Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Research Articles

Air Pollution and Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk and Progression: Implications for the Mucosal Origins Hypothesis and Climate Change for RA Pathogenesis.

The goal of this review paper is to summarize the main research and findings regarding air pollution and its association with the risk and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The most studied components of air pollution included particulate matter of ≤ 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), PM10, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). In addition, specific occupations and occupational inhalants have been investigated for RA risk. Several studies showed that increased exposure to air pollutants increased the risk of developing RA, particularly seropositive RA. There was evidence of gene-inhalant interactions for seropositive RA risk. Fewer studies have been conducted on RA disease activity and bone erosions. Some studies suggest that patients with RA-associated interstitial lung disease may have worse outcomes if exposed to air pollution. We summarized associations between air pollution and increased RA risk, including RA-associated interstitial lung disease. Relatively few studies investigated air pollution and RA disease activity or other outcomes. These results suggest an important role of air pollution for seropositive RA development and suggest that climate change could be a driver in increasing RA incidence as air pollution increases.

Association between disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis and risk of complications following total hip arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundIdentifying rheumatoid arthritis patients at higher risk of complications after total hip arthroplasty could make perioperative management more effective. Here we examined whether disease activity is associated with risk of such complications.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data for 337 rheumatoid arthritis patients at our medical center who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty. Rheumatoid arthritis patients were categorized according to the simplified disease activity index (SDAI), the values of which at admission and follow-up were averaged together. Logistic regression was used to examine associations of mean SDAI with rates of dislocation, infection, periprosthetic fracture and aseptic loosening. As controls, 337 osteoarthritis patients who did not have systemic inflammation and who underwent the same procedure were matched across numerous clinicodemographic variables.ResultsAmong the 337 rheumatoid arthritis patients, 38 (11.3%) had postoperative complications, the rates of which varied significantly from 0 to 17.5% (p = 0.003) among the four subgroups whose disease activity based on mean SDAI was categorized as high, moderate, low or in remission. Each 1-unit increase in mean SDAI was associated with a significant increase in risk of postoperative complications (OR 1.015, 95% CI 1.001–1.029, p = 0.035). Across all rheumatoid arthritis patients, rate of complications did not differ significantly between patients who received disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs or other treatments. Rates of dislocation, of infection or of all postoperative complications combined were significantly lower among osteoarthritis controls than among rheumatoid arthritis patients.ConclusionGreater mean SDAI is associated with higher risk of dislocation, infection and composite postoperative complications after total hip arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis patients. These patients show a significantly higher rate of postoperative complications than osteoarthritis patients, likely reflecting the influence of systemic inflammation. Disease activity should be reduced as much as possible in rheumatoid arthritis patients before they undergo total hip arthroplasty.

Complete Description of the Three Pathways of the Complement System in a Series of 430 Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

The complement (C) system is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there is a lack of studies characterizing all three C pathways in RA patients. This study aimed to evaluate the association between an in-depth examination of the C system and RA patient characteristics, focusing on disease activity and the presence of rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA). In a cohort of 430 RA patients, functional assays of the three C pathways (classical, alternative, and lectin) and serum levels of their components were assessed. Components included C1q (classical); factor D and properdin (alternative); lectin (lectin); C1-inhibitor; C2, C4, and C4b (classical and lectin); C3, C3a, and C4b (common); and C5, C5a, and C9 (terminal). A multivariable linear regression analysis showed significant positive correlations between C-reactive protein and C system proteins and functional assays, especially in the terminal and common pathways. Disease activity, measured by scores with or without acute phase reactants, positively correlated with the classical pathway functional test and terminal pathway products. Conversely, rheumatoid factor or ACPA presence was associated with lower classical pathway values and decreased C3a and C4b levels, suggesting complement depletion. In conclusion, RA disease activity increases C molecules and functional complement assays, while rheumatoid factor or ACPA positivity is linked to C consumption. Our study offers a detailed analysis of the complement system’s role in RA, potentially guiding the development of more targeted and effective treatment strategies.

