Factorial Discriminant Analysis Research Articles

Phenotypic diversity of rice bean collection [<i>Vigna umbellata</i> (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi] in Burkina Faso based on quantitative traits

Ricebean (Vigna umbellata) is a multipurpose legume known for its richness in protein, minerals and vitamins. It is a plant used in soil protection and as green manure with nutritious fodder. Although very important, rice bean is a neglected and underutilized grain legume. In Burkina Faso, few studies have been carried out on this crop of interest. It is in this sense that this present study aimed at analysing the phenotypic diversity of the ricebean collection. The experiment was conducted at Farako-Bâ a research station in a randomized complete block design with three (3) replications. The accessions were evaluated on fifteen (15) quantitative variables. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.001). The diversity analysis carried out with the quantitative traits revealed strong correlations between these traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed 70.80% of total variability. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) structured the accessions into four distinct groups, corroborated by discriminant factor analysis (DFA). Accessions R80, R85 distinguished themselves with both a short cycle and a better quantitative production of seeds and fodder. These early accessions, productive in seeds and fodder, could be exploited within the framework of future ricebean improvement programs.

Assessment of food safety risk using machine learning-assisted hyperspectral imaging: Classification of fungal contamination levels in rice grain

A rapid and nondestructive assessment of food safety risk using machine learning-assisted hyperspectral imaging was developed for classification of fungal contamination in brown rice grain. Brown rice was inoculated with Penicillium. The fungal infected rice was then mixed with healthy rice to obtain 0 %, 5 %, 25 %, 50 % and 100 % (w/w) contamination of infected rice. Volatile compounds including pentamethyl-heptane, decane, dodecane, 3-octanone, and 1-octen-3-ol were found in fungal infected rice, as analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The HSI system was used to collect spectral reflectance and spatial data of the samples covering the wavelength range of 400–1000 nm. The hypercubed data were analyzed using machine learning algorithms, including principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant factor analysis (DFA) and support vector machine (SVM). Using PCA for data reduction, 3 principal components were extracted with a cumulative variance of 90.53 %. DFA (linear and quadratic algorithms) and SVM (linear, quadratic, cubic, and Gaussian algorithms) were then used to classify the samples. HSI integrated with Gaussian SVM gave 93.4% accuracy which was best for classifying rice with different percentages of contamination. The image analysis gave a pseudo-color distribution map which facilitated the visualization of the contaminated rice by presenting data in an uncomplicated image. The machine learning-assisted HSI can be used as a rapid, nondestructive and chemical-free tool for an assessment of food safety risk for rice grain.

Peer-Assessment Academic Integrity Scale (PAAIS-24)

This study aims to develop an academic integrity scale to help lecturers evaluate the academic integrity of university students with peer-assessment learning experiences using the ADDIE research and development method. Twenty-four items were designed using the concepts of academic integrity; honesty, trust, fairness, respect, responsibility, and courage validated by six raters and tested on 520 students from various universities in Indonesia. Testing content validity using the Aiken-V formula, construct validity testing using discriminant indexes, factor analysis (Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis), and concurrent validity testing by correlating PAAIS-24 with the developed Academic Integrity Scale. While the reliability test used Cronbach's alpha formula. The study results proved that each item of content validity meets with an Aiken value >0.80; on construct validity testing, the discriminant index value is >0.50, and the EFA and CFA loading factor values are >0.50. In addition, the model is appropriate because the theoretical model of PAAIS-24 is in accordance with empirical data. Whereas in reliability testing, Cronbach's alpha value is 0.95. Lastly, PAAIS-24 is one of the credible instruments. It contributes to developing knowledge that assists lecturers in measuring, assessing, and evaluating student academic integrity based on peer-assessment to promote increased academic performance. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-02-09 Full Text: PDF

Assessments of groundwater recharge process and residence time using hydrochemical and isotopic tracers under arid climate: Insights from Errachidia basin (Central-East Morocco)

