Disease Of Chickpea Research Articles

Microbial Community Analysis Offers Insight into the Complex Origins of Plant Disease in a Smallholder Farm Context

Classical approaches to plant disease diagnosis assume a single pathogen/single disease paradigm. Here, we revisit the presumed role of Fusarium oxysporum as the causal agent of wilting and yellowing of chickpea plants on smallholder farms in Ethiopia. Contrary to expectations, detection of Fusarium DNA using conserved PCR primers failed to associate the pathogen with symptomatic plants. Instead, culture-independent sequencing of microbial communities nominated unexpected pathogens and revealed patchiness in the assembly of common microbial consortia. Surprisingly, tests of differential enrichment identified Phytophthora as the most common disease-associated taxon. More generally, across all field sites, multilevel pattern analysis identified indicator taxa whose patterns of co-occurrence demarcate discrete microbial communities and are consistent with a range of specific interactions, including mutualism and antagonism. Taken together, these data indicate that soilborne chickpea disease in Ethiopia has heterogeneous origins and that despite decades of emphasis and disease resistance breeding, the role of Fusarium as the frequent agent of chickpea disease in Ethiopia remains enigmatic.

Comparative efficacy of different chemical fungicides against Sclerotium rolfsii (sacc.) causing collar rot of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Present investigation was undertaken for efficacy of fungicides like i.e., carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WS (vitavax), pyraclostrobin 100 g/L CS, propiconazole 25% EC, hexaconazole 5% EC, thiophanate methyl 70% WP, carbendazim 50% WP, mancozeb 75% WP, chlorothalonil 75% WP and captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP were evaluated in-vitro at three concentrations viz., 100, 125 and 200 ppm concentration against S. rolfsii on PDA by poisoned food technique. The result revealed that increase in concentration of the fungicides caused increased inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogen. Among these, carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WS (vitavax) was completely inhibited mycelial growth of pathogen at 100 ppm, 125 ppm & 200 ppm. Followed by hexaconazole 5% EC in mycelial growth inhibition of 95.44, 97.22 and 100% at 100, 125 and 200 ppm, respectively. At 200 ppm both hexaconazole 5% EC and carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WS (vitavax) is statistically at par in growth inhibition. While, mancozeb 75% WP was found least effective at all concentrations against S. rolfsii. Most effective in-vitro evaluate fungicides tested for their efficacy against disease under pot experiment along with treatment application methods viz., pre-emergence drenching, seed treatment and integration of both seed treatment and post emergence seedling drenching at 7 days after germination (7 DAG) against collar rot disease of chickpea in pot experiment. All the treatments proved significantly superior when compared with inoculated control. Maximum percent reduction in PESR (100.00%) was recorded in vitavax power applied through seed treatment followed by hexaconazole recorded (90.91%) reduction in PESR. Maximum percent reduction in PESM (62.50%) was recorded in hexaconazole applied through integration of seed treatment & post emergence seedling drenching at 7 DAG. Which, was followed by vitavax power observed (50.00%) reduction in PESM. Seed treatment alone reduced PESR while, integration of seed treatment and post emergence seedling drenching at 7 DAG also reduced PESM. Among treated pots highest grain yield recorded (45.90 g/pot) in hexaconazole applied through integration of integration of seed treatment and post emergence seedling drenching at 7 DAG followed by vitavax power (43.33 g/pot).

Demonstration of IPDM Module for the Management of Major Defoliating Insect Pests and Wilt Disease of Chickpea in Prakasam District Andhra Pradesh

Background: A front line demonstration (FLD) on integrated pest and disease management for management of major defoliating insect pests and wilt diseases in chickpea was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Darsi, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh during 2020-21 and 2021-22. Methods: The field trials were conducted in Bhodanampadu and Abbayapalem villages of Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh in an area of 4 hectares in 10 farmer’s fields during 2020-21 and 2021-22. Result: The results revealed that mean larval population of H. armigera and S. exigua/ 10 plants of two years were 1.4 and 1.87 in IPDM module over 8.23 and 4.12 larval population/10 plants during 2020-21 and 2021-22 respectively in farmers practice. Mean wilt disease incidence of two years were 7.5 per cent in IPDM module over 18 per cent in farmers practice. IPDM plot gave an average yield of 13.78 q/ha as compared to farmer’s practices i.e 11.25 q/ha. The per cent increase in yield over control was 16.8 and 31.4 during 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively. The net returns were Rs. 44568, Rs. 24061 and Rs. 35675, Rs. 10875 in IPDM plot and farmers practice plot during 2020-21 and 2021-22 respectively. The average cost benefit ratio was 1:2.23 and 1:1.87 in IPDM and farmers practice plot, respectively.

