Disease In Indonesia Research Articles

Calculation of Life Insurance Premiums with Markov Chain Applications for Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease in Indonesia

This study aims to calculate the premium for Long Term Care (LTC) insurance on Annuity as A Rider Benefit products with a multi-status model. Pulmonary Tuberculosis is one of the major infectious diseases that contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate insurance premiums that consider the health risks of sufferers. In this study, Markov chains are used to model the health status transition of individuals with Pulmonary Tuberculosis over time, considering several health states, such as healthy, sick, and dead. Tuberculosis epidemiological data in Indonesia is used to estimate the transition probabilities between health states. The case study used in this research is a 35-year-old man who participates in LTC insurance with a coverage period of 5 years. It is known that the value of compensation when a person dies is IDR 100,000,000. The interest rate used is 5%. The calculation results obtained annual premium for LTC insurance on Annuity as A Rider Benefit product is Rp294,333. Then the calculation of the annual net premium of this insurance is also calculated based on age and gender. When age increases, the premium will be greater, this is influenced by the greater chance of death when age increases. In addition, based on gender, it is found that the male premium is more expensive than the female gender. This is influenced by the chance of death of men is greater than women.

Community preventive behaviour and perception on the severity of COVID-19 disease in Indonesia, 2021-2022: Structural equation modelling

Community preventive behaviour and perception on the severity of COVID-19 disease in Indonesia, 2021-2022: Structural equation modelling

Dyslipidemia And Hypertension Among Indonesian Hajj Pilgrims: A Cross-Sectional Study

There has been an increase in the preval_ence of cardiovascular disease in Indonesia due to an increased preval_ence of hypertension. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among Indonesian Hajj pilgrims. Dyslipidemia and hypertension are positively correlated, with dyslipidemia potentially contributing to hypertension through the mechanism of atherosclerosis. The primary objective of this study is to identify the association between hypertension and dyslipidemia among Indonesian hajj pilgrims. A cross-sectional study involving 114,069 participants in total. The Indonesian Hajj pilgrims in 2023 were the research population. Pre-embarkation medical exams were performed by qualified healthcare professionals, and data were taken from Hajj medical service records. Using bivariate analysis and the Chi-Square (χ2) test, the proportions of age and gender were compared between the hypertension and non-hypertension groups. The relationship between triglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels and hypertension was determined through logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to provide a multivariate analysis of the relationship between dyslipidemia and hypertension. The hypertension group has an average age of 60.2 + 11.6 years old (p<0.0001). There was no difference in the effect of gender on hypertension (p=0.105). HDL, LDL, and Triglyceride serum levels significantly affected the preval_ence of hypertension (p<0.0001). Dyslipidemia was a risk factor for hypertension with an OR of 1.084 (1.057-1.112) (95% CI). Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for hypertension. Serum levels of HDL, LDL, and triglycerides affect blood pressure.

The first outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in Indonesia.

This study describes the first outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in cattle in the Bengkalis region, Indonesia, and vaccination to control the epidemic. Data on the outbreak and vaccination was obtained from the local veterinary authority of the Bengkalis region, Indonesia. Climatological data was provided by the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency of Riau Province. Over the 5.5 months, the outbreak caused 10.4% (94/906) morbidity and 0.6% (6/906) mortality of cattle on infected farms. Temporally, three epidemic waves occurred during the outbreak period. Villages with cattle populations of > 150 animals (n = 36) were 5.3 times more likely to be infected with LSD compared to villages with smaller cattle populations (n = 107) (CI: 2.56-10.90, P < 0.01). The vaccination campaign covered 43.8% of cattle in villages within a 10km radius of the cases. However, vaccination in villages with larger cattle populations (n = 29) was 0.63 less likely to cover 50% of the cattle populations compared to villages with smaller cattle populations (n = 41) (CI: 0.39-1.02, P = 0.05). By the time the first two and the major waves ceased, vaccination had covered only 0.0% (n = 6036), 27.8% (n = 6,036) and 9.7% (n = 5,697) of the cattle in the 10km radius of the respective spatial clusters. The outbreak was statistically associated with rainfall and its interaction with temperature (F(2, 13) = 5.822, R2 = 0.47, P = 0.016). This study indicates that the LSD outbreak had low morbidity and mortality. Despite the low vaccination rate, the outbreak ceased, possibly due to plummeting of the abundance of insect vectors.