The aquifer systems in the Errachidia basin, located to the south of the High Atlas limestone, are constituted by three superimposed and exploitable aquifers (Senonian, Turonian, and Infracenomanian). These aquifers hold economic significance for the central-east region of Morocco. This area experiences an arid to Saharan climate characterized by low precipitation, high temperatures, and very high evaporation. It is one of the most exposed and vulnerable regions to climate change in Morocco. The low local rainfall cannot explain the recharge of the deep aquifers. However, the significant spring discharges from these aquifers indicate the existence of other recharge contributions.The aim of this study is to elucidate the recharge processes of the Cretaceous aquifers in the investigated basin, clarify hydraulic relationships between them and the Jurassic aquifers of the High Atlas Mountains and estimate the residence time of groundwaters. Water samples from aquifers are collected and analyzed for chemical and isotopic elements. Several statistical methods (SOM, discriminant factorial analysis, CPA) are employed. The results reveal that many samples from different aquifers exhibit clear similarities in chemical characteristics, providing evidence of water transfer between aquifers. Isotopic findings are consistent with chemical characterization and mineralization anomalies.Recharge of the investigated aquifers originates from the Jurassic limestone of the High Atlas Mountains, facilitated by the karstic nature of the Jurassic in contact with the permeable formations of the Cretaceous basin. Age dating results, using 3H and 14C values, confirm that most of the investigated groundwater results from a mixing of old and recent recharges. This process of groundwater renewability is relevant. All the findings are valuable for decision-makers to enhance their understanding of the aquifer system's functioning and inform sustainable management strategies for future sustainability.

Autonomy of Nursing Students: Methodological Study of Validation of the PALOP Scale Portuguese Short Version.

The cultivation of critical thinking and decision-making skills promotes student autonomy. Only a few instruments measure nursing students' autonomy, and the PALOP® Scale is one of them. This study aimed to semantically and culturally adapt the PALOP® Scale to European Portuguese and assess the psychometric properties of a short version. A methodological study was conducted with 530 second and fourth-year undergraduate nursing students. Content validity was assessed using exploratory and discriminant factor analysis, and reliability was determined through analyses of internal consistency, temporal stability, and floor and ceiling effects. The analysis of the psychometric properties of a short version of the PALOP®-PT Scale revealed complete agreement (100%) among panel members for content validity. The scale also showed discriminative capacity among second- and fourth-year students (t (528) = -7.907, p < 0.001) with a five-factor structure, with a total explained variance of 57.2%. Reliability analysis showed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.935) and moderate temporal stability (95% ICC (3.1) = 0.520 [0.290-0.693], p < 0.01). The short version of the PALOP®-PT Scale is a promising tool to assess nursing students' perceived autonomy and identify necessary adjustments to their professional identity.

Study of the Population Variability of Two Chrysichthys Species in Six Aquatic Ecosystems in Côte d'Ivoire

In Côte d'Ivoire, the genus Chrysichthys are subject to intense exploitation pressure and may be threatened by overfishing. The establishment of a sustainable management program for this resource requires in-depth knowledge of this fish. The population relationships were determined by evaluating the morphological variability of the two species of the subgenus Chrysichthys, which was identified in six rivers. Forty-one morphological measurements were carried out on 167 specimens of the species C. maurus and 160 specimens of the species C. nigrodigitatus. These descriptors were subjected to discriminant factor analysis and classification analysis. Within the C. maurus species, specimens from the Bia River and the Aby Lagoon show few morphological differences. These two populations are distinct from the Ebrié Lagoon and the Bandama River. Specimens of the species C. nigrodigitatus can be divided into three distinct groups. The Bia River population occupies an intermediate position between the lot formed by the Agneby River and the Ebrié Lagoon populations and the lot formed by the Bandama River, the Aby Lagoon, and the Grand-Lahou Lagoon populations. Within each lot, the specimens show a great morphological resemblance (similarity). The similarities of the subgenus Chrysichthys could be explained by a potential capacity for exchange of individuals between rivers. The differences between populations would indicate the probable existence of phenotypic plasticity linked to their environment.

Analysis of umami taste and their contributing compounds in edible fungi based on electronic tongue, sensory evaluation, and chemical analysis.