Efficacy and safety of sarilumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis stratified by age (

This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of sarilumab in older patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This is a post-hoc analysis of KAKEHASI (NCT02293902) and HARUKA (NCT02373202) trials with stratification by age (<65 and ≥65 years). Patients with moderately-to-severely active RA were treated with sarilumab in combination with methotrexate (MTX) or with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) or as monotherapy. The primary endpoints in KAKEHASI and HARUKA trials were the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) responses at Week 24 and safety, respectively. Secondary endpoints were other RA disease activity measures, including Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Approximately 20% of patients were aged ≥65 years in treatment arms across both trials, except the sarilumab+csDMARDs arm (40%, 12/30). ACR20 response rates were similar between age groups across sarilumab treatment arms and similar results were obtained for CDAI scores. Safety profiles were similar between age groups except for a higher incidence of serious adverse events in patients aged ≥65 years in the sarilumab+MTX arm. In Japanese patients with RA enrolled in phase 3 studies for sarilumab, no clear difference in efficacy or safety was observed between patients aged <65 and ≥65 years.

Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the biosimilar etanercept compared to the reference formulation original etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: An open-label, randomized, comparative, multicenter study.

The objective of this phase III clinical randomized trial was to establish the therapeutic equivalence of biosimilar etanercept (bio-etanercept) with original etanercept (O-etanercept) for patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. The study (NCT04079374) enrolled patients with moderate to high disease activity rheumatoid arthritis. Enrolled patients were randomized 1:1 into 2 treatment groups, 1 receiving bio-etanercept (study drug) and the other receiving O-etanercept (comparator) at a dose of 25mg twice weekly, for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the number of patients with an ACR20 response after 24 weeks of treatment. Safety (adverse reaction/adverse event) and immunogenicity of both drugs were evaluated. Among 156 patients (79 in the bio-etanercept group and 77 in the O-etanercept group) who completed 24-week treatment and 4-week follow-up, 82.3% (65 patients) and 90.9% (70 patients) achieved an ACR20 response in the bio-etanercept and O-etanercept groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P = .16). No significant differences in the occurrence of adverse reactions/adverse events were found between the 2 groups regardless of severity (P = .63 for mild, P = .43 for moderate and P > .99 for severe). The development of antibodies in the bio-etanercept group was observed in 4 (5.1%; visit 6), 4 (5.0%; visit 9), and 3 (3.8%; visit 11) patients, and in 5 (6.4%), 5 (6.5%), and 3 (4.1%) patients in the O-etanercept group. The differences between the 2 groups were not significant (P > .99). This study showed that bio-etanercept was equivalent to the reference formulation.

Association of X-ray disease stage with basic patient data, laboratory values and treatment modalities in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Aim&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; To investigate whether the radiographic progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) correlates with inflammatory markers and other laboratory values, and its association with treatment modalities.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Methods&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; This observational study included 125 patients with seropositive RA. Data were obtained from patients&amp;amp;rsquo; medical records from the year of 2022. Inclusion criteria were patients with seropositive RA who had attended follow-up with a rheumatologist. Basic patient data were collected: gender, age, duration of RA, hospital admission, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and X-ray stage of RA. Stages of RA are defined by the American College of Rheumatology and they ranged from stage 1, which represents no de-structive changes on X-ray, up to stage 4 where bony or fibrous ankylosis is present.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; There were no differences in X-ray stages of RA between genders. Patients with a higher X-ray stage were younger and had a longer duration of illness. Patients in stages III and IV had higher systolic blood pressure (BP), patients in stage IV had higher diastolic BP. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were higher in X-ray stages II-IV compared to stage I. The patients treated with methotrexate had higher radio-graphic stages.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; X-ray changes can be associated with CRP and ESR levels, since structural damage is related to RA disease activity and functional disability. The use of newer treatment modalities may be required to stop the radiographic progression of RA.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Impact of concomitant methotrexate on disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis tapering abatacept: results from KOBIO registry.

