Dish-based Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire Research Articles

Association between dietary inflammatory index and mental disorders using multilevel modeling with GLIMMIX.

The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is a composite nutritional index that has gained significant attention in the past decade due to its association with physical and mental well-being. To accurately assess the precise effects of DII on health outcomes, the effects of nutrients and foods need to be adjusted. This study aimed to investigate the association between DII and mental disorders (depression, anxiety, and stress) using multilevel modeling to minimize the bias of the previous methods. This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using data from the initial phase of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences Employees' Cohort Study (TEC). Nutritional information was obtained through a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (DFQ), while psychological data were collected using the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-42). The acquired data were analyzed using multilevel modeling in three levels (foods, nutrients, and DII, respectively) through GLIMMIX in the SAS software. A total of 3,501 individuals participated in this study. The results of the multilevel model demonstrated a significant statistical association between DII and mental disorders after adjusting for baseline characteristics, nutrients and foods. For each unit increase in DII, the mean scores for stress, anxiety, and depression increased by 3.55, 4.26, and 3.02, respectively (p < 0.001). Based on the multilevel model's findings, it is recommended to minimize the use of pro-inflammatory nutrients and foods to increase the mental health. Multilevel data analysis has also been recommended in nutritional studies involving nested data to obtain more accurate and plausible estimates.

Dietary intake of phytochemicals in association with irritable bowel syndrome in adults

There is limited data regarding the association between phytochemical-rich diets and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The current study aimed to cross-sectionally evaluate the association of dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with the odds and severity of IBS. In this study, which included 3362 Iranian healthcare staffs, a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (DS-FFQ) was utilized to collect dietary information. The DPI was defined as the daily percentage of calories consumed from phytochemical-rich foods. The IBS assessment was performed using a revised Iranian version of the Rome III questionnaire. We applied the restricted cubic spline (RCS) to detect the possible non-linear dependency of the relationship between DPI and the odds of IBS. The mean age, Body Mass Index (BMI), and DPI scores of the participants were 36.29±7.8 years, 24.90±3.8kg/m2, and 16.07±9.01, respectively. After adjusting for possible confounders, no significant association was observed between DPI and odds of IBS in the whole study population or in gender- and BMI-stratified analyses. We found a significant inverse association between DPI and IBS severity in the study population (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51-0.98). Concerning gender, such an association was only found in women (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44-0.96). However, there was no significant relationship between DPI and IBS severity in BMI subgroups. In addition, we found no meaningful relationship between DPI and IBS subtypes. The RCS model showed that there is no non-linear relationship between DPI classification and IBS (non-linear test, χ2=1.14, Pnon-linearity=0.513). Higher phytochemical intake was associated with reduced IBS severity, particularly in women. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Evaluating the Nutritional Status of Patients with Cancer.

Patients with cancer need to maintain proper nutritional status to overcome cancer, alleviate the side effects of chemotherapy, and prevent a recurrence. As such, it is necessary to manage nutritional status. This study aimed to develop a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to evaluate the nutritional status of patients with cancer and assess the validity of the FFQ. A total of 109 dish items were selected through contribution and variability analyses using the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The FFQ was validated against the average 3-day dietary records of 100 patients with cancer. Pearson correlation coefficients and quartile agreements between FFQ and 3-day dietary records were calculated for intake of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Age and energy-adjusted Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.20 (iron) to 0.54 (potassium). The percentage of participants who were classified into the same or adjacent quartile between the FFQ and the 3-day dietary record ranged from 68% (protein) to 81% (energy, dietary fiber). The results suggest that the FFQ is an appropriate tool for assessing nutritional status in Korean cancer patients.

Psychological distress, perceived stress and nocebo effect (multifood adverse reaction) in irritable bowel syndrome patients.