New Approach to Mapping Regional Vulnerability in Controlling Tuberculosis Disease in Indonesia

New Approach to Mapping Regional Vulnerability in Controlling Tuberculosis Disease in Indonesia

Pengelompokkan Daerah Rawan Demam Berdarah (DBD) di Jawa Timur Menggunakan Metode K-Means

Tropical diseases are common in areas with tropical and subtropical climates. As a country with a tropical climate, Indonesia is vulnerable to various tropical diseases. A large number of tropical diseases can occur in the temperate climate zone, differing only in the frequency with which they are affected. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a tropical disease in Indonesia. DHF occurs as a result of infection with the dengue virus which is transmitted through the bite of the female Aedes aegypti mosquito. The high prevalence of DHF in East Java requires a data collection process to identify areas that are frequently infected with DHF. Therefore, we need a clustering system that can help classify areas that often experience DHF cases. This study aims to find out which districts/cities have the predominant cases of dengue fever. The clustering method used is K-Means clustering. Based on the research conducted, 2 clusters were obtained with a silhouette coefficient value of 0.76. Cluster 1 covers 36 districts/cities and is an area with a low level of vulnerability to dengue fever, while cluster 2 covers 2 districts/cities and is an area with a high level of vulnerability to dengue fever.

Description of HbA1c Levels in Fatty Liver Disease Patients in a West Jakarta Private Hospital in 2018-2019

Fatty liver disease is a chronic disease that is very often found in the community and is often called "silent" liver disease because there are no specific symptoms in patients. The incidence of fatty liver disease in Indonesia is quite high by 30 percent and this disease can develop into liver cirrhosis. The high incidence of fatty liver disease can be caused by various factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, unhealthy lifestyles and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can be characterized by an increase in HbA1c levels in the blood. This study aims to determine the description of HbA1c levels in patients with fatty liver disease. This research is an observational descriptive study using a cross-sectional approach by using medical record data of fatty liver disease patients who have been on radiologic examination and doing HbA1c examination. Fatty liver disease affects more male sex groups by 55.4 percent, with the most age range at 51-60 years by 34.9 percent. Diabetes HbA1c levels (59%) are more than prediabetes (25.3%) and normal HbA1c levels (15.7%). Abnormal HbA1c levels (prediabetes and diabetes) were found to be higher in men (47 % vs 47,3%). The most accompanying diseases in patients with fatty liver disease are diabetes mellitus (51.8%), hypertension (33.7%), dyslipidemia (26.5%), dyspepsia (28.9%), and hyperuricemia (15.7%). Fatty liver disease patients were also found to have metabolic syndrome by 54.2% which was dominated by female sex by 53.3% with 91.1% having 3 components of metabolic syndrome and 8.9% having 4 components of metabolic syndrome

Relationship of Water Media Characteristics (pH, Temperature, TDS) to Density of Aedes sp Mosquito Flars in Karanggeneng Village, Lamongan District

DHF (Dengue hemorrhagic fever) is a tropical endemic disease in Indonesia with a fluctuating trend in Lamongan. The main factor under control is the larval breeding habitat. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the characteristics of the water medium and the density of Aedes sp. mosquito larvae in Karanggeneng Village, Lamongan Regency. We conducted this quantitative study using a cross-sectional observational method on a sample of 80 houses in Karanggeneng Village, employing a straightforward random sampling technique. We recorded the data collection in the observation sheet and analyzed it with a chi-square test. The results showed that 37 houses were positive for Aedes sp. larvae based on HI (DF = 6), CI (DF = 6), and BI (DF = 7), so Karanggeneng Village has a high mosquito larval density. There is a significant relationship between water media and the presence of Aedes sp. mosquito larvae. The relationship between pH (p-value = 0.000), temperature (p-value = 0.000), and TDS (p-value = 0.000) is significant. We recommend regularly draining the water container weekly to prevent mosquito larvae from using it as a habitat.

Overview of Personal Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation in Shared Living with Scabies: Literature Review

Introduction: Scabies is a disease caused by Sracoptes scabiei which is in the form of itching all over the body. This disease tends to occur in places with a fairly low Human Development Index and is one of the diseases that is still ignored in developing countries such as Indonesia. Scabies disease in Indonesia has a fairly high prevalence. This disease is closely related to personal hygiene and environmental sanitation in a person's residence. This disease is easier to spread when an individual's space is small and lives in the same place Objective: This study aims to provide information related to sanitary and personal hygine features with scabies disease in shared residences to minimize the prevalence of scabies disease Method: This study uses the method of reviewing literature on journal articles published within the last five years related to the topic of discussion. Data retrieval techniques using Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Scopus. Then, in the corresponding article eliminated is carried out. Result: Four different articles on shared residences namely orphanages, detention centers, foundations, and Islamic boarding schools have a poor sanitation and personal hygiene at high risk of scabies. These four residences have the same characteristics, namely co-living with limited personal space. The manager and those who live in a shared residence must have awareness in maintaining environmental sanitation and know the importance of personal hygiene. Conclusion: This study recommends to stakeholders, health care providers, and other parties to follow up on scabies prevention efforts. Moreover, for places that providing shared living needs to watch over the sanitation and personal hygiene from its environment and people who lived in the neighborhood.

