Diseases In Farm Animals Research Articles

Genetic perspective on stress response and disease resistance in aquaculture.

Despite continuous progress and improvements in aquaculture technologies and husbandry techniques, fish diseases remain a major limiting factor in the fish culture industry. The aqua- culture environment exposes fish to repeated acute stress, which leads to physiological respons- es that have suppressive effects on growth, reproduction, and immune capacity. The strong link between stress and susceptibility to diseases in farm animals has long been acknowledged, and parameters of high and low stress response are associated with disease resistance in fish. Few studies on genetic aspects of immune response to stress have been conducted. The estimated heritability of several parameters of the innate immune response is mostly moderate. Quantitative trait loci have been found for different responses to stress conditions. Gene expres- sion studies show that hundreds of genes can be involved in fishes’ physiological and immuno- logical response to stress. This general response to stress is controlled by a few major genes at the top of the pathway, which activate a cascade of reactions, having a significant effect on the overall health of the fish. Selective breeding for disease resistant fish is an attractive strategy for disease prevention and several studies have reported progress in this field. However, the bio- logical pathways of stress response and disease resistance are not well characterized, and their genetic basis and control are still poorly understood. Extensive research is still needed for a bet- ter understanding of these pathways, and this should be a collaborative effort of researchers from different fields: genetics, immunology, pathology, physiology, and endocrinology.

Presence of Escherichia coli carrying the EAST1 toxin gene in farm animals

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) heat-stable toxin 1 (EAST1) is a small toxin of proteic nature. The reference strain producing this toxin was originally detected in the stools of a diarrheic Chilean child. Today, we know that EAST1 is not solely associated with EAEC but also with many other diarrheic E. coli families. Some studies have established the role of EAST1 in human outbreaks of diarrhea. In addition, isolates from farm animals were shown, more recently, to carry the astA gene coding for EAST1. However, the relation between the presence of EAST1 and disease is not conclusive. In this article, the current state of the knowledge on the presence and probable role of EAST1 in farm animal diseases is reviewed and discussed.

In vitro and in vivo effects of deoxynivalenol (DNV) on regulators of cap dependent translation control in porcine endometrium

Deoxynivalenol (DNV) is the most frequently encountered trichothecene in grain-based foods, and is able to produce toxic effects resulting in various diseases in farm and laboratory animals. The molecular mechanisms that control this mycotoxin mediated effects in porcine endometrial cells are far from being completely understood. Recent results show that DNV inhibits protein synthesis in actively proliferating tissues. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of this mycotoxin on a cellular level in an in vivo and in vitro system. The abundance and phosphorylation state (activity) of the cell cycle dependent kinases MAPk and Akt (PKB) and their potential targets eIF-4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) and 4E-BP1 (4E binding protein, eIF4E repressor protein) were examined. In previous investigations it was found that these factors are involved in initiation of mRNA translation. The results show that DNV in vitro strongly reduce the abundance of p38 MAPk, protein kinase Akt and the α- and β-4E-BP1 bands. The phosphorylation state of these proteins was obviously not modulated. In contrast, the eIF4E phosphorylation was strongly reduced in DNV treated cells. In summary, our in vitro results let assume that DNV potentially influences gene expression, but this work does not present a direct proof that DNV alters processes, which are involved in the initiation of mRNA translation. Surprisingly in vivo, an influence of DNV feeding on the investigated molecular events could not be demonstrated.

Investigating the potential spread of infectious diseases of sheep via agricultural shows in Great Britain

The rate at which infectious diseases spread through farm animal populations depends both on individual disease characteristics and the opportunity for transmission via close contact. Data on the relationships affecting the contact structure of farm animal populations are, therefore, required to improve mathematical models for the spatial spread of farm animal diseases. This paper presents data on the contact network for agricultural shows in Great Britain, whereby a link between two shows occurs if they share common competitors in the sheep class. Using the network, the potential for disease spread through agricultural shows is investigated varying both the initial show infected and the infectious period of the disease. The analysis reveals a highly connected network such that diseases introduced early in the show season could present a risk to sheep at the majority of subsequent shows. This data emphasizes the importance of maintaining rigorous showground and farm-level bio-security.

The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: A review.