Edible fungi are rich in nutrients and have unique umami taste, which varies with genotypes, growth conditions, and harvest time. In this study, umami compounds in 12 species of edible fungi are analyzed and identified by electronic tongue. Through principal component analysis and discriminant factor analysis, these 2 methods could be successfully distinguished the variety of 12 edible fungi. Besides, the umami intensity of edible fungi soup is also evaluated by sensory and chemical analysis methods, for example, Tricholoma matsutake is 5.60±0.34 and 5.17±0.38, Coprinus comatus is 7.70±0.23 and 9.83±0.34 through sensory evaluation and electronic tongue respectively, followed by establishing the correlation from the response data by PLS (partial least squares analysis). According to the PLS model, with a correlation coefficients of calibration models greater than 0.7 and the low root mean square error of calibration and root mean square error of prediction values, the results correlate well with each other. Therefore, we can indicate that the electronic tongue is able to analyze and evaluate the umami intensity of edible fungi to some extent.

Automatic characterization and quantitative analysis of seismic facies in naturally fractured reservoir: Case study of Amguid Messaoud field, Algeria

Purpose. Natural fractured reservoirs are a special category of reservoirs due to the effects of porosity and permeability. Optimizing the exploitation of hydrocarbon reserves in this type of reservoir requires a specific study compared to other conventional reservoirs. Methods. We have focused on the quantitative analysis of seismic traces for the purpose of an automatic seismic facies recognition strategy. The study area, the Amguid-Messaoud Basin, is formed by a series of horsts and grabens bounded by submeridional “North-East and South-West” faults, as well as perpendicular “North-West and South-East” faults with-out outcrops of fractures, which have a great influence on reservoir fracturing. A set of statistical data analysis methods, such as principal component analysis, discriminant factor analysis, and automatic classification, have been tested on real data from geophysical seismic data interpretation, in particular the stratigraphic interpretation. Findings. The results obtained show a better use of data, which, however, are of a different nature, leading to a reliable interpretation of the geological environment. Originality. The methodology proved to be useful for constructing a reservoir model and predicting the geological properties of the reservoir along a field. Practical implications. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the best use of data, which, however, are of a different nature, which leads to a reliable interpretation of the geological environment. These methods have proved to be very useful for constructing a reservoir model and predicting the geological properties of the latter along a field.

Discriminant Analysis of the Prognostic Factors for Hearing Outcomes in Patients with Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

This study aims to determine and assess prognostic variables that might affect the hearing result in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss following intratympanic steroid injection. In total, 190 patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss received intratympanic steroid injection. Two hearing indices (recovery and nonrecovery) will be analyzed as dependent variables; patient's age, time period between the onset of hearing loss and treatment, initial level of hearing (hearing loss pre), type of audiogram curve (upsloping, downsloping, and flat), presence of vertigo, presence of tinnitus, and diabetes) will be analyzed as prognostic factor variables. Recovery was seen in 72% of the patients. Different preinjection audiogram curves and hearing grades had a significant effect on recovery, absence of vestibular symptoms and no diabetic history were noted to have a good prognosis. Delay in treatment by more than 30 days from the onset of hearing loss was associated with a worse prognosis. Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss associated with late treatment plan more than 1 month, presence of vertigo, diabetes, and profound prehearing loss were negative prognostic factors. Whereas age, gender, and presence of tinnitus did not affect prognosis. More stable response was obtained when intratympanic steroids were added within 1 month after diagnosis, and the patient presented with mild or moderate hearing loss grade, flat or downsloping pure tone audiometery curve, and absence of vertigo and nondiabetic with significantly good results.

Automatic recognition of food bacteria using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics: A comparative study of multivariate models

Food safety is the foundation of trust for food stakeholders. Contamination, especially from biological sources, at food processing plants can threaten this foundation, resulting in negative impacts on consumer health and substantial economic losses. Therefore, a rapid, effective, and noninvasive method for detecting bacteria in the food industry is essential. In this study, Raman micro-spectroscopy with advanced statistical tools is proposed as a mean of detecting and differentiating between various types of bacteria. This approach circumvents the complexities of traditional culture-based detection methods. Specifically, fifty-two bacterial strains of 39 different genera were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. As a result, about 2563 Raman spectra were generated and integrated into the database. This huge amount of spectral data was analyzed using several chemometric tools, including principal component analysis (PCA), factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) k-nearest neighbors’ algorithm (KNN), and convolutional neural network (CNN). Our multivariate data analysis showed that the developed method is rapid and capable of distinguishing several strains. While, FDA models showed mediocre performances, KNN models provided good bacterial classification for most of the analyzed strains (average correct classification 90–95%). In comparison, CNN achieved a higher classification accuracy, of 97%, compared with other models. Combining Raman spectroscopy with chemometric tools yields a robust bacterial assessment method that is simple, rapid, and efficient.

