Disease In Children Research Articles

Urgent Hospitalizations Related to Viral Respiratory Disease in Children during Autumn and Winter Seasons 2022/2023.

The loosening of social distancing measures over the past two years has led to a resurgence of seasonal epidemics associated with respiratory viral infections in children. We aim to describe the impact of such infections through urgent hospitalizations in a pediatric emergency department. We performed a retrospective review of medical records of all children and adolescents with a positive nasal swab admitted at the children's hospital IRCCS Burlo Garofolo of Trieste, in Italy, from September 2021 to March 2022, and September 2022 to March 2023. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza viruses accounted for up to 55% of hospitalizations for respiratory infections during the study periods. During the last season, the number of hospitalizations related to the Influenza virus was five times higher than those related to SARS-CoV-2 (25% vs. 5%). Respiratory Syncytial Virus was associated with a greater need for respiratory support, mostly HFNC (High Flow Nasal Cannula). Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza virus had a more significant impact on urgent hospitalizations during the past wintery seasons than SARS-CoV-2.

Atopic Dermatitis in the Elderly Population.

Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory disease with a chronic and relapsing course. Although considered a childhood disease, it is now evident that atopic dermatitis is also common in adulthood and in the elderly population. Atopic dermatitis typically manifests with bilateral and symmetrical eczematous lesions on the face, trunk and skin folds. Itch is invariably present and may be very severe, markedly affecting daily life and sleep. In older adults, atopic dermatitis may have a high level of impact on quality of life, frequently burdening an already complex comorbid situation. The full assessment of disease burden (localizations, itch severity, sleep alterations, impact on quality of life, disease history, comorbidities) is crucial to identify the most appropriate treatment. In many cases, moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in the elderly population can be successfully and safely treated with biological agents inhibiting the interleukin-4/-13 pathway, whereas the use of Janus kinase inhibitors may pose concerns about the safety profile.

Pola Peresepan Obat Diare Pada Balita di Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit Khusus Ibu dan Anak Sadewa Periode Januari – Juni 2022

Diarrhea is a condition in which a person has bowel movements with a soft or liquid consistency, it can even be just water and the frequency is more frequent in one day. Diarrheal disease in toddlers is ranked 2 out of the top 10 childhood diseases at the Sadewa Mother and Children Hospital (RSKIA) in May 2022. Knowing the pattern of prescribing diarrhea drugs in toddlers in outpatient care at the Sadewa Mother and Children Hospital for the period January - June 2022. The research conducted was a non-experimental descriptive research with a retrospective method. The study was conducted by taking prescription data from electronic medical records at the Sadewa RSKIA pharmacy and then recording them on a data collection sheet. Data were analyzed using tabulations in the form of percentages (%). The results showed that out of 130 samples, the profile of diarrhea patients under five was dominated by males, 77 children (59%), aged 2-3 years 65 children (50%), and the degree of dehydration of patients without dehydration, 120 children (92%). ). The most widely used drug class was zinc with 120 prescriptions (34.3%), zinc has a protective effect against diarrhea and can reduce recurrence and probiotics with 119 prescriptions (33.8%), probiotic bacteria will help the process of nutrient absorption and prevent disturbances in water absorption. The dominating combination was a combination of 3 drugs namely electrolytes, zinc and probiotics 69 prescriptions (57%), oralit functioned to replace fluids and electrolytes in the body that are wasted during diarrhea, zinc supplementation and probiotics in diarrhea effectively reduced stool output. The rule for using the treatment of diarrhea in toddlers is mostly 1 time a day with a total of 132 drugs (37.7%). The dominating drug was zinc with 117 prescriptions (88.6%) The pattern of prescribing diarrhea drugs in toddlers in this study was dominated by male patients, aged 2-3 years with a degree of dehydration, patients without dehydration. The most widely used drug classes are zinc and probiotic groups. The most common drug combination found is a combination of 3 drugs, namely electrolyte, zinc and probiotic group drugs. The rule for using the treatment of diarrhea in most toddlers is 1 time a day.

Treating ADHD: Information for parents from FDA, CDC, and AAP

Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, is a condition that often begins between ages 3 and 6, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (https://bit.ly/3sUSkXw). And it's not just a childhood disease. ADHD may continue through the teenage years and into adulthood.