Roving Survey of Collar Rot Disease of Chickpea Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in Rajasthan, India

Roving Survey of Collar Rot Disease of Chickpea Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in Rajasthan, India

Integrated Management of Collar Rot of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii under Greenhouse Conditions

Collar rot, one of the major soil borne diseases of chickpea incited by Sclerotium rolfsii causes significant economic losses in chickpea crop. The present study was undertaken to identify the eco-friendly management of this soil borne disease in chickpea. In this study, the efficacy of chemical, biocontrol and biofumigation to manage the chickpea collar rot disease was tested under Greenhouse conditions. Our results revealed that the treatments involving the sole application of chemical fungicide Tebuconazole 60 FS (as seed treatment or soil application) or in combination with other treatments resulted in 100% germination of chickpea seeds. Two treatments namely T5 (SA of Tebuconazole 60 FS) and T12 (ST with Tebuconazole and SA of mustard seed cake) recorded 0.00% total mortality and hence found to be highly effective in protecting chickpea seeds from both pre emergence seed rot and post emergence seedling mortality.The results on the percent disease incidence revealed that, T10 (ST with Trichoderma spp and SA of mustard seed cake) provided maximum disease reduction of 81.93 per cent (PDI 12.04%) and 75.93 (PDI 24.07% ) per cent over the control at 30 and 45 DAS respectively. This was followed by Treatment T7 which exhibited 72.22 % (PDI 18.52%) and 69.45 % (PDI 30.55%) disease reduction over the control at 30 and 45 DAS respectively. Overall, the results of our study (considering both germination and percent disease incidence percentages), revealed that T7 (ST and SA of Trichoderma spp.) was the most effective treatment in managing the collar rot disease of chickpeas.

Classification and Severity Level Assessment of Fusarium Wilt Disease in Chickpeas using Convolutional Neural Network

Background: The fusarium wilt disease of chickpea leaves is a common illness that leads to economic problems for farmers due decreased crop yield. Early disease detection and the implementation of suitable precautions can help to increase the yield of chickpeas. This study offers an improved method for Fusarium wilt disease prediction based on severity level using a convolutional neural learning algorithm. Methods: The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is utilized in this work to identify leaf disease due to wilting. The dataset contains 4,339 images of chickpea leaves that were obtained from Kaggle. After preprocessing, the data is sent into the network model for training. The model shows acceptable classification and accuracy metrics. Result: Deep learning methods are very useful tools for tracking leaf diseases at their early stages and can help farmers with the use of controlling methods. The proposed work looks for changes in the shape and color of chickpea leaves in order to predict severe fusarium disease. Training and validation accuracies show a balanced trade-off by giving satisfactory outcomes. The model shows an overall accuracy of 74.79%. The confusion matrix and classification parameters increase the model’s performance.

An Emerging Disease of Chickpea, Basal Stem Rot Caused by Diaporthe aspalathi in China.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop worldwide. An emerging disease, basal stem rot with obvious wilt symptoms, was observed in the upper part of chickpea plants during the disease survey in Qiubei County of Yunnan Province. Three fungal isolates (ZD36-1, ZD36-2, and ZD36-3) were obtained from the diseased tissue of chickpea plants collected from the field. Those isolates were morphologically found to be similar to Diaporthe aspalathi. Molecular sequence analyses of multiple gene regions (ITS, tef1, tub2, cal, and his3) indicated that the three isolates showed a high identity with D. aspalathi. Pathogenicity and host range tests of the isolates were performed on the original host chickpea and eight other legume crops. The isolates were strongly pathogenic to chickpea and appeared highly pathogenic to soybean, cowpea, and mung bean; moderated or mild pathogenic to adzuki bean and common bean; however, the isolates did not cause symptoms on grass pea (Lathyrus sativus). Diaporthe aspalathi was previously reported as a main pathogen causing the southern stem canker in soybean. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. aspalathi inducing basal stem rot on chickpea worldwide.