Tapering biologic agents can be considered for patients with stable disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the specific strategy for abatacept is uncertain. This study aimed to examine the impact of tapering abatacept on disease activity in RA patients and assess the potential influence of concomitant methotrexate (MTX) treatment. Using data from the KOBIO registry, we included 505 1 year intervals from 176 patients with RA that initiated abatacept with concomitant MTX at baseline. The intervals were divided into two groups based on the dose quotient (DQ) of abatacept during each period (i.e., the tapering group (DQ < 1) and control group (DQ = 1)). The primary outcome was achieving DAS28-remission at 1 year intervals. Marginal structural models (MSM) were used to minimize confounding caused by an imbalance in time-varying variables. Abatacept was tapered at 146 (28.9%) intervals, and the mean DQ was 0.68. DAS28-remission was achieved in 207 (41.8%) intervals. Tapering abatacept did not affect the odds of achieving DAS28-remission compared with the control group (OR 1.04 [0.67-1.62]). The odds remained unaffected in the subgroup that continued MTX (OR 1.42 [0.88-2.30]) but not in the subgroup that discontinued MTX (OR 0.26 [0.10-0.57]). The effects of interaction between tapering abatacept and concomitant MTX use on DAS28 and patient's functional status showed consistent results. The incidence of adverse events within a 1 year interval was comparable between the two groups. Withdrawal of MTX while tapering abatacept may compromise meeting the treatment goal for patients with RA.

Syndecan-1 Levels in Females with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background: The relationship between serum glycoprotein syndecan-1 and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum syndecan-1 concentrations are associated with moderate/severe disease activity. Methods: Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Seventy-five adult women with RA were classified into (a) moderate/severe RA based on the disease activity score, using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR ≥ 3.2, n = 50), and (b) RA in remission (DAS28-ESR < 2.6, n = 25). Twenty-five healthy women were taken as the reference group. Syndecan-1 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High values of serum syndecan-1 levels (≥24 ng/mL) were used to identify the utility values of this biomarker. Results: The patients with RA had higher levels of syndecan-1 than the controls (p < 0.001). RA patients with active disease had higher syndecan-1 levels than RA patients in remission (57.6 vs. 23.5 ng/mL, respectively; p = 0.002). High syndecan-1 concentrations demonstrated the following utility values for identifying disease activity: sensitivity, 84% (95%CI: 71-93); specificity, 52% (95%CI: 31-72); positive predictive value, 78% (95%CI: 70-84); and negative predictive value, 62% (95%CI: 44-77). Conclusions: High syndecan-1 levels have good sensitivity and positive predictive value for identifying disease activity; however, their specificity is limited. Future prospective studies are needed to assess whether syndecan-1 levels can predict treatment failure in RA.

The impact of periodontitis and periodontal treatment on rheumatoid arthritis outcomes: an exploratory clinical trial.

Studies suggest rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients could benefit from periodontal treatment. However, published data are inconsistent, and there is a need for better-controlled research. Our study aims to address these limitations. In this exploratory randomised delayed-start study, 22 RA patients with moderate/severe periodontitis were subjected to full-mouth debridement. Periodontal and rheumatological assessments, including measuring anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (CCP2) IgG levels, were performed at baseline (V1), 2 months (V2) and 6 months (V3) after step 1 and 2 of periodontal therapy. Primary outcome was changes in disease activity score for 28 joints (DAS28) between V2 and V1. Secondary outcomes were changes in other rheumatological or periodontal clinical parameters (V2 or V3-V1). RA disease activity was significantly higher in RA patients with severe periodontitis compared to moderate periodontitis at baseline, with significant positive correlations between several rheumatological and periodontal parameters. After periodontal treatment, RA patients with severe, but not moderate, periodontitis demonstrated significant improvements in DAS28 (ΔV2-V1, p = 0.042; ΔV3-V1, p = 0.001) and significant reduction in anti-CCP2 IgG levels at V3 (p = 0.032). Periodontal treatment is locally effective in patients with RA and impacts RA disease activity and anti-CCP2 antibody levels in patients with severe periodontitis. Hence, our data suggest that periodontal assessment and treatment should be integrated in the management of RA patients within a treat-to-target strategy. www.isrctn.com, ISRCTN 17950307.

Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals cell subsets and gene signatures associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management lean toward achieving remission or low-disease activity. In this study, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 36 individuals (18 RA patients and 18 matched controls, accounting for age, sex, race, and ethnicity), to identify disease-relevant cell subsets and cell type-specific signatures associated with disease activity. Our analysis revealed 18 distinct PBMC subsets, including an IFITM3 overexpressing Interferon-activated (IFN-activated) monocyte subset. We observed an increase in CD4+ T effector memory cells in patients with moderate to high disease activity (DAS28-CRP ≥ 3.2), and a decrease in non-classical monocytes in patients with low disease activity or remission (DAS28-CRP < 3.2). Pseudobulk analysis by cell type identified 168 differentially expressed genes between RA and matched controls, with a downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes in the gamma-delta T cells subset, alteration of genes associated with RA predisposition in the IFN-activated subset, and non-classical monocytes. Additionally, we identified a gene signature associated with moderate-high disease activity, characterized by upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes such as TNF, JUN, EGR1, IFIT2, MAFB, G0S2, and downregulation of genes including HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB5, TNFSF13B. Notably, cell-cell communication analysis revealed an upregulation of signaling pathways, including VISTA, in both moderate-high and remission-low disease activity contexts. Our findings provide valuable insights into the systemic cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying RA disease activity.

New Insight into the Effects of Different Types of Midfoot and Hindfoot Deformities on the Functional Outcomes of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

In advanced stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the pattern of joint involvement leads to varied types of foot deformities such as forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot deformities. We aim to evaluate midfoot and hindfoot deformities and their effect on functional outcomes in RA patients. In this prospective cross-sectional study clinical and radiological evaluations of 100 adult RA patients were studied for midfoot and hindfoot deformities. The RA disease activity, functional disability level, specific foot and ankle assessments, gait speed, and balance tests were assessed. Radiological examinations of the weight-bearing feet in a standing position were done. We found that the most frequent deformity type was the planovalgus foot (24%). There were statistically significant differences between the types of foot deformities and disease duration, disease activity, falls, Tinetti and Berg balance Test, and health assessment questionnaire-disability index. The multivariate regression analysis of independent correlates of falling detected that patients with equinovarus deformity were 2.5 times more liable for falling with 63.5% predictive power. According to the predictive criteria of deformity type for falling, the equinocavovarus type had accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 91%, 84.5%, 98.5%, 99%, and 84%, respectively. We found in RA patients, midfoot and hindfoot deformities cause a significant reduction of functional ability and quality of life. The early detection of foot deformities requires a good awareness of the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of different types of deformities thus reducing the possible functional disabilities via early management by combined orthotic, physiotherapy, and surgical treatments. Level of Clinical Evidence4

External Validation of the Machine Learning-Based Thermographic Indices for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.

