Diseases Of Groundnut Research Articles

Bio-Efficacy of Seed Dressing Fungicide Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP against Important Fungal Diseases of Groundnut

Groundnut is an important legume and oil seed crop and oil seed crop in world, which is prone to many soil borne diseases viz., Collar rot (Aspergillus niger), Dry root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and foliar disease like tikka leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) causes major economic losses in yield. The field experiment was conducted on bio efficacy of carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP as a seed treatment against collar rot, dry root rot and tikka leaf spot in groundnut at college of Sericulture, Chintamani during Kharif 2019-20. The seed treatment of Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 3.0 g/kg of seeds treated plot recorded 95.17% seed germination with minimum early leaf spot, (PDI 7.18) dry root rot incidence (2.20%) and collar rot incidence (1.98%) having highest pod yield of 27.23 q/ha and fodder yield of 41.72 q/ha with cost to benefit ratio of 1:4.05 which was on par with Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 2.5 g /kg of seeds treated plot with 94.17% seed germination with least severity of early leaf spot (PDI 8.22), dry root rot (2.42%) and collar rot (2.18%) incidence having pod yield of 26.90 q/ha and fodder yield of 41.13 q/ha with cost to benefit ratio of 1:4.01.

Identification of new sources of resistance against late leaf spot disease of groundnut using molecular and field screenings

ABSTRACT Late leaf spot (LLS), caused by the fungus Nothopassalora personata, is an important foliar disease in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. The present study used previously reported three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to screen a set of groundnut germplasm and compared them with phenotypic values of three hotspot locations. The results indicated that marker-identified genotypes had LLS-resistant or moderately resistant phenotypes. About 56% of the phenotypically confirmed genotypes were confirmed with the SNP genotype. Some of the phenotypically resistant genotypes were not confirmed with marker genotypes, indicating some other quantitative trait locus (QTL) responsible for the LLS resistance might have been involved. The findings in this study are relevant to future LLS resistance breeding programs.

Antifungal Effect of Leaf Extracts on the Groundnut Late Leaf Spot Pathogen Cercosporidium personatum

Late leaf spot of groundnut is caused by the fungal pathogen of Cercosporidium personatum. Efforts to prevent this disease generally use synthetic fungicides that can cause environmental pollution. This study aims to identify the fungal pathogen of groundnut late leaf spot and study the antifungal effect of leaf extract of some plants for leaf spot intensity suppression. Late leaf spot pathogen was identified based on morphological characteristics of hyphae and conidia. The leaf extracts of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), basil (Ocimum gratissimum), and sugar apple (Annona squamosa) at a concentration of 25% against C. personatum were evaluated in vitro based on growth inhibition. The growth and intensity of groundnut disease attacks were assessed for seven weeks by inoculating C. personatum and application of the leaf extracts. Results showed that the pathogen was identified as C. personatum with conidia characteristics of cylindrical to obclavate, short and slightly curved with four septa, and 35.75 × 7.11 µm in size. The percentage of inhibition of C. personatum in vitro reached 94.03% by leaf extract of C. ternatea, 88.56% by T. diversifolia, 87.20% by O. gratissimum, and 84.10% by A. squamosa. Treatment of C. ternatea increased plant height up to 12.85% and reduced the most optimal percentage of the infected leaves up to 61.53%. C. ternatea leaf extract was found to be the most effective extract to suppress C. personatum infection by 77.94%, while T. diversifolia, O. gratissimum, and A. squamosa reduced disease severity by 70.15%, 65.43%, and 57.76%, respectively.