Genetic Study and Temporal Dynamics of the Reaction to Ascochyta rabiei Epidemic in Improved Lines and Cultivars of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

ABSTRACTAscochyta blight is the most devastating worldwide disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph: Didymella rabiei) an airborne pathogenic fungus which is common in rainy climates and warm temperatures. Despite the efforts deployed by genetic improvement to develop highly resistant varieties, a total resistance to Ascochyta blight is lacking in chickpea. From 2015 to 2019 season, a study was carried out to develop highly resistant lines at the experimental station of the National Agronomical Institute of Tunis (INAT).In this genetic program, four crosses were realized: Nour x ILC154986, Nour x ILC154445, Béja1x ILC155064, and Béja1x ILC154449. Nour and Béja1 varieties were respectively tolerant and susceptible to Ascochyta blight and were used as female parents. The genetic study showed a total of six genes controlling the resistance to Ascochyta blight. The disease progress was analyzed under inoculation in the field on seven dates, and the plant infection rate r was recorded on the parental cultivars and the lines developed from crosses. The temporal progress of the disease was studied by using statistical and mathematical tools. A logistic model was tested and then applied to describe the Ascochyta rabiei progress over time in the field. The fitting adequacy of the logistic model was estimated by the determination coefficient R2 which value exceeded 0.98 and justified this selection. The logistic curves analysis showed a slow blighting and an infection progress decrease of lines issued from Béja1 x desi1 and Nour x Kabuli1 crosses. These lines obtained by transgressive segregation in the Nour x Kabuli1 and Beja1 x Desi2 populations can develop a stable resistance and prevent its overcoming.

Using RNA sequencing to unravel molecular changes underlying the defense response in chickpea induced by Phytophthora medicaginis.

Phytophthora root rot (PRR), caused by Phytophthora medicaginis, is a major soil-borne disease of chickpea in Australia. Breeding for PRR resistance is an effective approach to avoid significant yield loss. Genetic resistance has been identified in cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and in the wild relative C. echinospermum, with previous studies identifying independent genetic loci associated with each of these sources. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with PRR resistance are not known. RNA sequencing analysis employed in this study identified changes in gene expression in roots of three chickpea genotypes grown hydroponically, early post-infection with P. medicaginis zoospores. Analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEG) identified the activation of a higher number of non-specific R-genes in a PRR-susceptible variety than in the resistant genotypes, suggesting a whole plant resistance response occurring in chickpea against the pathogen. Contrasting molecular changes in signaling profiles, proteolysis and transcription factor pathways were observed in the cultivated and wild Cicer-derived resistant genotypes. DEG patterns supported a hypothesis that increased root elongation and reduced adventitious root formation limit the pathogen entry points in the genotype containing the wild Cicer source of PRR resistance. Candidate resistance genes, including an aquaporin and a maltose transporter in the wild Cicer source and GDSL esterases/lipases in the cultivated source of resistance, were oppositely regulated. Increased knowledge of these genes and pathways will improve our understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling PRR resistance in chickpea, and support the development of elite chickpea varieties through molecular breeding approaches.

Isolation, Purification and Pathogenicity Assessment of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp. ciceris Inciting Wilt Disease in Chickpea