External validation is crucial in developing reliable machine learning models. This study aimed to validate three novel indices-Thermographic Joint Inflammation Score (ThermoJIS), Thermographic Disease Activity Index (ThermoDAI), and Thermographic Disease Activity Index-C-reactive protein (ThermoDAI-CRP)-based on hand thermography and machine learning to assess joint inflammation and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A 12-week prospective observational study was conducted with 77 RA patients recruited from rheumatology departments of three hospitals. During routine care visits, indices were obtained at baseline and week 12 visits using a pre-trained machine learning model. The performance of these indices was assessed cross-sectionally and longitudinally using correlation coefficients, the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. ThermoDAI and ThermoDAI-CRP correlated with CDAI, SDAI, and DAS28-CRP cross-sectionally (ρ = 0.81; ρ = 0.83; ρ = 0.78) and longitudinally (ρ = 0.55; ρ = 0.61; ρ = 0.60), all p < 0.001. ThermoDAI and ThermoDAI-CRP also outperformed Patient Global Assessment (PGA) and PGA + C-reactive protein (CRP) in detecting changes in 28-swollen joint counts (SJC28). ThermoJIS had an AUROC of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.76) for detecting patients with swollen joints and effectively identified patients transitioning from SJC28 > 1 at baseline visit to SJC28 ≤ 1 at week 12 visit. These results support the effectiveness of ThermoJIS in assessing joint inflammation, as well as ThermoDAI and ThermoDAI-CRP in evaluating disease activity in RA patients.

Correlations between rheumatoid arthritis severity and thyroid dysfunction: insights from a cohort study on treatment patterns and hypothyroidism prevalence

Thyroid dysfunction may exacerbate the systemic inflammatory condition known as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this cross-sectional study, 53 patients' thyroid function tests (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free T4, Free T3) and RA activity scores (including the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28)) were correlated with lifestyle variables including smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Results indicate that TSH levels and RA severity are strongly positively correlated (correlation coefficients: 0.85 for HAQ and 0.89 for DAS28); on the other hand, levels of Free T4 and Free T3 were negatively correlated with RA severity. With just one case of overt hypothyroidism, the bulk of the sample (87%) received a diagnosis of hypothyroidism, most of it subclinical. These results emphasize the need of include thyroid function monitoring into RA treatment plans and imply that lifestyle variables as well as thyroid hormone levels should be taken into account in the all-encompassing care of RA patients.

Decoding the Correlation Between Inflammatory Response Marker Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive Protein (CRP) With Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Excessive interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) leads to joint destruction, inflammation, and systemic symptoms. IL-6 inhibitors alleviate symptoms. C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammation biomarker, correlates with RA activity. In this study, we assessIL-6 and CRP levels in RA patients to understand their association with disease activity. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in central Indiafor 15 months, from July 2022 to September 2023. The study involved 75 participants diagnosed with RA and receiving outpatient treatment. Exclusion criteria included anti-IL-6 drug treatment, bedridden individuals, proxy patients, and those without consent. Disease activity was assessed using the 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28), while IL-6 and CRP levels were measured following the standard procedures. The average CRP levels were found to be 51.67 ± 47.49 mg/L, while IL-6 levels averaged 65.16 ± 43.67 pg/ml. The results revealed a substantial positive correlation between IL-6 levels and DAS28 (r = 0.603, p value < 0.001), indicating a significant association. Additionally, a moderate correlation between CRP levels and DAS28 (r = 0.493, p value < 0.001) highlighted a significant relationship between these variables. The analysis showed that higher IL-6 levels were associated with increased disease activity and suggested IL-6 as a valuable indicator for assessing RA severity. Also, CRP levels had a moderate correlation with disease activity. Overall, IL-6 is a better marker for disease activity when compared to CRP levels in patients with RA.