Seed biopriming with different bioagents to minimize collar rot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

The present studies investigate the effectiveness of various bioagents, namely Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma harzenium and Bacillus subtilis in promoting the growth, productivity and minimize the collar rot disease incidence in groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) under in vitro and controlled pot conditions (upto 60 per cent disease control). Groundnut is a globally important oilseed crop known for its nutritional value and oil content. However, the sustainable production of groundnuts faces increasing challenges due to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Among the biotic diseases, collar rot disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus niger is more extensive in kharif season and causes more damage in sandy loam soils. Bioagents like Trichoderma harzenium, Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis are very helpful in increasing plant growth and controlling collar rot disease in groundnut. This study aims to elucidate the physiological mechanism underlying these interactions and provide practical insights into the application of this environmentally friendly approach for sustainable groundnut cultivation. Under pot condition treatment integration of seed treatment with Trichoderma viride and enriched vermicompost significantly shows minimum per cent disease incidence 6% and maximum plant vigour (2000) obtained from the treatment integration of Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum and enriched Vermicompost. Our finding reveals that the application of integration of seed treatment with Trichoderma viride and enriched vermicompost significantly shows 57.14% disease control under pot conditions, outperformed the other bioagents in sustainable management of collar rot disease of groundnut and Pseudomonas fluorescens outperformed other bioagents in enhancement of growth of plant due to their PGPR activity.

Synergistic Action of New Combination of Fungicides in the Management of Tikka Leaf Spot and Rust Diseases in Groundnut

Tikka leaf spot and rust diseases are major constraints in groundnut at Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. We conducted front line demonstration on effect of new combination of fungicides for management of foliar diseases in groundnut and the experiment was carried out at different farmer’s field. The farmers practicing variety TAG24 is highly susceptible to tikka leaf spot and soil borne diseases. The trial was conducted during rabi season for two years. During rabi, 2022-2023, the percent disease incidence of tikka leaf spot recorded 38.46% in demo plot where as in farmer practice 74.62% recorded. During rabi 2023-2024, recorded 38.8% and 65.4% tikka leaf spot disease in demo plot and farmer practice respectively. The average pod yield was increased 5% more in demo plot over farmer practicing plot. The average of 2 years, rust diseases recorded 5% in demo plot and 16% in farmer practice. In both treatments the incidence of tikka leaf spot was high due to farmers cultivating variety is highly susceptible to foliar diseases and farmers are used higher seed rate i.e. 200kg/acre. Based on results we concluded that the combination fungicides i.e. tebuconozole 50% +trifloxystrobin 25% WG and pyraclostrobin 5% +metiram 55% WG are best chemicals than single mode of action fungicides and time of application of fungicide is also important.

Evaluation of Tebuconazole 6% FS against Collar Rot, Stem Rot and Root Rot Disease Complex in Groundnut

Groundnut regarded as “king of oil seed crops” is an economic important food legume and edible oilseed crop in India, which severely suffers from soil borne diseases of groundnut, collar rot (Aspergillus niger), stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) causing major havoc causes significant economic losses. The field experiments were conducted to find out the efficacy of Tebuconazole 6% FS as a seed treatment fungicide against collar rot, stem rot and root rot diseases complex in ground nut during Rabi 2014-15 and Rabi 2015-16. The treatment Tebuconazole 6% FS @ 4.0 ml/10 kg and Tebuconazole 6% FS @ 5.0 ml/10 kg of seeds were found be the best treatments for seed germination, root and shoot length in during both the seasons.During first season, Tebuconazole 6% FS @ 5.0 ml/10 kg of seeds and Tebuconazole 6% FS @ 4.0 ml/10 kg of seeds were recorded 1.77 and 2.14 per cent collar rot incidence, 3.07 and 4.23 per cent stem rot disease incidence and 4.93 and 5.05 per cent root rot disease incidence, respectively. Similarly during second season, Tebuconazole 6% FS @ 5.0 ml/10 kg of seeds and Tebuconazole 6% FS @ 4.0 ml/10 kg of seeds were recorded 1.89 and 2.06 per cent collar rot incidence, 4.05 and 5.13 per cent stem rot incidence and 5.74 and 5.94 per cent root rot incidence, respectively. The highest pod yield was obtained from seed treatment with Tebuconazole 6% FS @ 5.0 ml/10 kg of seeds i.e. 20.22 q/ha and 20.10 q/ha during first and second season, respectively and Tebuconazole 6% FS @ 4.0 ml/10 kg of seeds recorded 20.12 q/ha and 20.00 q/ha of pod yield during first and second season, respectively.