Psychological distress and perceived stress may complicate the clinical presentation, course, and treatment of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. The correlation between psychological distress, perceived stress, and the nocebo effect (multifood adverse reaction) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was the main aim of the present study. In this cross-sectional correlation study, data on 4,763 Iranian adults, 748 of whom by purposive sampling were patients with IBS (65.1% female), working in 50 different health centers affiliated to the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences across Isfahan province were examined. For assessing dietary intake, a 106-item self-administered Dish-based Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire that was specifically designed and validated for Iranian adults was used. General Heath Questionnaire 12 and Stressful Life event Questionnaire were used to assess psychological distress and perceived stress. By using a modified Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire, IBS was assessed. Based on researcher-made definition of nocebo effect (multiitem food intolerance), 164 people had the nocebo phenomenon in IBS group. Age, sex, education, marital status, antidepressant use, and specifically chronic underlying disease (odds ratio [OR]: 3.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.73-7.23) of general characteristics had a significant correlation (P <.05) with presenting nocebo responses in IBS patients. Psychological distress (OR: 1.415; 95% CI: 0.992-2.020; P = 0.056) had a significant correlation with nocebo effect and did not find significant correlation with perceived stress (OR: 0.999; 95% CI: 0.990-1.008; P = 0.865). Data were analyzed by Chi-square test, analysis of variance, and OR. The present study showed that psychological distress with chronic underlying disease and antidepressant use are important elements in presenting multifood adverse reactions that we named here as the nocebo effect in IBS patients. Reducing psychological distress and managing chronic underlying diseases appear to be an effective factor in reducing the nocebo phenomenon in IBS patients. For managing the nocebo responses in IBS patients, these findings may help clinicians to improve their interventions. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Correlation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with gut microbiota according to the dietary intake of Korean elementary school students.

We investigated the impact of dietary patterns on the gut microbiota and concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the feces of Korean elementary school students. The dietary intake and ADHD assessment of 40 Korean elementary school students were analyzed using a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Analysis of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids composition were performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction, metagenomics, and gas chromatography methods. The dietary patterns of participants were divided into four groups: healthy, processed food, fish and shellfish, and meat. The participants were also divided into two groups according to their ADHD scores: 0–30, control group; over 30, ADHD group. The ADHD score of the processed food group was significantly higher than that of the healthy group. The processed food and ADHD groups showed significantly higher abundance of harmful bacteria, such as the Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium strains, and markedly lower abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as the Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus strains, than the control group. The heat maps of metagenomics indicated that each group was separated into distinct clusters, and the processed food and ADHD groups showed significantly lower α-diversity of gut microbiota than the control group. In these groups, the concentration of acetate or butyrate in the feces was significantly lower than that in the control group. These results may indicate that imbalanced diets can disturb the colonic microbial balance and are likely to become a potential risk factor for the prevalence of ADHD.

Inflammatory Potential of Diet and Odds of Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Study

Lung cancer is one of the common types of malignant disorders and the most prevalent cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Few studies have examined the association of dietary inflammatory index (DII) with lung cancer and findings from these studies are conflicting. Moreover, no study has examined this association in the Middle East. Therefore, the current case-control study was conducted to examine the association between DII and lung cancer among Iranian adults. We recruited 140 pathologically confirmed cases of lung cancer and 140 healthy controls who were matched with cases in terms of age. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 142-item Willett-format dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. DII scores were calculated using the method developed by Shivappa et al. Overall, we found a significant positive association between DII and lung cancer so that after controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the highest tertile of DII scores had 2.03 times more odds of lung cancer compared to those in the lowest tertile (OR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.02-4.01). This significant positive association was also seen in men, but not in women. In conclusion, adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet was associated with increased odds of lung cancer in adults, particularly in male adults.

Development, validity and reproducibility of a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in Iran

BACKGROUND: The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is the method of choice for dietary assessment in epidemiological studies. FFQs focusing on mixed-dishes and simple food items are useful where mixed-dishes are an essential part of food consumption. OBJECTIVE: Regarding the fact that the nature of the Iranian diet is mixed-dish, the present study aimed to design and assess the validity and reproducibility of a dish-based semi-quantitative FFQ in the Iranian adult population. METHODS: A list of 302 food items was collected from four geographical areas around Iran. The validation study was conducted on 97 healthy adults. The FFQ was introduced at the beginning of the study and 10 months after; two three-day food records were collected during the study. Also, biomarkers including 24-hour urinary potassium and nitrogen, serum retinol, and alpha-tocopherol were measured. RESULTS: A 142-food-item FFQ was concluded. The correlation coefficient between the second FFQ and the second three-day food record ranged from 0.225 to 0.323 for macronutrients and 0.128 to 0.476 for micronutrients. The percentile agreements (same or adjacent quartile) between the two methods were more than 60% for all nutrients. The intraclass correlation coefficient between FFQs (except for vitamin E) ranged from 0.363 to 0.578. The correlation coefficient between the second FFQ and the second biomarker assessment was 0.241 for protein.