The present study was conducted during rabi (November–March, 2022–23) at the Department of Plant Pathology and Central Instrumentation Cell, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India to isolate, purify and pathogenicity assessment of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp. ciceris inciting wilt disease in chickpea. The pathogen was isolated from infected chickpea and purified, with its cultural and morphological characteristics utilized for identification. The analysis revealed that pathogen grown on potato dextrose agar media exhibited traits consistent with Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp. ciceris, appearing as mycelium colour, texture, pigmentation, type and speed of growth as cultural characteristics and Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp. ciceris as possessing macroconidia, microconidia and chlamydospore as morphological characteristics. Furthermore, a pathogenicity test was conducted on the chickpea cultivar JG-62, cultivated in pots under controlled conditions within a net house was successfully satisfying Koch’s postulates. Because of its great nutritious content, chickpeas have risen to prominence. where it plays a significant role in ensuring food security and sustainability. However, wilt disease in chickpea remains a persistent threat, leading to substantial losses in both quantity and quality. To address this issue the investigation provided valuable insights into understanding the pathogen, thereby contributing to the development of cost-effective solutions for managing wilt disease in chickpea which helps in increasing crop yield to the chickpea growing farmers of Telangana.

Development and evaluation of Fusarium wilt-resistant and high-yielding chickpea advanced breeding line, KCD 11.

Fusarium wilt (FW) is the most severe soil-borne disease of chickpea that causes yield losses up to 100%. To improve FW resistance in JG 11, a high-yielding variety that became susceptible to FW, we used WR 315 as the donor parent and followed the pedigree breeding method. Based on disease resistance and yield performance, four lines were evaluated in station trials during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Kalaburagi, India. Further, two lines, namely, Kalaburagi chickpea desi 5 (KCD 5) and KCD 11, which possesses the resistance allele for a specific single-nucleotide polymorphism marker linked with FW resistance, were evaluated across six different locations (Bidar, Kalaburagi, Raichur, Siruguppa, Bhimarayanagudi and Hagari) over a span of 3 years (2020-2021, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023). KCD 11 exhibited notable performance, showcasing yield advantages of 8.67%, 11.26% and 23.88% over JG 11, and the regional checks Super Annigeri 1 (SA 1) and Annigeri 1, respectively, with enhanced FW resistance in wilt sick plot. Further, KCD 11 outperformed JG 11, SA 1 and Annigeri 1 in multi-location trials conducted across three seasons in the North Eastern Transition Zone, North Eastern Dry Zone, and North Dry Zones of Karnataka. KCD 11 was also tested in trials conducted by All India Coordinated Research Project on chickpea and was also nominated for state varietal trials for its release as a FW-resistant and high-yielding variety. The selected line is anticipated to cater the needs of chickpea growers with the dual advantage of yield increment and disease resistance.

Efficacy of Different Bioagents against Collar Rot Disease of Chickpea Incited by Sclerotium rolfsii under In vitro Conditions

Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne pathogen causes over 500 spp. in 100 families of agricultural and horticultural crops. Collar rot disease of chickpea caused by pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. First symptom associated with S. rolfsii are usually girdling or rotting at basal or collar region of the stem resulting yellowing and wilting of entire plant. In the current study, the seven microorganisms were evaluated by dual culture technique for their antagonistic effect against S. rolfsii under In-vitro conditions. Maximum mycelial growth inhibition (80.97%) was noticed in Trichoderma harzianum which was followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (74.04%). Least inhibition was observed in T. virens (45.53%). The results showed that the application of these bioagents were successfully decreases the disease incidence in chickpea.

Investigation of resistance using STMS markers against Ascochyta blight in the chickpea varieties

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a prominent legume plant, is an important agricultural plant that is widely grown both in Türkiye and around the world. Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungal phytopathogen Ascochyta rabiei, is one of the major causative agents responsible for yield reductions across the spectrum of chickpea diseases. The impact of diseases varies depending on crops, countries, seasons and cropping systems, and yield loss data collected under well-defined conditions is limited. It is noteworthy that this pathogen shows significant genetic diversity in Türkiye's agricultural environment. In light of this, this study aimed to conduct a research to determine the resistant/tolerant and susceptible genotypes of 34 certificated chickpea varieties grown in different regions of Türkiye by using Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Site (STMS) markers that are related to the genes that provide resistance against Ascochyta blight. The results obtained in this study showed that the primers Ta2, Ta146 and Ts54 used as STMS markers have distinctive features in providing highly effective results in the detection of resistant/tolerant and susceptible varieties of Ascochyta blight.