Evaluation of Azoxystrobin 7.5% and Propiconazole 12.5% SE against Foliar Diseases in Groundnut

Groundnut is one of the important oilseeds of the world suffer from fungal diseases like early and late leaf spots and rust. These diseases are most economically important foliar diseases of groundnut causing severe damage to the crop are the major constraints in the cultivation. To know the efficacy of combiproduct, Azoxystrobin 7.5% + Propiconazole 12.5% SE, field experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and three replications during Rabi 2014-15 and Rabi 2015-16. During Rabi 2014-15, the treatment Azoxystrobin 7.5% + Propiconazole 12.5% SE @ 1000 ml/ha recorded 8.56 PDI of rust disease and 10.85 PDI of tikka disease with the yield of 25.25 q/ha followed by Azoxystrobin 7.5% + Propiconazole 12.5% SE @ 875 ml/ha recorded 8.85 PDI of rust disease and 11.34 PDI of tikka disease with the pod yield of 24.85 q/ha compared to 30.33 PDI of rust disease and 36.78 PDI of tikka disease recorded in untreated control with the pod yield of 15.14 q/ha. Similar trend was also observed during the second season of Rabi 2015-16, where Azoxystrobin 7.5% + Propiconazole 12.5% SE @ 1000 ml/ha recorded 10.07 PDI of rust and 9.00 PDI of tikka with the yield of 25.41q/ha which was on par with Azoxystrobin 7.5% + Propiconazole 12.5% SE @ 875 ml/ha (10.24 PDI of rust disease and 9.67 PDI of tikka disease with yield of 25.18q/ha) and maximum PDI of rust 33.67 and tikka 40.25 PDI with yield of 16.35 q/ha were recorded in untreated control treatment. The foliar application of Azoxystrobin 7.5% + Propiconazole 12.5% SE @ 875 ml/ha and Azoxystrobin 7.5% + Propiconazole 12.5% SE @ 1000 ml/ha were found on par in controlling of Rust and Tikka disease incidence and resulting higher pod yield of groundnut during both the seasons.

A Novel biopolymer-based T. harzianum, (Th4d) - a viable alternative to chemical seed treatment for management of collar rot of groundnut

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an economically important edible oil seed crop of the world. Collar rot caused by Aspergillus niger is one of the most serious, destructive diseases in groundnut. A field experiment on the effect of seed treatment with biopolymer-based T. harzianum, Th4d blend in groundnut on disease incidence and seed yield of groundnut was taken up at IIOR, Hyderabad during 2020 and 2021. Chitosan-based T. harzianum, Th4d blend recorded pooled mean of significantly high germination percent (90.0%), pod yield (3047 kg/ha) and reduced collar rot incidence (67.7%) whereas chemical seed treatment with carboxin + thiram recorded germination of 78%, 45.1% reduction in disease and 2064 kg/ha pod yield.

Exploitation of biotic inducers and hyperparasites as potential biological control against foliar diseases in peanut

Field experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of biotic inducers namely salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and Beta amino barbutric acid (BABA) and Plant growth promoting microbes viz., Trichoderma asperllum and Bacillus subtilis, hyperparasite (Spharellopsis filum) along with fungicide (carbendazim) against foliar diseases of groundnut. In the study, vacuum seed infiltration application along with foliar spray of biotic inducers @ 30, 45 and 60 days after planting significantly reduced the late leaf spot (23.8) while S. filum recorded least rust incidence (11.21) and also increased the pod yield compared to fungicide and untreated control. The induced defense enzymes namely phenol (46 μg of catechol / g of fresh tissue) and Phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (1.754nmol/min/g) was also high in biotic inducers and S. filum treated plants followed by B. subtilis treatedpeanut plants.