Epidemiology of Acute and Chronic Diseases in the Population of Preschool Children (Results of A Prospective Study)

It is necessary to study and analyze the diseases of children of different age groups on the basis of improvement of medical and social assistance to children, improvement of effectiveness of preventive activities, and on the basis of these, measures aimed at maintaining and protecting children's health should be developed. In the study, diseases of preschool children were analyzed in depth, and their causes were studied. The obtained results showed that the incidence of children under seven years of age in Andijan depends on age, and the incidence rate decreases with age. In the structure of diseases, diseases of respiratory organs are leading at all ages. If the study of children's diseases under 7 years of age in the cities of Andijan region on the basis of appeals revealed the characteristics of children's diseases specific to this region, then the children who were not identified before the organization and conduct of medical examinations, without clinical symptoms, were registered in treatment-preventive institutions. allowed to identify new chronic diseases.

Clinical features of oncohematological diseases in twins (literature review)

Relevance. According to the World Health Organization, the most common oncological diseases in childhood are hemoblastoses. In particular, acute leukemia ranks the first in the structure of malignant tumors, non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas – the third, Hodgkin lymphoma – the fifth in children aged 0 to 19 years. There is no convincing evidence of the inheritance of these diseases, but nevertheless, the literature describes cases of the development of the same disease with the same immunophenotype within the same family in mono- or dizygotic twins, which is one of the proofs of the persistence of preleukemic cells and the possibility of their migration from one twin to another during the antenatal development. These data allow us to study the features of oncogenesis in leukemia in twins, in particular monozygotic twins: the timing of tumor development, clinical features and molecular biological characteristics, as well as the response to therapy.Aim. To study the clinical and molecular-genetic features of hemoblastoses in twins.Materials and methods. When writing a literature review, we analyzed data in specialized medical databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science with the very first descriptions of the manifestations of tumors of the hematopoietic system in monozygotic twins from 1964 to 2023.Results. In the course of writing this literature review, we confirmed that the genetic component plays a significant role in the development of hemoblastoses. Studies on twins reveal genetic mutations that predispose to the development of malignant blood tumors, which in turn opens up new opportunities for the early diagnosis of hemoblastoses. The twin method allows for comparative clinical trials of different treatment approaches, which help to choose the optimal therapy and improve the prognosis of diseases.

Whither Health Research

Abstract Under Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc), children have the right to the highest attainable standard of health. One component of this right that has received little attention is the connection between children’s health and their participation in health-related research. This represents a missed opportunity in the full realisation of the right to health. This paper accordingly argues that Article 24 should obligate or incentivise State Parties to create more research opportunities for children in implementing this right. It explores the links between paediatric research and children’s health, highlighting the impacts of the lack of research on the paucity or absence of many treatment and prevention options for childhood diseases. It also considers the application of other rights which may be implicated in paediatric research. While paediatric health-related research is imperative, it must occur within a framework which respects all children’s rights.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Children: Modern Achievements in Diagnostics and Therapy

Aim: to highlight current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases in children.Key points. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among children has increased significantly over the past three decades. Moreover, these diseases are often characterized by a severe course. At the same time, strategies for diagnosing and treating these patients are being improved: doctors began using high-definition endoscopy and video capsule endoscopy, the determination of fecal calprotectin, biological therapy (infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, and ustekinumab) and drug monitoring. Particular attention is paid to the role of dietary recommendations.Conclusion. Currently, there has been significant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases in children.

Clinical Impact of Serious Respiratory Disease in Children Under the Age of 2 Years During the 2021-2022 Bronchiolitis Season in England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Interventions introduced to reduce the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to a widespread reduction in childhood infections. However, from spring 2021 onwards the United Kingdom and Ireland experienced an unusual out-of-season epidemic of respiratory disease. We conducted a prospective observational study (BronchStart), enrolling children 0-23 months of age presenting with bronchiolitis, lower respiratory tract infection, or first episode of wheeze to 59 emergency departments across England, Scotland, and Ireland from May 2021 to April 2022. We combined testing data with national admissions datasets to infer the impact of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. The BronchStart study collected data on 17 899 presentations for 17 164 children. Risk factors for admission and escalation of care included prematurity and congenital heart disease, but most admissions were for previously healthy term-born children. Of those aged 0-11 months who were admitted and tested for RSV, 1907 of 3912 (48.7%) tested positive. We estimate that every year in England and Scotland 28 561 (95% confidence interval, 27 637-29 486) infants are admitted with RSV infection. RSV infection was the main cause of hospitalizations in this cohort, but 51.3% of admissions in infants were not associated with the virus. The majority of admissions were in previously healthy term-born infants.

Systemic symptoms associated with tooth eruption in children: A narrative review

Teething has been attributed to various childhood ailments and physical disturbances since ancient times. Due to this some of the organic childhood diseases may go untreated thereby harming the child’s general health. Taking this negative impact into account, this review article aims at informing the medical community of the systemic symptoms that are associated with teething

Prenatal and Infant Exposure to Acid-Suppressive Medications and Risk of Allergic Diseases in Children.