Efficient Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Marker-Assisted Selection to Fusarium Wilt in Chickpea

Fusarium wilt is one of the most destructive chickpea diseases worldwide. Race 5 (Foc5) is the most harmful in the Mediterranean basin. The primary objective of this study is to validate a block of six SNP markers previously mapped in Ca2 in a diverse panel of cultivars, advanced and inbred lines phenotyped for resistance to fusarium wilt. Additionally, we aim to assess the effectiveness of using these markers in the selection of resistant Foc5 lines in an ongoing breeding program. The results showed a 100% coincidence between phenotype and expected haplotype in plant material evaluated for Foc5. We also analyzed 67 inbred lines previously phenotyped by different authors for fusarium wilt reaction, though the specific race was not specified. In these accessions, 65.8% of the analyzed lines exhibited complete correspondence between the phenotype and haplotype. Our results suggest that in early generations it is possible to select resistant materials with reliability, leading to the removal of a significant number of lines, thereby reducing costs and facilitating the handling of materials for additional trait evaluations. Functional annotation of genes delimited by the SNP block revealed several genes in the “response to stimulus” category with potential roles in the resistance reaction.

Effects of bio consortium for the management of collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) disease of chickpea in vivo condition

A experiment was conducted in 2019-20 Rabi cropping season to obtain information on the incidence of chickpea diseases. The investigation was entitled effects of bio consortium for the management of collar rot (sclerotiumrolfsii) disease of chickpea in vivo condition was conducted, Department of Plant pathology JNKVV. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) concept comprising nine treatment combinations with three replications in net house condition.Effect of bio consortium against collar rot (Sclerotiumrolfsii) disease incidence on variety JG-12: Among the treatments minimum germination per cent 76.67 per cent was observed in T8. Maximum pre-emergence mortality 23.33 per cent was recorded in T8, Maximum disease incidence of 24.48 and 22.77 per cent was observed in T8 and minimum mortality 17.37% was recorded in T6. Effect of bio consortium on collar rot (Sclerotiumrolfsii) disease and phenotypic parameters on variety JG-12: Among the treatments minimum germination per cent 78.60 per cent was observed in T8, Maximum shoot height 24.33, 22.07, 20.07, 19.27, 16.37, 15.67, 14.23 and 13.30 cm were recorded in T6, Maximum root height 10.37 was recorded in T6, Maximum vigour index per cent of 3,274.21 was recorded in T6. Effect of bio consortium on collar rot (Sclerotiumrolfsii) disease incidence on variety JG-14: Among the treatments minimum germination per cent 77.78 per cent was observed in T8, Maximum pre-emergence mortality 22.22 per cent was recorded in T8, Maximum disease incidence of 24.27 per cent was observed in T8, minimum mortality 16.24 per cent was recorded in T6 (T. viride + T. harzianum + P. fluorescens).Effect of bio consortium on collar rot (Sclerotiumrolfsii) disease and phenotypic parameters on variety JG-14. Among the treatments minimum germination percent 80.68 per cent was observed in T8, Maximum shoot height 26.37 was recorded in T6, Maximum root length 11.53,was recorded in T6, Maximum vigour index percent of 3,658.07 was recorded in T6.

The efficacy of bio consortium of against S. rolfsii under in vitro conditions disease of chickpea

A experiment was conducted in 2019-20 Rabi cropping season to obtain information on the incidence of chickpea diseases. The investigation was entitled the efficacy of bio consortium of against S. rolfsii under in vitro conditions disease of chickpea was conducted, Department of Plant pathology JNKVV. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) concept comprising nine treatment combinations with three replications in vitro condition Dual culture technique was employed to test the efficacy of various bio consortiums. The maximum growth inhibition of Sclerotium rolfsii was recorded with T. viride + T. harzianum + P. fluorescens (65.74%). It is also found that treatment T. viride + T. harzianum + P. fluorescens are more efficient than other treatments according to the germination percentage, pre-emergence mortality, post-emergence mortality, phenotypic parameter and disease incidence.