Deep Learning Approaches for Disease Detection in Groundnut Crops using CNN Models

A major oilseed crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, groundnuts are a major crop in India. In the sixteenth century, groundnuts were likely transported from Brazil to West Africa, later making their way to India and the African east coast. According to earlier research, various strategies are employed to prevent diseases of groundnut leaves. The main methods include artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and more. Several CNN techniques for leaf disease identification and methodology will be employed in this study. Different CNN models, such as MobileNet, VGG-16, and EfficientNet, are compared to determine which model is most frequently used to identify leaf disease. The accuracy and precision will be computed and presented as a result of utilizing the dataset.

Management of stem rot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) by alternate fungicides

Management of stem rot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) by alternate fungicides

Exploration of the Potential of Bacillus spp. as an Antagonist and PGPR against Stem and Pod Rot of Groundnut.

Background: Stem and pod rot is an economically important soil borne disease of groundnut caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. resulting in significant yield losses across the globe. Bacillus spp. is rod-shaped and gram-positive bacterium which is predominantly found in the soil. Hence, considering the importance of the disease, the present investigation was carried out to evaluate the indigenous Bacillus spp. for plant growth promotion and to inhibit the pathogen in groundnut. Methods: Totally nineteen Bacillus spp. isolates from healthy groundnut rhizosphere and their antagonistic potential was recorded. The molecular characterization of five efficient Bacillus spp. was carried out using 16S rDNA. Later, morphological and biochemical characterization and plant growth promoting traits were recorded. Result: All nineteen isolates of Bacillus spp. showed antagonistic potential against S. rolfsii. Five Bacillus spp. isolates which showed higher inhibition of the pathogen were identified as B. subtilis, B. pacific, B. cereus, two isolates belonging to B. tropicus through molecular technique. The morphological, biochemical characters and growth promoting traits were recorded.

Effect of Weather Parameters on of Pests and Diseases in Groundnut and Castor in Salem District of Tamil Nadu, India

The roving survey on the incidence of pests and diseases in groundnut and castor was conducted from August, 2020 to March 2021 in Salem district at fortnight intervals revealed that, in groundnut , leaffolder (20.38%), cutworms S. litura (1.63/20 pls), thrips (10.69/20 pls), leaf spot (15.25%) and root rot (6.31%) , similarly in castor pests, whiteflies (23.06/20 pls), A. janata (8.38/20 pls), S. litura (10.19/ 20 pls), thrips (11.63 / 20 pls), C. punctiferalis (7.25/20 pls), alternaria blight (17.56%) and botrytis rot (4.19%) were found feeding /infecting on different parts of the crops. The correlation with weather parameters indicated, positive correlation of rainfall, relative humidity and wind speed on incidence of leaffolder (0.47998, 0.311421 and 0.339961) but rainfall and relative humidity increased root rot (0.433059 and 0.393255) whereas, maximum temperature influenced high infection of leafspot (0.67911) in groundnut. The whiteflies incidence in castor was positively correlated with (0.490967) and rainfall (0.389125) whereas, lepidopteran pests by relative humidity (0.61212) and rainfall (0.49415). The thrips and botrytis rot were influenced by relative humidity and rainfall rot (0.65914 and 0.77965, 0.57456 and 0.82709). But natural enemies in groundnut and castor had non-significant correlation with weather parameters.

Influence of farming systems on management of major pests and disease of groundnut