Prenatal and Infant Exposure to Acid-Suppressive Medications and Risk of Allergic Diseases in Children.

Interstitial and Cystic Diseases in Children

Interstitial and Cystic Diseases in Children

Dental Caries on Deciduous Molars among Children Visiting Dental Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Centre.

Dental caries is one of the most common, yet preventable childhood diseases. The aetiology of dental caries lies in the interplay between host, microorganism, substrate, and time. Risk factors for dental caries include physical, biological, environmental, behavioural, and lifestyle-related factors such as high numbers of cariogenic bacteria, inadequate salivary flow, insufficient fluoride exposure, poor oral hygiene, inappropriate methods of feeding infants, and poverty. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of dental caries on deciduous molars among children visiting dental Outpatient Department of a tertiary care centre. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on children who visited the dental outpatient department of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel Hospital from 15 June 2023 to 30 July 2023. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of the same institute. A convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. The prevalence of dental caries on deciduous molars in children was 252 (93.33%)(90.35-96.30, 95% Confidence Interval). One-third of the children had visited dental clinics for the first time. Lack of topical fluoride application was seen in the majority of the children. The prevalence of dental caries on deciduous molars among pediatric patients was found to be higher than in other studies done in similar settings. children; dental caries; molars; prevalence.

Corruption, patronage, and avertable child deaths in developing countries

AbstractMany children die of easily preventable or treatable diseases in developing countries. What are the relationships between corruption, patronage, and child mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries? We argue that corruption and patronage affect child mortality outcomes for some causes of death, especially those that are more easily prevented or treated with affordable care. To test our hypotheses, we utilize cross‐national time‐series analysis of under‐five child mortality in developing countries between 1996 and 2016. Our study finds that patronage and corruption increase under‐five child mortality arising from easily preventable childhood diseases, but they have almost no effect on under‐five child mortality caused by more complex illnesses. Our study underscores the need to examine cause‐specific health outcomes rather than overall health outcomes in comparative health analysis, as the ability of governments to address specific health issues depends on the nature of the problems.Related ArticlesIreni‐Saban, Liza. 2013. “Give Me Children or Else I Die: The Politics and Policy of Cross‐Border Reproductive Care.” Politics & Policy 41(1): 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12004.Lagunes, Paul F. 2012. “Corruption's Challenge to Democracy: A Review of the Issues.” Politics & Policy 40(5): 802–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00384.x.Tusalem, Rollin F. 2022. “Does Gendered Representation in National Legislatures Promote Substantive Representation and Human Development? Evidence from the Developing World.” Politics & Policy 50(6): 1096–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12503.

Comparative studies of phytonutrients content and therapeutic potential of fruits parts of Dialium guineense Willd (Fabaceae) and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae) used in traditional pediatric in Burkina Faso

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the phytonutrients content and selected biological activities of fruit parts of Dialium guineense commonly known as velvet tamarind and Ziziphus mauritiana called jujube tree used in the management of childhood diseases. Methodology and Results: Phytochemical components were determined by specific reagents and biological activities by antiradical and antibacterial test. The fruit pulp of Ziziphus mauritiana had the best antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.27 mg/mL) due to its high contents ( p < 0.05 ) of total phenolic compounds (31.18 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (0.73 ± 0.50 mg RE /g), hydrolysable tannins (11.37 ± 0.05 mg TAE/g) and condensed tannins (9.86 ± 0.30 mg CE/g). It also exhibited the highest contents of -carotene (72 ± 0.01 mg/100g) and macroelements Na (12 ± 0.00 mg/100g), K (605 ± 0.20 mg/100g). On the other hand, the fruit pulp of Dialium guineense had the best contents of vitamin C (36 ± 0.07 mg/100g), vitamin E (0.109 ± 0.07 mg/100g) and microelements (Fe, Zn) with 8.00 ± 0.01 mg/100g and 1.10 ± 0.02 mg/100g respectively. The fruits pulp of these two species showed antibacterial activity against E. coli with the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.12 mg/mL Conclusions and application of results: Recommendations of enhancement and promotion of these two fruit species could constitute important sources for the development of new nutraceuticals and phytomedicines in the prevention and treatment of childhood diseases. Keywords: Childhood diseases, Dialium guineense, Ziziphus mauritiana, Nutraceuticals.

