Summary. An analysis of the state of radiation diagnostics of malignant neoplasms in modern conditions compared to other countries was carried out. Тhe modern methods of radiation diagnosis of oncological diseases were considered and briefly characterized. The reasons for the insufficient effectiveness of their early detection were determined. The increase in the frequency of medical radiological procedures is mainly due to the widespread use of computer tomography. Attention was focused on the carcinogenic risks of small doses of medical radiation with the use of modern highly informative methods of radiation diagnostics. The principle of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) was considered. The need to improve the radiation protection system in medicine was substantiated.