A field experiment was conducted during the summer 2019 to manage significant pests and diseases of groundnut. Four farming methods were evaluated against Aphis craccivora, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Spodoptera litura andearly leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola). Among the different farming methods, Natural farming (NF) (neemastra @ 625 lit/ha) significantly reduced the Aphis craccivora (3.92 aphids /plant) and Scirtothrips dorsalis (11.80%) at one week after spray followed by organic farming (OF) and a package of practice (POP). Similarly, S. litura (0.44 % leaf damage) infestation was significantly lower at two weeks after spray compared to other treatments. Botanical decoctions were found safer to Coccinella transversalis in natural farming plot. The experiment also evaluated the effective farming methods against early leaf spot of groundnut and among the different methods, the minimum per cent disease index (6.26) was recorded in POP (hexaconazole 5EC @ 500ml/ha) followed by OF (azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 600ml/ha) (7.02) and NF (fermented buttermilk @ 12.50 lit/ha) (7.19). All the farming methods were statistically at par in recording pod yield however, the highest pod yield was recorded in POP (20.07 q/ha) followed by organic farming (19.50 q/ha). The present investigation has found natural farming to be an effective system against the management of pests and disease in groundnut.

Antimicrobial effects of botanicals and biocontrol agents against Phaeoisariopsis personata, the causal agent of Tikka disease of groundnut

Abstract. Ndifon EM. 2023. Antimicrobial effects of botanicals and biocontrol agents against Phaeoisariopsis personata, the causal agent of Tikka disease of groundnut. Asian J Agric 7: 71-75. Groundnut is highly susceptible to various pathogenic diseases, the most important of these is tikka. The aim of this study was to control the infection of groundnut caused by Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Arx using two experiments. Each trial was set up using a completely randomized design, and each treatment was replicated thrice. Results show that Eucalyptus globulus Labill. resinous gum (at 50% and 100% concentrations) and Terminalia catappa L. resinous gum (at 50% concentration) were more effective in the inhibition of P. personata, followed by Anacardium officinale Pritz. resinous gum and T. catappa resinous gum (at 100% concentration). All the plant extracts significantly (P?0.05) inhibited the pathogen. The percentage inhibition of P. personata by plant extracts ranged between 7.9-100%. All the isolates of Trichoderma were able to inhibit P. personata effectively, but the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth of P. personata reduced gradually with time. The percentage inhibition of P. personata by Trichoderma species ranged between 24-100%. The best biocontrol treatments were T. virens isolate BGMZ2, T. harzianum isolate BGMZ4, T. hamatum isolate ZXPB, and T. harzianum isolate ZXMZ. Using these biocontrol and botanical measures to manage the tikka leaf spot of groundnut is highly recommended.

Effect of Different Mulching Materials on Leaf Spot Disease of Groundnut

A study was conducted in summer season of 2020 and 2021 to evaluate the effect of different mulching materials on late leaf spot disease of groundnut caused by Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & Curt.) v. Arx at Oilseed Research Program, Sarlahi, Nepal. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 7 treatments viz. rice husk, rice straw, black polythene sheet, Lantana camara, living mulch, sawdust and control in three replications with fertilizer dose 20:40:20 NPK kg per hectare. The disease was scored in 1-9 scale and severity and AUDPC was calculated. In 2020, Lantana camara mulched plot showed significantly the lowest disease severity and the lowest AUDPC value (66.67% and 1556) followed by rice husk (70.37% and 1556) and black plastic (70.37% and 1611) mulched plot. Similarly in 2021, Lantana camara mulched plot showed significantly lowest disease severity and the lowest AUDPC value (62.96% and 1500) followed by rice husk (66.67% and 1574) and black plastic (66.67% and 1574) mulched plot. Significantly the highest pod yield was obtained in rice husk mulched plot (2.35 t/ha in 2020 and 2.07 t/ha in 2021) followed by living mulch treated plot (2.13 t/ha in 2020 and 1.84 t/ha in 2021). The highest disease severity (81.4% same as rice straw and saw dust mulched plot) with highest AUDPC value (1981) was observed in plot with no mulch during 2020 where as in 2021, the highest disease severity (77.78 same as plot with no mulch) with highest AUDPC value (1889) was observed in rice straw mulched plot. This study shows that organic mulches like rice husk could be better option for reducing disease severity with better yield in groundnut.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 11(1): 37-41.