Evaluation of biocontrol efficacy of rhizosphere dwelling bacteria for management of Fusarium wilt and Botrytis gray mold of chickpea

BackgroundChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production is affected by many biotic factors, among them Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri and Botrytis gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea led to severe losses. As fungicide application is not advisable, biological management is the best alternative for plant protection. The rhizosphere-dwelling antagonistic bacteria are one of the important successful alternative strategy to manage these diseases of chickpea. Rhizosphere dwelling bacteria serve as biocontrol agents by different mechanisms like producing antibiotics, different enzymes, siderophores against pathogens and thereby reducing the growth of pathogens.ResultsThe present study aimed to isolate rhizospheric bacteria from the soils of different chickpea fields to evaluate biocontrol efficacy of the isolated bacteria to manage Fusarium wilt and Botrytis gray mold in chickpea. A total of 67 bacteria were isolated from chickpea rhizosphere from Bundelkhand region of India. Study revealed the isolated bacteria could reduce the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and Botrytis cinerea infection in chickpea between 17.29 and 75.29%. After screening of all the bacteria for their biocontrol efficacy, 13 most promising bacterial isolates were considered for further study out of which, three bacterial isolates (15d, 9c and 14a) have shown the maximum in vitro antagonistic effects against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri and Botrytis cinerea comparable to in vivo effects. However, Isolate (15d) showed highest 87.5% and 82.69% reduction in disease against Fusarium wilt and Botrytis gray mold respectively, under pot condition. Three most potential isolates were characterized at molecular level using 16S rRNA gene and found to be Priestia megaterium (9c and 14a) and Serratia marcescens (15d).ConclusionThis study identified two native biocontrol agents Priestia megaterium and Serratia marcescens from the rhizospheric soils of Bundelkhand region of India for control of Fusarium wilt, Botrytis gray mold. In future, efforts should be made to further validate the biocontrol agents in conjugation with nanomaterials for enhancing the synergistic effects in managing the fungal diseases in chickpea. This study will definitely enhance our understanding of these bioagents, and to increase their performance by developing effective formulations, application methods, and integrated strategies.

Studies on survey and surveillance for the management of Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot of chickpea

A survey was conducted in 2019-20 Rabi cropping season to obtain information on the distribution and incidence of chickpea diseases. The was investigation entitled Studies on Survey and surveillance for the management of Sclerotiumrolfsii causing collar rot of chickpea was conducted, Department of Plant pathology JNKVV, Jabalpur. Survey was conducted in the following six Block in Jabalpur – Jabalpur, Panagar, Sihora, Sahpura, Patan and Manjholi. Chickpea varieties were selected on the basis of disease susceptibility viz., JG – 12 and JG – 14 Variety. The disease was prevalent in all the blocks surveyed. The disease incidence recorded in six block was ranged between 7.5 to 34.5 per cent. The highest disease incidence (34.5%) collar rot was noticed in fields of Jamuwa village in Patan block. Whereas, least (7.5%) incidence of the disease was recorded at Bhedaghat village in Jabalpur block.

Collection, isolation and sclerotial germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, an arising fungal pathogen causing stem rot disease in chickpea

Collection, isolation and sclerotial germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, an arising fungal pathogen causing stem rot disease in chickpea

Identification of bio-active compounds in indigenous <i>Trichoderma asperellem</i> against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>ciceris:</i> A causal agent of chickpea wilt

Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) is an important soil-borne disease and considered as most serious and widespread disease of chickpea throughout the world. Twenty indigenous isolates of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of chickpea in different geographic regions of Karnataka. Among twenty isolates, a higher concentration of volatile compounds was produced by TR-14 (72.22%) followed by TR-19 (66.67%) and TR-9 (65.93%). Further, the efficient strain that is TR-14 was identified as Trichoderma asperellum molecularly and was used to extract metabolites by using solvent extraction technique and subjected to GC-MS/MS analysis. The results have shown presence of twenty-nine compounds at different retention times ranging from 4.910 to 21.868 min. and the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio from 43 to 190. Out of twenty-nine compounds, the concentration of 2-Imidazol-1-ylmethyl-pyridine 1-oxide (C9H9N3O) was highest with the maximum area (14375440) and retention time (19.842). Apart from this compound, 7-Isopropylidene-5-methyl-2, 3-diazabicyclo (2.2.1) hept-5-ene-2,3 dicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester was present at the highest peak with a retention time of 20.021.