Early predictive factors in routine clinical practice for rituximab therapy response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Identifying early predictive factors of how rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients respond to rituximab (RTX) treatment is crucial for both individual treatment outcome and the improvement of clinical practice overall. This study aimed to identify early predictive factors available in standard clinical practice for predicting RTX treatment outcomes in RA patients. Data on seventy patients diagnosed with RA treated with RTX (two 1,000 mg doses 2 weeks apart or two 500 mg doses 2 weeks apart) were retrospectively collected. Baseline information collected at the initiation of RTX treatment included patient characteristics such as age, sex, disease duration, disease activity, Health Assessment Questionnaire score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and serological status regarding rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Clinical responses were analyzed 6 months after RTX initiation using the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology criteria. Potential predictors associated with positive RTX response at 6 months were identified using a multivariate ordinal logistic regression model. The analysis showed that persistently active RA disease, Disease Activity Score with 28-joint count (DAS28) values at the treatment onset and after 3 months, along with erythrocyte sedimentation rate at treatment initiation, were negatively correlated with the response to RTX therapy (p < 0.05). All these correlations were statistically significant at the 99% confidence interval. The correlation and logistic regression analyses indicate that there are no significant association between RF and ACPA concerning therapy response, despite a higher number of RTX responders in the seropositive groups. Additionally, the study emphasizes the prognostic significance of the DAS28 value at treatment initiation in predicting therapy response at 6 months. The optimal model for predicting RTX response at 6 months involves the interaction of all clinical factors examined in this study, as revealed by the analysis of multiple variables.

Role of Cathepsin G in Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis and Disease Activity Evaluation

Role of Cathepsin G in Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis and Disease Activity Evaluation

Time-domain diffuse optical imaging technique for monitoring rheumatoid arthritis disease activity: experimental validation in tissue-mimicking finger phantoms

Objective. Effective treatment within 3–5 months of disease onset significantly improves rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prognosis. Nevertheless, 30% of RA patients fail their first treatment, and it takes 3–6 months to identify failure with current monitoring techniques. Time-domain diffuse optical imaging (TD-DOI) may be more sensitive to RA disease activity and could be used to detect treatment failure. In this report, we present the development of a TD-DOI hand imaging system and validate its ability to measure simulated changes in RA disease activity using tissue-mimicking finger phantoms. Approach. A TD-DOI system was built, based on a single-pixel camera architecture, and used to image solid phantoms which mimicked a proximal interphalangeal finger joint. For reference, in silico images of virtual models of the solid phantoms were also generated using Monte Carlo simulations. Spatiotemporal Fourier components were extracted from both simulated and experimental images, and their ability to distinguish between phantoms representing different RA disease activity was quantified. Main results. Many spatiotemporal Fourier components extracted from TD-DOI images could clearly distinguish between phantoms representing different states of RA disease activity. Significance. A TD-DOI system was built and validated using finger-mimicking solid phantoms. The findings suggest that the system could be used to monitor RA disease activity. This single-pixel TD-DOI system could be used to acquire longitudinal measures of RA disease activity to detect early treatment failure.

Time-domain diffuse optical imaging technique for monitoring rheumatoid arthritis disease activity: theoretical development and in silico validation

Objective. Effective early treatment—within 3–5 months of disease onset—significantly improves rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prognosis. Nevertheless, 1 in 3 patients experiences treatment failure which takes 3–6 months to detect with current monitoring techniques. The aim of this work is to develop a method for extracting quantitative features from data obtained with time-domain diffuse optical imaging (TD-DOI), and demonstrate their sensitivity to RA disease activity. Approach. 80 virtual phantoms of the proximal interphalangeal joint—obtained from a realistic tissue distribution derived from magnetic resonance imaging—were created to simulate RA-induced alterations in 5 physiological parameters. TD-DOI images were generated using Monte Carlo simulations, and Poisson noise was added to each image. Subsequently, each image was convolved with an instrument response function (IRF) to mimic experimental measurements. Various spatiotemporal features were extracted from the images (i.e. statistical moments, temporal Fourier components), corrected for IRF effects, and correlated with the disease index (DI) of each phantom. Main results. Spatiotemporal Fourier components of TD-DOI images were highly correlated with DI despite the confounding effects of noise and the IRF. Moreover, lower temporal frequency components ( ⩽ 0.4 GHz) demonstrated greater sensitivity to small changes in disease activity than previously published spatial features extracted from the same images. Significance. Spatiotemporal components of TD-DOI images may be more sensitive to small changes in RA disease activity than previously reported DOI features. TD-DOI may enable earlier detection of RA treatment failure, which would reduce the time needed to identify treatment failure and improve patient prognosis.