The present review comments on the role of the use of zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases. Both natural and synthetic zeolites have been used in animal nutrition mainly to improve performance traits and, based on their fundamental physicochemical properties, they were also tested and found to be efficacious in the prevention of ammonia and heavy metal toxicities, poisonings as well as radioactive elements uptake and metabolic skeletal defects. During the last decade, their utilization as mycotoxin-binding adsorbents has been a topic of considerable interest and many published research data indicate their potential efficacy against different types of mycotoxins either as a primary material or after specific modifications related to their surface properties. Ingested zeolites are involved in many biochemical processes through ion exchange, adsorption and catalysis. Recent findings support their role in the prevention of certain metabolic diseases in dairy cows, as well as their shifting effect on nitrogen excretion from urine to faeces in monogastric animals, which results in lower aerial ammonia concentration in the confinement facilities. Moreover, new evidence provide insights into potential mechanisms involved in zeolites supporting effect on animals suffered from gastrointestinal disturbances, including intestinal parasite infections. All the proposed mechanisms of zeolites’ effects are summarized in the present review and possible focus topics for further research in selected areas are suggested.

Prevalence of Infection with Fasciola gigantica and Its Relationship to Carcase and Liver Weights, and Fluke and Egg Counts in Slaughter Cattle and Buffaloes in Southern Mindanao, Philippines

[Extract] According to Tongson (1978), fasciolosis is the most widespread and most destructive parasitic disease of farm animals in the Philippines, with incidence rates of34.61-100% in endemic areas. In Cotabato province where rice is primarily produced, fasciolosis is considered to be common among cattle and buffaloes. This study was undertaken to describe the infection in these animals because published reports on fasciolosis in this area are lacking. The prevalence of infection and the relationship of infection to carcase and liver weights, and the number of mature and immature flukes and the faecal egg count were investigated. This information may assist in understanding the importance of the infection and the need to implement control. Differences in response to infection with Fasciola gigantica between cattle and buffaloes have been observed in previous studies (Ening Wiedosari, personal communication, 1997), where it was found that infected buffaloes did not show significant reduction in weight gain, whereas weight gain in infected Bali and Ongole cattle was significantly reduced. The fluke burden in buffaloes was also significantly lower than in Ongole cattle. Hence, responses to infection with F gigantica may vary among different breeds. This abattoir study was done to observe the responses of Philippine cattle and buffaloes to natural infection with F gigantica and to see whether these differ between species.

Farm animal networks: unraveling the contact structure of the British sheep population

The spatial and temporal dynamics of many farm animal diseases depend both on disease specific parameters and on the underlying contact structure between farms. Whilst many models for farm animal diseases focus on obtaining and estimating disease transmission parameters, relatively little attention has been given to modelling the underlying network of contacts. In this paper, we present an initial analysis of two relations underlying the contact network of individual sheep breeds in Great Britain. The first relation is based on geographical proximity and the second is based on attendance at agricultural shows. These relations are combined to give a risk-potential network that is based on these two levels of interaction. The structure of each network is investigated using techniques developed in graph theory and social network analysis.

Numéro hors série 2004 : Encéphalopathies spongiformes transmissibles animales -Sommaire et avant-propos