Adherence to Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Eating Plan and Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults

Background/AimsDespite huge evidence on the link between adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) eating pattern and several metabolic abnormalities, the association of this diet with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has not been investigated so far. We aim to examine the association between adherence to the DASH diet and prevalence of IBS symptoms and subtypes in adults.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was done among 3362 adult people in Isfahan, Iran. Usual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated 106-item dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. To investigate participants’ adherence to DASH-style diet, we created DASH score based on 8 main foods and nutrients emphasized or minimized in the DASH diet. Participants were classified into 3 categories according to their DASH-style diet scores. A validated modified Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire was applied for assessment of IBS.ResultsTotally, 22.2% of study participants were affected by IBS. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, we found that participants in the highest tertile of DASH score had lower odds of IBS (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50-0.83) compared with those in the lowest tertile. The same findings were also reached for IBS with constipation (OR for the highest vs the lowest tertile of DASH-style diet = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38-0.85). No significant association was seen between adherence to DASH-style diet and IBS with diarrhea (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.83-2.06).ConclusionsWe found a significant inverse association between adherence to DASH dietary pattern and odds of IBS and IBS with constipation. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

Association between adherence to MIND diet and general and abdominal obesity: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundRecently, a new eating pattern called as “Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND)” has been coined. Emerging studies are examining this dietary pattern with chronic conditions. We aimed to investigate the association between the MIND diet score and general and central obesity among adults.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in a framework of the Study on the Epidemiology of Psychological Alimentary Health and Nutrition (SEPAHAN). Dietary information was collected using a validated self-administered 106-item Willett-format dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (DS-FFQ) in 6724 adults. Adherence to the MIND diet was examined based on components suggested in this eating pattern. Anthropometrics data were collected using a validated self-reported questionnaire. General obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, and abdominal obesity as waist circumference > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women.ResultsMean age, BMI and WC in the study population was 36.8 ± 8.08 y, 24.9 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and 83.7 ± 16.02 cm, respectively. Overall, 9.5% of subjects were generally obese and 24.4 were abdominally obese. Examining the whole study population, we found no significant association between the MIND diet score and odds of general obesity, either before (ORs for comparing T3 vs. T1: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.27; P-trend = 0.74) or after controlling for potential confounders (ORs for T3 vs. T1: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.25; P-trend = 0.58). This was also the case for men and women when analyzed separately. We also failed to find any significant association between the MIND diet score and odds of abdominal obesity after controlling for potential confounders in the whole study population (ORs for T3 vs. T1: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.27; P-trend = 0.87). However, women with the greatest adherence to the MIND diet were 19% less likely to be abdominally obese than those with the lowest adherence in crude model (OR = 0.81; 95% CIs: 0.67, 0.98; P-trend = 0.03). This association disappeared after controlling for potential confounders (OR = 0.87; 95% CIs: 0.66, 1.14; P-trend = 0.55).ConclusionNo significant association was observed between adherence to the MIND diet and odds of general and central obesity.

Higher vitamin B6 intake is associated with lower depression and anxiety risk in women but not in men: A large cross-sectional study.

Objective: The prevalence of depression and anxiety is increasing worldwide. Diet as a modifiable factor for mental health has received great attention. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of vitamin B6 intake with depression and anxiety. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 3362 adults in 2011. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using an Iranian validated version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. Dietary intakes were evaluated by a validated 106 item self-administered Willett-format dish-based semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (DFQ). Results: The mean intake of vitamin B6 (mg/day) was significantly lower in anxious (1.93±0.74 vs. 2.0±0.74; P=0.02) and depressed (1.86±0.72 vs. 1.99±0.74; P=0.001) people than healthy participants. The lower level of vitamin B6 intake (tertile 1), after adjustment for the impacts of various confounding variables, in total population and women was associated with the higher odds of depression (OR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.31; P<0.001. OR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.08, 2. 21; P=0.02, respectively). Also, the lower level of vitamin B6 intake (tertile 1) in total population and women was associated with the higher odds of anxiety (OR=2.30; 95% CI: 1.31, 4.04; P<0. 001, OR=2.30; 95% CI: 1.19, 4.46; P=0.04). Conclusion: The association of lower intakes vitamin B6 intake with increased risk of depression and anxiety was clearly supported by current study. A reasonable approach to tackle these disorders could be the improvement of nutritional status, accordingly large randomized controlled trials are suggested for providing more evidence.