Analysis Of Factors Affecting Stroke Patients' Adherence To Treatment Programmes

Stroke occupies the first place as the deadliest disease in Indonesia. Data on the number of ischaemia stroke patients is 1117 patients. There are approximately 104 patients who do not make a return visit after being discharged from the hospital. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence patient compliance with the treatment programme in outpatients with stroke. This study is a quantitative study with a crosectional research design. The sample determination in this study used total sampling of the average number of patient visits for 3 months. The number of samples taken was 63 patients. Statistical tests used in this study were chi square test and logistic regression test. Based on the results of the multivariate test, the variables that influence compliance with the treatment program for patients with ischaemia stroke are trust in health workers with a p-value of 0.000, family support with a p-value of 0.000, and self-efficacy with a p-value of 0.001. The conclusion of this study is that trust in health workers, family support and self-efficacy greatly affect the treatment program of patients with ischaemia stroke. The author hopes that families and health workers can provide good support and understanding to patients in following the existing treatment programme

Assessing inequalities in the hypertension management under national health insurance: Evidence from Southern Central Java, Indonesia

Equal access to disease management is crucial to control the impact of hypertension on the burden of disease in Indonesia. This study aimed to assess the extent of inequalities in the use, quality, and outcomes of hypertension management for beneficiaries of the National Health Insurance (NHI) program. This cross-sectional study consecutively recruited 797 beneficiaries of National Health Insurance who participated in the hypertension management program in the Banyumas District, Indonesia, between July and October 2021. The outcomes were regular visits, standard medication, and disease control. The inequalities were measured based on educational level, employment type, type of beneficiaries, and place of residence. The rate difference, rate ratio, and multiple logistic regression were used to estimate the extent of inequality. Compared to informal workers, formal workers had more regular visits to healthcare facilities (OR 1.78; 95%CI: 1.01-3.18) and had better disease control (OR 2.36; 95%CI: 1.28-4.38). Non-subsidized participants had fewer regular visits compared to subsidized participants (OR 0.51; 95%CI: 0.30-0.84). Urban residents tended to have more regular visits compared to rural residents (OR 2.14; 95%CI: 0.90-5.05). A substantial extent of inequalities in the use and outcomes of hypertension management still exists among beneficiaries of the NHI program. The future implementation of the hypertension management program of National Health Insurance in Indonesia should consider the geographical and socio-economic background of its participants.

Application of Decision Tree Method in ECG Signal Classification For Heart Disorder Detection

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels, and it is the leading cause of death globally. In Indonesia, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the most prevalent CVDs. However, due to the high cost of drugs, lengthy treatment duration, and various supporting examinations required, treating CHD can be very expensive. An obstacle to treating heart disease in Indonesia is the insufficient number of cardiologists and experts experienced in interventional cardiology. Along with technological developments, the computer science community is encouraged to contribute to the medical field. For instance, using an electrocardiogram (ECG) can help prevent and minimize problems arising from heart disease. An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a medical test that measures and records the heart’s electrical activity using a machine that detects electrical impulses. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in ECG is rapidly increasing and has shown to have great potential in improving the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac patients. AI has become a valuable tool in helping doctors diagnose, predict risk, and manage heart disease with greater accuracy, speed, and precision. One of the machine learning methods used in this research is the decision tree method, which is often employed to make decisions. The decision tree method exhibited promising results, with an accuracy rate of 99% in identifying heart defects at an early stage. This method has significant potential to assist doctors in diagnosing heart defects at an early stage with high accuracy.

Determinant Analysis of People with Mental Disorders (ODGJ) Re-hospitalization at Lampung Province Mental Hospital

The burden of disease in Indonesia from mental disorders is 13.4%. People with re-hospitalized mental disorders become a burden on the family, and the determinants of this behavior include age, gender, education, and work and family knowledge. The study aimed to analyze the determinants of rehospitalization at the Regional Psychiatric Hospital Lampung Province. Methods; This type of quantitative research with cross-sectional design. The family population of ODGJ. The research sample comprised 404 people who completed interviews with 5 informants. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate (chi-square) multivariate analysis (multiple logistic regression). Result; there was no relationship between age (p= 0.459), gender (p= 0.251), and occupation (p=0.191) with rehospitalization. Meanwhile, the education variable (p=0.018; OR=2.060) and family knowledge (p=0.000; OR=3.107) showed a significant relationship with rehospitalization. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant determinant of rehospitalization was family knowledge (p=0.000; OR=3.04) after controlling for education variables. Conclusions and Suggestions: Age, gender, and occupation are not determinants of rehospitalization while education and knowledge of the family are determinants of rehospitalization in the Lampung Provincial Hospital. This study suggests education about the benefits of re-hospitalization: Provide clear and comprehensive information to patients and their families about the benefits of re-hospitalization.

