Disgust State Research Articles

Effect of different arousal emotions on grit

Grit, which is defined as the will to achieve long-term goals and overcome difficulties, is an important resource of the individual in addition to intelligence. Emotions can activate people’s behavioral tendencies. Modern research shows that certain negative emotions can affect people in different ways. The purpose of this article is to study the differentiated influence of various emotions on persistence. The target group of the study is young people aged 18 to 25 years. Anger, disgust, fear, sadness, happiness, and relaxation were defined as independent variables, and participants’ scores on the endurance questionnaire were selected as the dependent variable. Harmon-Jones “Discrete Emotion Questionnaire” and Duckworth’s “Short Grit Scale” were used to measure emotion and grit. The results of the study showed that subjects in an emotional state of happiness and anger have a higher level of grit than subjects in a neutral emotional state. In a state of disgust, individuals increase perseverance than under the influence of neutral emotions. In addition, the state of sadness and fear affects the decrease in the level of grit. These studies provide preliminary evidence for the impact of different emotions on persistence. The practical significance of the study lies in the application of empirical data on the differentiated influence of specific negative emotions on human behavior in the regulation of the motivational-demand spheres of the personality. Key words: academic performance, discrete emotions, grit, negative emotions, positive emotions.

Recognition of Anger, Irritation and Disgust Emotional States based on Similarity Measures

Background/Objectives: The objective of this paper is to distinguish similar and overlapped emotional states like disgust and irritation from the primary angry state based on similarity measures. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The similarity test among these emotions have been carried out using the signal waveform, frequency coherence, power spectral density, log-likelihood score and Dynamic Time Wrapping (DTW) technique. Findings: Disgust state has more number of frequency coherence peaks which are leaning more towards unity like angry state. Further the phase angle between irritation and anger state is larger than between anger and disgust state. The minimum cost path using dynamic time wrapping technique founds to be 147.5917 between disgust and angry state as compared to 184.2386 between angry and irritation samples. From these analyses, it is concluded that, the primary anger state is more closure to disgust state than irritation state. The results are promising and we are able to put a boundary among these emotional states with our chosen techniques. Application/Improvements: Anger detection can lead to an improvement in human relationship and social system refinement. Demarcation of subcategory emotions that leads to anger state prevents confusion and can improve its recogntion.

The specific relationship between disgust and interest: Relevance during biology class dissections and gender differences

This investigation examined trajectories of interest and disgust related to a biology dissection class. Three hundred and two secondary students completed ratings of disgust sensitivity and individual interest in the topic of the heart approximately one week before a dissection class. States of disgust and interest were recorded before, during, and after the dissection, and again four weeks later. Overall, girls expressed higher disgust sensitivity than boys, but showed similar levels of individual interest in the heart topic. Individual interest was negatively related to feelings of disgust prior to and during the dissection while feelings of disgust at the beginning of the class negatively predicted students’ interest during the dissection. These findings extend knowledge of the interactive influences of students’ affective experiences during a specific curriculum task and provide a complementary perspective to research findings on emotions relating to achievement outcomes.

Diminished medial prefrontal cortex activity in blood-injection-injury phobia

We examined the effects of symptom induction on neural activation in blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia. Nine phobic and 10 non-phobic subjects participated in an fMRI study in which they were presented with disorder-relevant, generally disgust-inducing, generally fear-evoking and neutral pictures. We observed diminished medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) activity in patients compared to controls for phobia-relevant and disgust-inducing pictures. The MPFC has been shown to be critically involved in the automatic and effortful cognitive regulation of emotions. Therefore, the results might reflect reduced cognitive control of emotions in BII phobics during the experience of phobic symptoms as well as during states of disgust. The latter response component might be a result of the elevated disgust sensitivity of BII phobics.

Introduction: psychotherapy with terminally ill patients.

Illness is not simply a personal experience; it is transactional, communicative, profoundly social. (1, pp. 185-186) Continued progress in treating pain and depression with medication has enabled us to keep seriously and terminally ill patients comfortable. The papers in this section illustrate value of another procedure, psychotherapy, based upon view of terminal as a biopsychosocial event. Kubler-Ross (2) demonstrated as much when she found that dying patients respond to an interviewer who listens and is interested in them. Kleinman's (1) similar belief was based upon his own experiences as a physician who became a patient. The following contributions to psychotherapy with terminally ill include a variety of treatment modalities; individual, group, and a combination of individual and family therapy. Mindy Greenstein Ph.D., and William Breitbart M.D., (pp. 486-500) describe a program for group psychotherapy with oncology patients, based upon Viktor Frankl's teachings on universal need for meaning. Their contributions have broad implications. Everyone with a terminal is dealing with last stage of life, but all people are confronted at one time or another with meaning and purpose of life. The need for meaning applies to all psychotherapies, and to all populations. Dr. Greenstein (pp. 501-511) describes eight sessions with a group of patients with advanced cancer, in which experience and process of meaning-focused therapy came alive. When a terminally ill patient is offered psychotherapy, there is a nonverbal message that they are still alive and worthy. In group psychotherapy interaction described in Greenstein's paper, there was a mutual reinforcement by patients of such life-oriented experiences. The need for meaning not only applies to terminally ill. Patrick A. McGuire (3) reported an impressive success rate in treatment and even cure of chronic schizophrenics, provided with psychiatric rehabilitation. The definition of recovery, according to William A. Anthony, director of Boston University's Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, was the development of new meaning and purpose as one grows beyond catastrophe of mental illness (p. 25). The emphasis upon meaning brings two dreaded conditions of terminal and schizophrenia, into realm of hope and integrity. The therapeutic experiences at end of life are consistent with description by Erikson (4) of major life task and crisis at last stage of life, as disgust and despair or else ego integrity and wholeness. Within that framework, Thomas A. Caffrey, Ph.D., (pp. 519-530) describes development of a therapeutic relationship with Bruce, a Viet Nam veteran, with a posttraumatic stress disorder precipitated many years before by death of a fellow soldier in combat. The patient was also HIV positive and suffered from heart disease. With help of Caffrey, Bruce moved from a state of disgust and despair, to ego integrity, and a resolution of major crises at end of his life, including a dramatic resolution of his posttraumatic stress disorder. The therapist's emphasis was on being a presence, with assurance that patient would never be abandoned. Caffrey's approach resembled experiences described by Hagglund (5) a physician who also helped terminally ill patients move from a state of disgust and despair to ego integrity and acceptance. She conducted individual psychotherapy in Finland with five terminally ill and emotionally distressed patients, all in last days or weeks of their lives. Michael St. Clair, Ph.D., (pp. 512-518) describes an unusual situation involving combined individual and family therapy for a dysfunctional and enmeshed family, where a series of deaths necessitated changes in treatment process. Enmeshed families stubbornly maintain their dysfunctional pattern. St. Claire convincingly argues for importance of understanding attachment bonds throughout life span, even to end, not only for ill or dying patients, but for heritage they might hand down. …