Psychological disorders and dietary patterns by reduced-rank regression.

To determine the relationship between dietary patterns identified by reduced-rank regression method and psychological disorders in a large group of Iranian adults. A cross-sectional study was performed on 3363 Iranian adults between 20 and 55 years. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Psychological health was examined through validated Iranian version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and General Health Questionnaires. Reduced-rank regression was applied to identify dietary patterns based on the ratio of omega-3/omega-6, zinc, magnesium, vitamin B6, and folic acid intake. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and psychological disorders. Three major dietary patterns were derived: "healthy," "fish and poultry," and "transitional." After adjustment for potential confounders, "healthy" was associated with reduced depression (odds ratio (OR) for the highest vs. lowest quintile: 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25-0.50), anxiety (OR: 0.47; CI: 0.30-0.74), and psychological distress (OR: 0.52; CI: 0.36-0.75). Greater adherence to the "fish and poultry" was related with lower odds of depression (OR: 0.64; CI: 0.47-0.87). Participant in the third quintile of "fish and poultry" dietary pattern were less likely to be anxious (OR: 0.61; CI: 0.41-0.91). Additionally, we found an inverse significant correlation between adherence to the "transitional" dietary pattern and odds of depression (OR: 0.36; CI: 0.21-0.62), anxiety (OR: 0.43; CI: 0.21-0.88), and psychological distress (OR: 0.41; CI: 0.23-0.72). We found that "healthy," "fish and poultry," and "transitional" dietary patterns have inverse significant relationship with odds of psychological disorders, but prospective studies are needed for causal conclusion.

Diet-Related Risk Factors for Incident Hypertension During an 11-Year Follow-Up: The Korean Genome Epidemiology Study.

Using long-term follow-up cohort data from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study, we assessed the dietary risk factors for incident hypertension (HTN). In total, 6792 subjects (3300 males and 3492 females) aged 40–69 years were included in the study. Physician-diagnosed HTN self-reported by the participants was used as the outcome. Daily intake of 20 food groups was assessed while using a dish-based semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. After controlling for known risk factors, the food groups that were most closely associated with HTN were identified by forward stepwise selection while using the Cox proportional hazards model. The median follow-up period was 11.5 years (interquartile range, 6.0–11.7 years) and the incidence of HTN was 20 per 1000 person-years. Older age, obesity, lower education level, high alcohol intake, and having at least one parent with HTN were associated with the risk for HTN. In addition, a high intake of salted seafood and a low intake of eggs and meat were independently associated with the incidence of HTN after controlling for the known risk factors. Those in the top quartile of salted seafood intake had a 28% greater risk for incident HTN than those in the bottom quartile. The population-attributable fraction of three dietary factors accounted for 29.0% of the incidence of HTN. A high intake of salted seafood and a low intake of eggs and meat were associated with a greater risk for HTN.

A modified Mediterranean diet score is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

Findings from studies in Western countries showed that Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome, but little is known about this association in Asian countries. To evaluate the association between Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome in Korean population, this study was conducted. A total of 8387 adults 19-64 years of age from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012-2015 were assessed. A 112-item dish-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes. Mediterranean diet was assessed by a modified Mediterranean diet score, which was based on the alternate Mediterranean diet score of Fung et al. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for other dietary and lifestyle variables. Participants with 5-6 and 7 or higher modified Mediterranean diet scores had a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome by 27% (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.96) and 36% (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.46-0.89; P-trend = 0.0031), compared with those with 2 or lower modified Mediterranean diet scores, respectively. Higher modified Mediterranean diet scores were associated with a lower prevalence of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, which are components of metabolic syndrome CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that diet rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, peanuts and fish is associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

Mediating effects of metabolic factors on the association between fruit or vegetable intake and cardiovascular disease: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

ObjectiveWe assessed the mediating effects of metabolic components on the relationship between fruit or vegetable intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThis study was conducted using data from the 2013–2015 Korean...

