–thermal system (DSTS) and the conventional thermal system (TS). Generation rate constraints of 3%/min are considered for the TSs. A new fractional-order (FO) cascade controller named as FO proportional (P)–integral (I)–FOP–derivative (D) (FOPI–FOPD) is proposed as secondary controller and performance is compared with commonly used classical controllers. Controller gains and other parameters are optimised using a novel stochastic algorithm called sine–cosine algorithm. The analysis reveals the superiority of FOPI–FOPD over others. The effect of inclusion of GTPP and DSTS is also analysed on the conventional TS, both in a combined manner and separately. Sensitivity analysis reflects the robustness of optimum FOPI–FOPD controller gains and other parameters obtained at nominal and recommend that the optimised parameters do not suffer much deviations and are able to withstand wide fluctuations in system operating conditions, system loading and inertia constant. The dynamic behaviour of the system is studied with 1% step load perturbation in area1.

Combined voltage and frequency control of a multi‐area multisource system incorporating dish‐Stirling solar thermal and HVDC link

This study highlights the significance of dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) link in the combined automatic load frequency control (ALFC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) model of the multi-area thermal-diesel plant. Appropriate generation rate constraints and governor dead band for the thermal plant are considered. A maiden attempt has been made to apply fractional order integral double derivative controller with derivative filter (FOIDDF) as a secondary controller for both ALFC and AVR loops. The performance of the FOIDDF controller is compared with some commonly used classical controllers. The lightning search algorithm is implemented for simultaneous optimisation of the controller parameters. The comparison shows the better performance of FOIDDF than others. The effect of the AVR loop on the ALFC loop is also analysed for the first time in the combined model. The investigation of the effect of DSTS and HVDC links reveals that their inclusion improves the system dynamics. The superiority of the proposed controller has been established for variable insolation of the DSTS. The rigorous sensitivity analysis of the different position and magnitude of disturbance, change in tie-line synchronising coefficient and different condition of the DSTS reflects the robustness of the proposed controller parameters obtained at the nominal condition.

Reactive power performance analysis of dish–Stirling solar thermal–diesel hybrid energy system

Reactive power analysis of an autonomous hybrid energy system consisting of dish–Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS), diesel engine generator and static VAR compensator (SVC) has been conducted. Diesel engine coupled to a synchronous generator equipped with automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and DSTS is connected to an induction generator. The parameters of the proportional–integral controllers, employed with SVC and AVR are optimised simultaneously using genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) techniques. The comparative performance of GA, PSO and FPA optimised controllers on the hybrid system model has been presented considering step change and random variations of solar thermal power as well as reactive power load. Simulation results revealed that FPA optimised controllers for AVR and SVC can provide the improved dynamic performance of the hybrid energy system as compared with GA and PSO optimised controllers.

Automatic generation control of an interconnected two-area hybrid thermal system considering dish-stirling solar thermal and wind turbine system

This article presents automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected two-area hybrid thermal system with additional power generation from dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) and wind turbine system (WTS). Each area is equipped with Integral (I), Proportional-Integral (PI), and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) as secondary controllers to regulate power output of thermal system and maintain the power balance. This facilitates maintaining the frequency close to its nominal value. Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) technique is used for simultaneous optimization of controller parameters. System dynamics are evaluated with step load perturbation and random load perturbation in Area1. The performance of PID is found improved in comparison to I and PI controller in terms of settling time, peak deviation and magnitude of oscillation. Investigation shows that BBO optimized PID controller parameters obtained at nominal conditions are robust enough and not necessary to optimize for wide changes in renewable energy sources, area capacity ratio, system loading, and inertia constant (H). Thus, integration of DSTS and WTS for AGC of interconnected system is safely attributed.

AGC of dish‐Stirling solar thermal integrated thermal system with biogeography based optimised three degree of freedom PID controller

The present study emphasises the application of dish-Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS) in automatic generation control (AGC) of an unequal two area thermal system. The thermal systems are equipped with single reheat turbine, generation rate constraint, and governor dead band. The system dynamics with and without DSTS are tested for integral, proportional integral, proportional integral derivative, and three degree of freedom proportional integral derivative (3DOF-PID) as secondary controllers. The simultaneous optimisation of the controller parameters for each controller is done with biogeography based optimisation (BBO) technique. The 3DOF-PID controllers for the system having DSTS outperform the other controllers in terms of magnitude of oscillation, peak deviation, and settling time in system dynamic responses. The same is validated with random load perturbation. Sensitivity analysis proves that BBO optimised 3DOF-PID controller parameters obtained at nominal conditions are healthy enough. These optimised 3DOF-PID controller parameters are not necessarily needed to optimise for wide changes in system loading, and inertia constant H; step load perturbation (SLP) in all areas and higher SLP in area1. Integration of DSTS for AGC of thermal system is safely attributed.