PERCONTOHAN JAMBAN KELUARGA SEHAT DI KELURAHAN KAYUMALUE NGAPA KECAMATAN PALU UTARA KOTA PALU

Poor sanitation is one of the main factors causing disease in Indonesia. Kayumalue Ngapa Village, North Palu, Palu City, is one of the areas with low levels of access to sanitation. Many families in this neighbourhood do not have healthy and proper latrines. This causes various health problems, such as diarrhoea, skin diseases, and worms. This community service aims to build healthy family latrines through mentoring, improve access to sanitation and public health, and improve their quality of life. The methods of this community service activity include: socialisation and education of the results of community service on healthy family latrines, construction of healthy family latrines, and monitoring and evaluation. The results of this activity are the construction of 1 healthy family latrine as a pilot, increasing access to sanitation and public health, and improving their quality of life. The construction of healthy family latrines can improve access to sanitation and community health, and improve their quality of life.

The Correlation Between Sociodemographic Status, Attitudes, and Family Behavior with the Status of PSN (Eradication of Mosquito Breeding Sites) Regularity of Endemic Dengue Fever in the Area of Purwokerto Barat

Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is an endemic disease in Indonesia, especially in tropical climate regions, and remains a significant public health issue. The cases of DF from 2019 to 2022 have shown fluctuating trends. Dengue fever prevention involves efforts such as the Eradication of Mosquito Breeding Sites (PSN), where the success of PSN is measured by the Larval Free Index (LFI), aiming to achieve the government target of LFI 95%. Method: This study employed a quantitative research approach with a correlational design using a cross-sectional approach. The study population in West Purwokerto. The sample was 110 respondents using the Lemeshow formula. The instrument included a questionnaire sheet and was analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: The majority of respondents are around 45 years old with a regular PSN status (58.2%), have a high school education (56.4%), are unemployed (62.7%), have a low income (53.6%), and exhibit infrequent mobility (84.5%). The respondents generally display positive attitudes (90%) and good family behavior (59.1%). The findings indicate a correlation between sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.020), education (p=0.001), occupation (p=0.03), household income (p=0.035), but no correlation with mobility (p=0.187), and the status of PSN regularity. There is a correlation between attitudes (p=0.026) and family behavior (p=0.0001) with the status of PSN regularity in the West Purwokerto Region. Conclusion: There is a correlation between sociodemographic factors, including age, education, occupation, household income, and the status of PSN regularity. There is a relationship between attitudes and family behavior with the status of PSN regularity.

Mobile application to tackle infection disease in Indonesia

Infectious diseases often occur, especially as diseases such as COVID-19 have claimed many lives in the years between 2019–2021. That’s why it’s called COVID-19, considering that this infectious disease outbreak started in 2019, and its consequences and effects are devastating. Like other countries’ governments, the Indonesian government always announces the latest data on this infectious disease, such as death rates and recoveries. Infectious diseases are transmitted directly through disease carriers to humans through infections such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasites. In this research, we offer a contagious illness monitoring application to help the public and government know the zone’s status so that people are more alert when travelling between regions. This application was created based on Web Application Programming Interface (API) data and configured on the Google Map API to determine a person’s or user’s coordinates in a particular zone. We made it using the prototype method to help users understand this application well. This research is part of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) research, where the use of mobile technology is an example of implementation options that can be made to implement this system.