Association Between Caffeine Consumption During Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression: A Population-Based Study

Background: This study aimed to examine the association between caffeine intake and postpartum depression in a group of Iranian women. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was performed on a representative sample of 360 women attending healthcare centers in Ardabil, Iran. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated 106-item dish-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Caffeine intake was calculated through considering caffeine from all foods and beverages. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to examine postpartum depression. Women with a score of 13 or more were considered as depressed. Results: Point prevalence of postpartum depression was 34.8 per 100 subjects. After controlling for potential confounders, we observed a significant association between caffeine intake and postpartum depression, controlling for some possible confounding variables (odds ratios [ORs] and corresponding 95% confidence interval [CI] for quartiles 1, 3, and 4 of caffeine intake were 1.8 [.9–3.6], 1.2 [.63–2.4], and 2.1 [1.1–4.1]), respectively. Furthermore, tea consumption was not related to the odds of postpartum depression (ORs and corresponding 95% CI for quartiles 1, 3, and 4 of tea intake were 1.1 [.59–2.2], 1.1 [.6–2.1], and 1.2 [.63–2.3]), respectively. The second quartile was considered as the reference group. Conclusion: No significant association was observed between caffeine or tea intake and odds of postpartum depression except for last quartile of caffeine in an adjusted model. Further investigations are needed to determine whether usual caffeine consumption can contribute to the risk of postpartum depression.

Validation of a Dish-Based Semiquantitative Food Questionnaire in Rural Bangladesh.

A locally validated tool was needed to evaluate long-term dietary intake in rural Bangladesh. We assessed the validity of a 42-item dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) using two 3-day food diaries (FDs). We selected a random subset of 47 families (190 participants) from a longitudinal arsenic biomonitoring study in Bangladesh to administer the FFQ. Two 3-day FDs were completed by the female head of the households and we used an adult male equivalent method to estimate the FD for the other participants. Food and nutrient intakes measured by FFQ and FD were compared using Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation, paired t-test, percent difference, cross-classification, weighted Kappa, and Bland–Altman analysis. Results showed good validity for total energy intake (paired t-test, p < 0.05; percent difference <10%), with no presence of proportional bias (Bland–Altman correlation, p > 0.05). After energy-adjustment and de-attenuation for within-person variation, macronutrient intakes had excellent correlations ranging from 0.55 to 0.70. Validity for micronutrients was mixed. High intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were found for most nutrients between the two seasons, except vitamin A. This dish-based FFQ provided adequate validity to assess and rank long-term dietary intake in rural Bangladesh for most food groups and nutrients, and should be useful for studying dietary-disease relationships.

Development and Application of Web-Based Dietary Evaluation System Using Food Frequency Questionnaire for Korean Adolescents

We previously developed a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Korean adolescents and the developed FFQ’s reliability and validity was found reasonable. The objective of the current study was to construct web-based dietary evaluation system applying the FFQ for Korean adolescents and examine its applicability in the context of reliability and validity. A web-based dietary evaluation system was designed in a comprehensive approach, incorporating not only dietary data survey but also up-to-date nutrition information and individualized eating behavior guidelines. A convenience sample of 50 boys and girls aged 12-18 years agreed in the study participation and completed the FFQ twice and 3 days of dietary recall on the developed website during a two-month period. The FFQ’s reliability and validity was examined using correlation and cross classification analysis. We also measured participants’ subjective levels of the web site’s usability, visual effect, understanding, and familiarity. Spearman correlation coefficients for reliability ranged from 0.74(for vitamin A) to 0.94(for energy). From cross-classification analyses, the proportion of subjects in the same intake quartile was highest for energy(82.0%) and lowest for vitamin A(56.0%). With regard to validity analysis, Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27(for PUFA) to 0.79 (for energy). The proportions of subjects in the opposite categories between the first FFQ and 3-day diet recall data were generally low from 0.00% (for fat) to 36.2% (for sodium). Average subjective levels of the website’s usability, visual effect, understanding, and familiarity were all found over 4 points out of 5 points. The developed web-based dietary evaluation system can serve as a valid and attractive tool for administering FFQ to Korean adolescents.