Ce numéro hors-série est consacré aux travaux sur les maladies à prions des animaux de ferme, menés à l’Inra en collaboration avec de nombreux organismes nationaux et internationaux. Il aborde de nombreuses facettes de la recherche sur ces agents et les maladies qu’ils occasionnent, tant sur le modèle tremblante que sur l’Encéphalopathie Spongiforme Bovine (ESB) : biologie de l’agent pathogène et notion de souche de prion, pathogénie de la maladie et résistance génétique, voies de transmission et évolution dans les populations animales, lutte contre les EST.
 Le premier article présente l’ensemble des outils mis au point à l’Inra pour étudier les EST (laboratoire de génotypage à grande échelle) ainsi que les dispositifs expérimentaux qui y sont dédiés (domaine expérimental atteint de tremblante naturelle et différentes animaleries protégées). Ensuite, la notion de souche de prion est introduite, discutée, et les divers travaux en cours pour différencier les souches de prions sur une base biologique et biochimique sont présentés, de même que les études menées pour comprendre le déterminisme de cette diversité. Ces travaux ont aussi pour objectif l’amélioration des méthodes actuelles de typage en termes de rapidité et de fiabilité, notamment à travers le développement de souris transgéniques.
 Deux articles traitent des mécanismes par lesquels la protéine prion pathogène est introduite dans l’organisme, puis la façon dont elle diffuse dans les différents tissus et organes et exerce son pouvoir pathogène. L’un concerne la pathogénie de la tremblante, à partir des travaux entrepris sur le mouton : dans quels tissus diffuse la protéine prion pathogène, dans quels types de cellules et à quelle vitesse, et comment intervient le génotype de l’individu dans ce processus. L’autre porte sur les modèles cellulaires mis au point récemment, qui permettent la multiplication du prion ovin et servent à étudier les interactions entre la protéine prion pathogène et différents types de cellules de l’organisme, les gènes activés en cas d’infection, le rôle du polymorphisme de la protéine prion ovine dans la réplication du prion pathogène et l’identification de molécules ayant une activité antiprion.
 Les propriétés et le rôle physiologique de la protéine prion normale, ainsi que les raisons pour lesquelles la protéine prion normale est transformée en protéine prion pathogène, sont ensuite abordés à travers plusieurs études : approche physicochimique et structurale de la structure de la protéine prion, pour analyser les domaines de la protéine prion qui pourraient avoir un rôle clé dans la transconformation de la protéine normale en protéine pathogène, et pour comprendre la relation entre le polymorphisme génétique de cette protéine et l’état de résistance ou de sensibilité à la tremblante ; approche immunochimique grâce à des anticorps monoclonaux ayant des affinités particulières pour certaines régions de la protéine prion PrP, qui permettent l’étude de la capacité de la protéine normale à être convertie en protéine pathogène et le typage moléculaire des souches de prions ; analyse des voies de sécrétion et du rôle physiologique de la protéine prion cellulaire.
 L’influence du polymorphisme au locus Prnp sur la sensibilité des animaux aux EST est documentée, ainsi que les travaux en cours pour mettre en évidence d’autres gènes influençant la sensibilité des animaux aux EST, à partir de la cartographie du génome. Concernant l’épidémiologie des EST, un article présente les travaux sur les sources d’infection, les voies de transmission et la dynamique de la maladie dans les populations animales, en matière de tremblante et d’ESB. Les résultats relèvent d’expérimentations, d’études de terrain et de modélisation mathématique.
 Enfin, plusieurs articles sont consacrés à la lutte contre les EST, abordant plusieurs volets : développement de tests pour le diagnostic avant la mort et la distinction entre souches d’EST, travaux conduits depuis dix ans pour maîtriser voire éradiquer la tremblante dans la population ovine en jouant sur la résistance génétique des ovins aux EST, étude clinique conduite sur une molécule à visée thérapeutique et discussion sur la méthode de choix des molécules à expérimenter, pistes pour la destruction des farines animales à risque, grâce à l’utilisation de microorganismes ou la fabrication de biolubrifiants, additifs biocarburants et matériaux polymères.

Risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat

Uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, African swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in...

Farm animal diseases in context

Farm animal diseases in context

The ‘Direct Costs’of Livestock Disease: The Development of a System of Models for the Analysis of 30 Endemic Livestock Diseases in Great Britain

The ‘direct costs’attributable to 30 different endemic diseases of farm animals in Great Britain are estimated using a standardised method to construct a simple model for each disease that includes consideration of disease prevention and treatment costs. The models so far developed provide a basis for further analyses including cost‐benefit analyses for the economic assessment of disease control options. The approach used reflects the inherent livestock disease information constraints, which limit the application of other economic analytical methods. It is a practical and transparent approach that is relatively easily communicated to veterinary scientists and policy makers. The next step is to develop the approach by incorporating wider economic considerations into the analyses in a way that will demonstrate to policy makers and others the importance of an economic perspective to livestock disease issues.

Development of a dual luciferase reporter screening assay for the detection of synthetic glucocorticoids in animal tissues.