Comparison of Serum IgE Level between Initial Attack and Relapse Cases of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

Background: Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is a common and recurrent glomerular disease in childhood. Although the exact etiology of NS is not fully known, it is believed that immune system plays a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Studies have been reported a strong association between NS and increased level of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). In addition, children with recurrent NS, the IgE level significantly increases, and there is a higher relapse rate.
 Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the difference of Serum IgE level between initial attack and relapse cases of idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in children.
 Methodology: A cross sectional analytical study has been conducted on 35 initial attack and 35 relapse cases of idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome children admitted in the Department of paediatrics, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital (SSMCMH), Dhaka from May 2021 to April 2022. Study subjects were enrolled by purposive sampling after confirming the diagnosis and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed written consent was taken from each patient's legal guardian before enrollment. A detailed history and thorough physical examination was done in each patient on admission. With all aseptic precaution five ml of venous blood was collected and sent for serum albumin, serum cholesterol and serum IgE level measurement. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Independent sample t test or Mann-whitney test was used to compare data between groups. P value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant.
 Results: The mean age of the studied samples was 3.86 (ranging from 2 to 6 years). Moreover, among the studied sample male was a little bit greater than female. A significant prevalence of relapse cases were found among the children with middle income family status (P<0.05).Spot urine protein and creatinine ratio and serum cholesterol level was significantly higher in patients experience relapse attack (P<0.05). However, serum albumin level was quite similar in both cases. The mean serum IgE of patients experiencing relapse attack was 985.11+433.65 which was significantly higher than patients experiencing initial attack 470.48+227.35 (P<0.001). 
 Conclusion: This study showed that serum IgE levels are higher in relapse cases of Nephrotic Syndrome than that of initial attack. Furthermore, serum IgE is more in frequent relapse as compared to infrequent relapse. Serum IgE levels have a positive correlation with disease activity and relapse of Nephrotic Syndrome.

Early Elevation of Absolute Eosinophil Count after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Is Associated with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Children

BACKGROUND Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is the most frequent late complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and is associated with non-relapse mortality. If recipients with cGVHD are not properly treated at the appropriate time, cGVHD can lead to severe complications. Therefore, early prediction of cGVHD is required to improve quality of life among the pediatric survivors who undergo allo-HSCT. The significance of eosinophilia in peripheral blood after allo-HSCT remains to be elucidated. Previous studies found that eosinophilia after allo-HSCT reduced the risk of relapse of malignancies or non-relapse mortality and was also associated with cGVHD. However, the subjects of these reports were mainly adults and there were limited data focused on eosinophilia after allo-HSCT in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an early elevation of absolute eosinophil count after allo-HSCT was associated with the development of cGVHD in children. METHODS A total of 165 consecutive patients who received allo-HSCT in our institute were included. Patients who had previously received allo-HSCT, relapsed or died before day 100, and did not achieve engraftment, were excluded. Eosinophilia was defined as an eosinophil count of more than 500 /µL in peripheral blood within 60 days of stem cell infusion. The primary outcome of the present study was the development of cGVHD. RESULTS In our cohort, eosinophilia was detected in 67 patients (40.6%), with a median maximum eosinophil count of 1,050 /µL (range, 504 - 7,812 /µL) at a median of 40 days (range, 24 - 59 days), while median maximum eosinophil count in those without eosinophilia was 189 /µL (range, 0 - 495 /µL). There were no significant differences between the patients with or without eosinophilia in disease type, graft source, donor type, conditioning regimen, and GVHD prophylaxis and treatment. The median time from day 0 to the date of diagnosis of cGVHD was 120 days (range, 100 - 1,302 days). The cumulative incidence rate of cGVHD at 3 years in the entire cohort was 39.3% (95% confidence interval: 32.2 - 47.4). Patients with eosinophilia had a higher 3-year cumulative incidence rate of cGVHD, compared with those without eosinophilia (49.1% vs. 32.7%, P = 0.007). Cox proportional hazards model analysis with adjustments for the potential confounding factors of HLA mismatched donor, unrelated donor, aGVHD, use of ATG as conditioning regimen revealed that eosinophilia was associated with an increased risk of cGVHD (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.16-3.85, P = 0.014). In the 165 patients who underwent allo-HSCT, there was no significant difference in 5-year overall survival (OS) between the eosinophilia and the non-eosinophilia groups (80.1% vs. 80.5%, P=0.76). In the 121 patients with malignant diseases, there was no significant difference in 5-year OS between the eosinophilia and the non-eosinophilia groups (75.5% vs. 76.3%, P = 0.70). There was also no significant difference in 5-year disease-free survival between the eosinophilia and the non-eosinophilia groups (69.1% vs. 77.1%, P = 0.34). On the other hand, there was a significant difference in 5-year GVHD-free relapse-free survival between the eosinophilia and the non-eosinophilia groups (41.1% vs. 62.4%, P = 0.04). DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION In the present study, we revealed that an early elevation of absolute eosinophil count after allo-HSCT was associated with cGVHD in children. Because eosinophilia after allo-HSCT occurs before the development of cGVHD, early eosinophilia after allo-HSCT may predict the development of cGVHD in children.