Dietary patterns and prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Iranian adults

Although several dietary factors have been reported to alleviate or aggravate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), no information is available linking habitual dietary patterns to irritable bowel syndrome. This study was undertaken to assess the association between dietary patterns and the risk of IBS among Iranian adults. In this cross-sectional study, data on 3846 Iranian adults working in 50 different health centers were examined. Dietary intake of study participants was assessed using a 106-item self-administered Dish-based Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (DS-FFQ) which was designed and validated specifically for Iranian adults. To identify major dietary patterns based on the 39 food groups, we used principal component analysis. A modified Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire was used for assessment of IBS. We identified four major dietary patterns: (i) 'fast food', (ii) 'traditional', (iii) 'lacto-vegetarian', and (iv) 'western' dietary pattern. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that those in the highest quartile of 'fast food' dietary pattern were tended to have higher risk of IBS than those in the lowest quartile (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.75, ptrend = 0.05). An inverse association was also found between 'lacto-vegetarian' dietary pattern and risk of IBS; such that even after adjustment for potential confounders, those in top quartile of this dietary pattern were 24% less likely to have IBS (0.76; 0.59, 0.98; ptrend = 0.02). No overall significant associations were observed between 'traditional' and 'western' dietary patterns and risk of IBS, either before or after adjustment for covariates. We found that 'lacto-vegetarian' dietary pattern was associated with reduced risk, while 'fast food' dietary pattern was associated with a greater risk of IBS in Iranian adults.

Development and evaluation of a dish-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for Korean adolescents

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to develop a dish-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire s(FFQ) for Korean adolescents and evaluate its reproducibility and validity.SUBJECTS/METHODSBased on 24-hour dietary recall data from the 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), we developed a FFQ with 71 items. From a quota sample of 160 adolescents recruited using gender and age group as stratification variables, 153 participated in the complete data collection process. The FFQ was administered to each subject twice, at an interval of 3-4 weeks, to evaluate the test-retest reliability. The validity of the FFQ was assessed relative to 8-day food record data.RESULTSThe study findings demonstrated the FFQ's satisfactory reproducibility. Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.64(for β-carotene) to 0.81(for protein). From cross-classification analyses, the proportion of subjects in the same intake quartile was highest for protein (65.4%) and lowest for vitamin A(47.1%). With regard to validity analysis, Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27(for vitamin A and fiber) to 0.90 (for energy). The proportions of subjects in the opposite categories between the first FFQ and the 8-day food record data were generally low within the range from 0.74% (for energy and carbohydrate) to 13.2% (for α-carotene).CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, the dish-based semiquantitative FFQ developed in this study can be useful for grouping Korean adolescents according to major macro- and micronutrient intakes with reasonable reproducibility and validity.

Adherence to the DASH diet in relation to psychological profile of Iranian adults.

Although empirically derived dietary patterns have been examined in relation to depression, limited data are available linking theory-based dietary patterns and psychological health. We aimed to investigate the association between adherence to DASH-style diet and psychological health among Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study was done among 3846 general public adults in Isfahan, Iran. Dietary assessment was conducted using a validated 106-item dish-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. To investigate participants' adherence to DASH-style diet, we created DASH score based on earlier publications focusing on eight components (fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes, dairy products, grains, sweetened beverages and sweets, sodium, and red and processed meats). Participants were classified into three categories based on their DASH score [low (≤40), moderate (41-50), and high adherence (≥51)]. This categorization, instead of distribution-based classification, was used due to low adherence to the DASH dietary pattern in the study population. Psychological health was examined by means of validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and General Health Questionnaire. Depression, anxiety, and psychological distress were defined based on standard criteria. We found that moderate adherence to DASH-style diet was associated with lower odds of depression (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.59-0.90, P trend=0.63) compared with those with the lowest adherence. In our stratified analyses, these associations remained significant for women (0.70; 0.54-0.91) and for normal-weight participants (0.70; 0.52-0.92). Moreover, after controlling for potential confounders, an inverse association was observed between high adherence to DASH-style diet and anxiety in normal-weight participants (0.61; 0.37-0.98). Such associations were also seen between moderate adherence to DASH-eating style and anxiety in overweight or obese individuals (0.63; 0.42-0.95). We failed to find any significant association between consumption of DASH-style diet and psychological distress. We found an inverse association between moderate adherence to DASH dietary pattern and depression. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.