Synthetic glucocorticoids belong to the most frequently administered drugs in livestock production. These synthetic hormones are employed for therapeutic purposes against inflammatory reactions, disorders of the musculoskeletal system, bovine ketosis and many other diseases of farm animals. A widespread illegal use of synthetic glucocorticoids to improve feed intake and weight gain has also been observed. To enforce the residue limits imposed on glucocorticoid drugs and preclude their illicit administration as growth promoters, it is necessary to establish high throughput analytical methods that can be applied to the screening of animal tissues. Here, we developed a dual luciferase reporter assay that detects residues or contaminants with glucocorticoid activity. This screening assay is performed by transfection of human cell lines with two reporter constructs followed by the measurement of two distinct luminescence signals, one of which serves as internal control to correct for assay variabilities and unspecific matrix effects. The limit of detection (1.25 microg for dexamethasone in liver) depends on the biological potency of each synthetic glucocorticoid but, with all drugs tested, the maximal response reaches a 20 to 30 fold induction of luciferase activity. In combination with an appropriate sample clean-up method (recovery of 82%), this luciferase assay has been applied to the analysis of liver samples from calves treated with a single therapeutic injection of either dexamethasone or flumethasone. Thus, the dual luciferase reporter assay provides a new screening tool to detect unwanted glucocorticoid activities in animal tissues or other crude biological samples without knowledge of the precise chemical entity of the parent compounds or their metabolites.

An Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used for the Treatment of Livestock Diseases in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Information on medicinal plants used by the people of the Eastern Cape for the treatment of animal diseases was collected by rapid rural appraisal techniques, including ranking, stories, transect walking, seasonal calendars and semi-structured interviews. A total of 38 species belonging to 31 families was found to be commonly used in herbal remedies against various diseases of farm animals. Out of these, 21 plant species from 17 families are used to treat gallsickness, while 13 species from 13 families are used to treat redwater disease. In the majority of preparations, 78% of the remedies are decoctions: 13% as infusions, 5% by just squeezing the plant parts, and 4% of the preparations are either prepared as infusions, or as decoctions. Leaves are the most frequently used plant part. A total of nine livestock disease conditions, namely gallsickness, redwater, heartwater, eye inflammation, retained placenta, foot rot, hastening of estrus, three-day-stiff sickness and internal parasites (helminthiasis) were reported to be treated using the plants recorded during the investigation. Generally, more than one plant species are combined for the treatment of livestock by the rural farmers of the Eastern Cape province. In most cases, the plants used are reported, in literature, to possess some pharmacological activity.

Optimum Replacement Policies for the Control of Subclinical Mastitis due to S.aureus in Dairy Cows

A dynamic program was used to establish the optimum replacement policy for dairy herds, taking into account subclinical mastitis caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. This particular pathogen is resistant to normal drug therapies and therefore culling is the major method of control. Methods are described to account for output losses due to yield loss and a reduction in milk price caused by extra somatic cells secreted into the milk by infected cows. Extra culling was justified in both infected and control herds in order to reduce the level of infection in the herd. The method described allows replacement policy to be treated as control expenditure rather than an output loss in the economic analysis of farm animal disease. This approach will become even more important as consumers demand an alternative to the prophylactic use of antibiotics in agriculture without compromising food quality and safety.

Development of a sandwich ELISA and comparison with PCR for the detection of F11 and F165 fimbriated Escherichia coli isolates from septicaemic disease in farm animals

The P fimbriae F11 and F165 that have been demonstrated on Escherichia coli septicaemic strains in poultry and calves, respectively, possess a nearly identical major subunit that demonstrates a serological cross-reaction. A polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA (sELISA) that was specific for both F11 and F165 fimbriated strains was compared with a PCR method to detect F11/F165 fimbriated strains, in a collection of E. coli strains isolated from diseased animals. Of 298 isolates tested, 36 were positive by PCR of which only 14 were sELISA positive. There were no sELISA positive but PCR negative results. The 36 PCR positive isolates comprised 11 avian strains of which 10 were sELISA positive, 20 bovine strains of which 4 were sELISA positive and 3 ovine strains, 1 porcine strain and 1 equine strain all of which were sELISA negative. The F11/F165 incidence of 10.7% in 103 poultry and 18.3% in 109 bovine isolates demonstrates a moderate level of these factors in E. coli septicaemic cases in Northern Ireland.

Effect of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin on MDCK cells.

Epsilon toxin is one of the major lethal toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens type D and B. It is responsible for a rapidly fatal disease in sheep and other farm animals. Many facts have been published about the physical properties and the biological activities of the toxin, but the molecular mechanism of the action inside the cells remains unclear. We have found that the C. perfringens epsilon toxin caused a significant decrease of the cell numbers and a significant enlargement of the mean cell volume of MDCK cells. The flow cytometric analysis of DNA content revealed the elongation of the S phase and to a smaller extent of the G2+M phase of toxin-treated MDCK cells in comparison to untreated MDCK cells. The results of ultrastructural studies showed that the mitosis is disturbed and blocked at a very early stage, and confirmed the toxin influence on the cell cycle of MDCK cells.