Biolarvicide activity of extract and essential oil of culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.) on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in silico and in vitro

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Background: Filariasis, a priority tropical disease in Indonesia, is transmitted by the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. The use of conventional synthetic larvicides can lead to environmental and health issues, including poisoning and resistance in target insect populations.&#x0D; Objective: This study explores the utilization of biolarvicides derived from culantro (Eryngium foetidum) to mitigate these adverse efects, focusing on analyzing the components and evaluating the larvicidal eficacy of both the extract and essential oil of E. foetidum.&#x0D; Method: This study employed a molecular docking approach to examine in silico biolarvicidal activity against the odorant binding protein (OBP) receptor and conducted in vitro experiments on Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae using varying concentrations of E. foetidum extract (100, 250, and 500 ppm) and essential oil (10, 50, and 100 ppm).&#x0D; Results: The in silico study identified hynokiflavone and longifenaldehyde as the compounds with the most potent activity, demonstrating binding a inities of -10.2 and -9.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The in vitro assays revealed that the E. foetidum extract achieved 75% larval mortality at an LC50 of 78.59 ppm, while the essential oil resulted in 88% mortality with an LC50 of 10.13 ppm.&#x0D; Conclusion:The extract and essential oil of E. foetidum exhibit significant biolarvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus, offering promising plant-based alternatives to traditional larvicides, with implications for safer and more sustainable vector control strategies.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Unveiling quality, clinical, and financial Impacts of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Clinical Pathway Implementation in Magelang Public Hospital, Indonesia

Tuberculosis (TB) is a popular endemic disease in Indonesia with increased risk outcomes. The clinical pathway (CP) is crucial to enhancing healthcare services and resource efficiency despite discrepancies in service variability reduction, clinical outcomes improvement, and cost saving. Therefore, this study aimed to assess pulmonary TB CP and evaluate its impacts on clinical and financial results, as well as barriers to implementation at Tidar Hospital in Magelang, Indonesia. A sequential explanatory mixed-method design was used from July 2022 to January 2023. The study began with a retrospective analysis of medical records of TB patients (total sampling, n=92). In-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with healthcare workers including the quality and medical committee, case manager, CP team, inpatient and non-inpatient nursing sub-coordinators, and pulmonary specialists. In addition, eight multidiscipline healthcare professionals attended the focus group discussions (FGDs). The audio recordings were transcripted verbatim and subjected to thematic analysis. The results showed that the quality and content of CP based on TB evaluation using the Integrated Clinical Pathway Assessment Tool (ICPAT) was 62.6%. Four themes were obtained: 1) CP implementation techniques, 2) supportive factors in the success of CP, 3) organization support in CP implementation, and 4) TB patient outcomes. Furthermore, procedure compliance after CP implementation was 33%. There were no significant differences in the length of stay (p=0.77), diagnosis investigation and therapy appropriateness (100%), mortality (4 vs 3 patients; p=0.589), and cost efficiency with an average cost of care (Rp 6.994.508,- vs Rp 5.521.091,-; p=0.083) before and after CP implementation. Readmission rates were low before and after deployment (1 vs. 2 patients). This study found no significant clinical or financial benefits in TB CP implementation. These results imply the need for hospital leadership and a multidisciplinary team to overcome CP implementation hurdles.

Pemeriksaan Tekanan Darah, Gula Darah Sewaktu, dan Kolesterol Pada Warga Pra-Lansia Hingga Lansia di Sekitar RT 01 RW 21 Kelurahan Tangkerang Tengah, Kecamatan Marpoyan Damai, Pekanbaru

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Indonesia continues to increase and is one of the leading causes of death. Some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease are hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. These risk factors are not only experienced by urban communities but also occur in people living in rural areas. The purpose of this activity is to determine the incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cholesterol.Data collection on cardiovascular disease risk factors was carried out by measuring blood pressure, blood sugar levels and total cholesterol levels. This activity was attended by 40 total respondents with an age range of 40-60 years, 14 men and 26 women. Data analysis showed that 72% of respondents had blood pressure above normal. Respondents with normal blood sugar were only 13%, and the rest needed further examination. Cholesterol levels in the high category were 80% and slightly high were found in 20% of respondents. The data shows that the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease is quite large in the pre-elderly and elderly community in RT 01 RW 21 Tangkerang Tengah, Marpoyan Damai District, Pekanbaru.

Peran Media Sosial dalam Upaya Promosi Kesehatan

The incidence of disease in Indonesia follows or even exceeds the rate of population growth. Every second, Indonesians suffer from diseases that do not necessarily have effective treatments. It is important to realize that waiting for symptoms to appear before seeking health care is risky. While hospitals have made efforts to promote health and prevent disease, their role in providing health information is limited. The information provided by doctors and medical institutions often does not cover all relevant factors. In the era of rapid information technology, the need for precise and up-to-date information is increasingly becoming a priority. Communities and public institutions are beginning to utilize technology, especially the internet, to gain better access to health information. However, uncontrolled distribution of information can trigger new problems. Therefore, it is important to have organized, clear and precise information to support effective decision-making. An analysis of the potential of online media as a tool to change health behavior is necessary, especially with the widespread penetration of the internet through various devices, including smartphones and tablets.