Biocontrol of Foot and Root Rot Disease of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) by Dual Inoculation with Rhizobium and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential of AM (Arbuscular mycorrhiza) fungi alone and in combination with bioinoculants i.e., Rhizobium to find out the best combination on dry biomass, nodulation, colonization, and yield, along with their biocontrol against groundnut foot and root rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. The study was carried out under pot culture conditions in the net house of the Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur in 2020 and 2021. The experiment was designed in RCBD with eight treatments and four replications. Peat-based rhizobial inoculum (BARI RAh-801) was used @ 1.5 kg ha-1 in this experiment. Soil-based AM inoculum containing approximately 252 spores and infected root pieces of the host plant was used in pot-1. The treatments were Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), Rhizobium, AM+Rhizobium, Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotium rolfsii+AM, Sclerotium rolfsii+Rhizobium, Sclerotium rolfsii+AM+Rhizobium and Control. Dual inoculation (AM+Rhizobium) significantly increased dry biomass, nodulation, colonization, yield, and yield attributes of groundnut compared to single inoculation or other treatments. The result showed that dual inoculation (AMF+Rhizobium) increased nut yield (59.61% in 2020 and 26.32% in 2021) and stover yield (23.21% in 2020 and 33.74% in 2021) compared to control. On the contrary, Sclerotium rolfsii+AMF+Rhizobium increased nut yield (65.50% in 2020 and 52.94% in 2021) and stover yield (36.45% in 2020 and 99.35% in 2021) compared to only Sclerotium rolfsii treatment. The plant dry biomass, nodulation, colonization, nutrient concentration and uptake were increased by dual inoculation under pathogenic and non-pathogenic conditions leading to an improved yield of groundnut. Therefore, AMF species and its combination with rhizobial inoculum were significant in the formation and effectiveness of AM fungi symbiosis. They also increased yield and reduced the incidence of foot and root rot disease in groundnut plants.

Incidence of stem rot disease of groundnut in relation to weather parameters in major groundnut growing areas of Telangana

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop and the economic production of groundnut is constrained by soil-borne diseases. Stem rot, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, was the most common soil-borne disease in groundnut. A roving survey was conducted in major groundnut growing areas of Telangana during kharif 2019 and rabi 2019-20 to collect a preliminary data of the incidence level and pattern of prevalence of the stem rot disease. The district of Warangal has the highest incidence of stem rot. The lowest incidence of stem rot was found in Telangana's Wanaparthy and Nagarkurnool districts. Disease incidence was correlated with weather parameters, during Kharif-2019, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall showed positive correlation, whereas evaporation showed negative correlation, during Rabi-2019-20, temperature, relative humidity and evaporation showed positive correlation and rainfall showed negative correlation. This study provided an elementary idea about the per cent disease incidence as well as paved the path for developing ecosystem specific management strategy to reduce impact of soil borne diseases of groundnut in different districts of Telangana.

Survey and studies on fungal diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and their management in eastern U.P.

Groundnut is one of the important oil seed crop in arid and semi arid area of India. In Uttar Pradesh it is grown as rainfed crop in Eastern U.P.and Bundelkhand. In eastern U.P it is mainly grown in Gorakhpur, Deoria, Balrampur, Shravasti and Bahraich not as a oilseed crop but as a dietary supplement or confectionary. The major constrains in its production are diseases caused by Bacteria, Fungi, Virus and Nematodes. Among these Tikka-leaf spot, Rust, Anthracnose, Wilt, Stem rot, Root rot, Collar rot and Yellow mold is noticed as most destructive diseases for yield loss. Among all these Tikka disease and rust are most common and destructive to reduce the quantity as well as quality of produce. To minimize the loss caused by this pathogen various measures are applied. Among all these measures biological control is most beneficial.

Combined Application Of Fungal And Bacterial Bioagents, Together With Fungicide For Integrated Management Of Stem Rot Disease Of Groundnut

Combined Application Of Fungal And Bacterial Bioagents, Together With Fungicide For Integrated Management Of Stem Rot Disease Of Groundnut