Effect of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin on MDCK cells

Epsilon toxin is one of the major lethal toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens type D and B. It is responsible for a rapidly fatal disease in sheep and other farm animals. Many facts have been published about the physical properties and the biological activities of the toxin, but the molecular mechanism of the action inside the cells remains unclear. We have found that the C. perfringens epsilon toxin caused a significant decrease of the cell numbers and a significant enlargement of the mean cell volume of MDCK cells. The flow cytometric analysis of DNA content revealed the elongation of the S phase and to a smaller extent of the G2+M phase of toxin-treated MDCK cells in comparison to untreated MDCK cells. The results of ultrastructural studies showed that the mitosis is disturbed and blocked at a very early stage, and confirmed the toxin influence on the cell cycle of MDCK cells.

Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents

The contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins represents a worldwide problem for farmers. These toxins originate from molds whose growth on living and stored plants is almost unavoidable particularly under moist conditions. Mycotoxin-containing feed can cause serious diseases in farm animals resulting in suffering and even death and thus can cause substantial economic losses. The most applied method for protecting animals against mycotoxicosis is the utilization of adsorbents mixed with the feed which are supposed to bind the mycotoxins efficiently in the gastro-intestinal tract. Aluminosilicates are the preferred adsorbents, followed by activated charcoal and special polymers. The efficiency of mycotoxin binders, however, differs considerably depending mainly on the chemical structure of both the adsorbent and the toxin. This review describes the most important types of adsorbents and the respective mechanisms of adsorption. Data of the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of detoxication are given.

Carcinogenic effects of ptaquiloside in bracken fern and related compounds.

Consumption of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum by cattle has been shown to induce bladder and intestinal carcinomas in cattle and to cause a number of diseases in other farm animals. An unstable glucoside named ptaquiloside, containing a reactive cyclopropane ring, has been isolated from the fern and its potent carcinogenicity proven. Nineteen of 31 ferns tested by chemotaxonomic methods in Japan have been found to contain potentially carcinogenic ptaquilosides as have Cheilanthes sieberi and Pteridium esculentum. Hydrolysis of ptaquilosides leads to pterosins; under milder conditions a dienone which is believed to be the primary carcinogen is obtained. Hypacrone, a sesquiterpine containing a reactive cyclopropane ring, has been isolated from Hypolepis punctata and its structure proved by synthesis. Illudins, structurally similar to ptaquiloside, have been isolated from the basidiomycete Omphalotus illudens. These give anti-tumour activity and similar reactivity with nucleophiles to ptaquiloside. Compound CC-1065, a highly toxic antibiotic also containing a cyclopropane ring, has been isolated from Streptomyces zelensis. The mechanism of its reactivity with DNA has been compared to that of ptaquiloside and the small structural differences between carcinogenic and anti-tumour activity discussed. Both CC-1065 and adozelesin, a synthetic analogue with anti-tumour activity, have been shown to alkylate the N-3 atom of adenine in a certain sequence of DNA. The reactivity of cysteine with ptaquilosides and illudins is discussed, as is the role of cysteine alkylating agents in apoptosis. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign

Modelling the impact of livestock disease on production: case studies of non-notifiable diseases of farm animals in Great Britain

AbstractSpreadsheet models were constructed to assess the economic impact of some 30 non-notifiable diseases of farm animals in Great Britain. A standardized methodology and common valuation base were used to derive estimates of the direct costs to livestock production of each disease, separately identifying the costs associated with disease output losses and those relating to disease treatment and prevention. Disease data limitations and uncertainties are incorporated into the estimation procedure. The spreadsheet models are highly transparent with calculations and the origin of parameter values clearly documented. The assessments of six bovine diseases, are presented: BVD, fasciolosis, lameness, leptospirosis, mastitis, and summer mastitis, and full details of the analyses of all the diseases can he accessed on the internet. The models do not consider the wider economic impacts of disease, such as effects on markets, human health and animal welfare. However, the approach is a simple and transparent one which enables exploration of the direct costs associated with a range of livestock diseases and which is easily communicated to policy makers and others.