Correlation of DAS 28 Score and Treatment Compliance with Depression and Anxiety in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by synovial inflammation, joint destruction, and significant disability. Psychological factors, particularly depression and anxiety, are prevalent among RA patients and can impact disease management and treatment adherence. Understanding the relationship between disease activity, treatment compliance, and mental health is essential for comprehensive RA management. Objective: To investigate the correlation between Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) and treatment compliance with levels of depression and anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, over six months. A total of 130 RA patients were enrolled using non-probability convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria were adults aged 18 years and above, diagnosed with RA based on ACR/EULAR criteria, and compliant with medication for at least three months prior to the study. Exclusion criteria included other autoimmune diseases, significant concurrent medical conditions, history of substance abuse, and recent initiation of biologic treatments. Data collection involved demographic details, RA onset and duration, and assessments of depression and anxiety using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scales, respectively. RA disease activity was measured using DAS28, and systemic inflammation markers (ESR and CRP) were recorded. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0, employing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to determine the relationships between variables. Results: The study included 59 males (45.4%) and 71 females (54.6%), with a mean age of 49.69 years (SD = 18.82). The mean duration of RA diagnosis was 14.07 years (SD = 8.69). Higher PHQ-9 scores were associated with lower treatment adherence (B = -1.264, p &lt; 0.001), and higher GAD-7 scores also negatively impacted adherence (B = 0.870, p &lt; 0.01). The regression model explained 40.3% of the variance in treatment adherence (R² = 0.403, F(7, 122) = 11.779, p &lt; 0.001). Weak negative correlations were observed between DAS28 ESR and treatment adherence (r = -0.150), indicating that higher disease activity slightly reduced adherence. Conclusion: The study highlighted the significant role of mental health in the management of RA. Depression and anxiety were found to be major barriers to treatment adherence, underscoring the need for integrating psychological care into RA management. Addressing mental health issues could enhance treatment adherence and improve overall disease outcomes. Keywords: Rheumatoid Arthritis, DAS28, Treatment Adherence, Depression, Anxiety, Psychological Factors, Systemic Inflammation, PHQ-9, GAD-7, Chronic Disease Management, SPSS 25.0, Cross-Sectional Study, ACR/EULAR Criteria

Prevalence and Characteristics of Adults with Difficult-to-Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Large Patient Registry.

An estimated 5-20% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fail multiple treatments and are considered "difficult-to-treat" (D2T), posing a substantial clinical challenge for rheumatologists. A European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) task force proposed a definition of D2T-RA in 2021. We applied EULAR's D2T definition in a cohort of patients with established RA to assess prevalence and we compared clinical characteristics of participants with D2T-RA with matched comparisons. Data from the longitudinal Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) registry was used. Participants were classified as D2T if they met EULAR's definition. A comparison group of non-D2T RA patients were matched 2:1 to every D2T patient, and differences in characteristics were evaluated in descriptive analyses. Prevalence rates of D2T were estimated using Poisson regression. We estimated the prevalence of D2T-RA to be 14.4 (95% CI: 12.8-16.3 per 100 persons) among 1,581 participants with RA, and 22.3 (95% CI: 19.9-25.0 per 100 persons) among 1,021 who were biologic/targeted synthetic DMARD experienced. We observed several differences in demographics, comorbidities, and RA disease activity between D2T-RA and non-D2T RA comparisons. Varying EULAR sub-criteria among all participants in BRASS resulted in a range of D2T-RA prevalence rates, from 0.6-17.5 per 100 persons. EULAR's proposed definition of D2T-RA identifies patients with RA who have not achieved treatment targets. Future research should explore heterogeneity in these patients and evaluate outcomes to inform the design of future studies aimed at developing more effective RA management protocols.