Оцінка виразності післяопераційного набряку мошонки в дітей з патологією вагінального відростка очеревини при різних методах лікування

Congenital malformations, the cause of which is a disturbance of the obliteration of the vaginal process of the peritoneum, such as an inguinal hernia, hydrocele testis, occupy one of the leading places among childhood diseases. This explains the continuation of scientific observations and the analysis of various methods of treatment of patients with lesions of the vaginal process of the peritoneum. Researchers note the possibility of certain complications among male patients, such as swelling of the scrotum, postoperative hydrocele testis, iatrogenic retraction of the testicle (acquired cryptorchidism). This became the reason for additional study of such a complication as postoperative swelling of the scrotum. Purpose - to analyze the severity of postoperative swelling of the scrotum depending on the methods of surgical correction of the pathology in patients with nonoblitereted vaginal process of the peritoneum. Materials and methods. 91 children who underwent surgical correction of the pathology of nonobliterated vaginal process of the peritoneum (inguinal hernias, hydrocele testis) participated in the conducted scientific study. Patients were assessed for postoperative swelling of the scrotum depending on the method of surgical correction of the pathology. Results. The degree of postoperative swelling of the scrotum in patients with pathology of the vaginal process of the peritoneum is directly proportional to the severity of tissue injury during surgical correction in patients with nonoblitereted vaginal process of the peritoneum. Conclusions. Any surgical intervention entails certain consequences that are associated with a violation of the integrity of the body. And although these complications are temporary, a qualitative assessment of their severity can become the basis for choosing a particular method of surgical treatment. The obtained data show the severity of postoperative swelling of the scrotum and the dynamics of its changes depending on access for surgical manipulation. The less soft tissue is injured to access the internal inguinal ring, the smaller the postoperative swelling and the better its dynamics. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Клинический случай: инородное тело пищевода под маской кишечной инфекции

The authors present an analysis of a clinical case of a patient who was taken to the children's infectious diseases department of Khimki regional Hospital with suspected acute intestinal infection of unclear etiology and transferred to another hospital after establishing the non-core nature of the disease. The article presents the most informative clinical symptoms and anamnestic data in the differential diagnosis of intestinal infection with acute pathology – aspiration of a foreign body into the esophagus. To remove the foreign body, the patient was taken to the thoracic department of the St. Vladimir children's city clinical Hospital, where esophagoscopy was performed. despite the relatively large size of the aspirated object, it was possible to remove it without complications through the natural respiratory tract.

Asthma and Other Respiratory Diseases of Children in Relation to Personal Behavior, Household, Parental and Environmental Factors in West China.

Asthma and other respiratory diseases, which are of great concern in public health, are paid less attention in areas that are less economically developed. This research aimed to study the prevalence of critical respiratory diseases of children living in West China and figure out the potential influencing factors. A total of 575 children under the age of 14 were recruited from Xinjiang, China, to participate in the study in 2022. Information on activity patterns, socioeconomic and parental factors, and household and surrounding environment situations was obtained using a questionnaire survey. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate the odds ratios of respiratory disease prevalence in relation to behavior patterns, household, parental and environmental factors, respectively. The prevalence of ever doctor-diagnosed asthma, doctor-diagnosed bronchitis and current bronchitis were 4.7%, 19.0% and 14.4%, respectively. The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed pneumonia was 8.2%, which was two times higher in urban than rural areas. Longer annual heating duration was significantly associated with higher risks in children's asthma and bronchitis, with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 3.363 (95% CI: 1.215-9.298) and 1.267 (95% CI: 1.002-1.601), respectively. Opening the window longer in autumn would lead to higher risks of bronchitis, with ORs of 1.165 and 1.133, respectively, for doctor-diagnosed bronchitis and current bronchitis. Residential air pollution and having a residence close to waste incineration plant or garbage station were, respectively, significantly associated with higher risks of doctor-diagnosed bronchitis and asthma. Parental disease history was associated with a higher prevalence of children's asthma and respiratory diseases, whereas breastfeeding and doing physical exercise were, respectively, significantly associated with a lower risk of asthma. A high prevalence of respiratory diseases in children in West China may be partly attributed to longer annual heating time, opening windows longer in autumn, surrounding environmental pollution, as well as parental disease history, whereas promoting physical activity and breastfeeding could be an effective measure to reduce the risk of childhood asthma in West China.