Personality traits and disorders in Alzheimer's disease.

The relationships between axis II personality disorders and the normative personality traits were explored in the context of current and pre-morbid personality assessment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study was conducted with four groups who were administered the NEO-FFI and the PDQ-4+, in the form of individual interview sessions. Current personality measure: consisting of 44 female participants (AD group) and, the control group, consisting of 80 female participants from the population at large. Pre-morbid personality measure: AD group informants (n=40); control group informants (n=42). The results are in line with the literature review and provide new research data. By factorial discriminant analysis, the current and pre-morbid personality variables that differentiate AD from control groups are identified. The personality traits variables are the best discriminators such as low agreeableness, low openness to experience, and high neuroticism, suggesting that the maladaptive personality functioning can be described extending the range of psychopathology to a dimensional approach. The study of personality variables seems to suggest, in their inclusion, the possibility to increase sensitivity toward an assessment in AD.

Rapid identification and differential markers of Curcumae Radix decoction pieces of different sources based on Heracles Neo ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose

Since Curcumae Radix decoction pieces have multiple sources, it is difficult to distinguish depending on traditional cha-racters, and the mixed use of multi-source Curcumae Radix will affect its clinical efficacy. Heracles Neo ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose was used in this study to quickly identify and analyze the odor components of 40 batches of Curcumae Radix samples from Sichuan, Zhejiang, and Guangxi. Based on the odor fingerprints established for Curcumae Radix decoction pieces of multiple sources, the odor components was identified and analyzed, and the chromatographic peaks were processed and analyzed to establish a rapid identification method. Principal component analysis(PCA), discriminant factor analysis(DFA), and soft independent modeling cluster analysis(SIMCA) were constructed for verification. At the same time, one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) combined with variable importance in projection(VIP) was employed to screen out the odor components with P&lt;0.05 and VIP&gt;1, and 13 odor components such as β-caryophyllene and limonene were hypothesized as the odor differential markers of Curcumae Radix decoction pieces of diffe-rent sources. The results showed that Heracles Neo ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose can well analyze the odor characteristics and rapidly and accurately discriminate Curcumae Radix decoction pieces of different sources. It can be applied to the quality control(e.g., online detection) in the production of Curcumae Radix decoction pieces. This study provides a new method and idea for the rapid identification and quality control of Curcumae Radix decoction pieces.

Sexual dimorphism of ducks (Cairina moschata, Linnaeus 1758) reared in the southern forest of Côte d’Ivoire

Sexual dimorphism was studied on 213 ducks including 92 males and 121 females of the species Cairina moschata in the southern forest of Côte d'Ivoire. Measurements were made using a tape measure and weighing with an electronic scale. A step-wise discriminant analysis made it possible to examine 21 morphometric descriptors. All linear measures except beak and head with were significantly higher in males than in females. 18 of these 21 parameters are statistically significant with the Mann-Whitney U test. Of these 18 significant descriptors, nine are strongly correlated positively for the first two and the fourth axis while it is negatively for the third factorial axis. The projection of the individuals in the plane of the principal component analysis shows a separation of the batches so that along axis 1 the male individuals gather towards the negative coordinates and the female individuals towards the positive coordinates. The values ​​recorded with the discriminant factor analysis confirm to 92.49% the membership of the specimens to the different defined groups. This analysis proposes a reclassification of two females in the group of males and of 14 males among the females.

Evaluation by a GC Electronic Nose of the Differences in Volatile Profile Induced by Stopping Fermentation with Octanoic and Decanoic Acid to Produce Sweet Wines

Due to their inhibitory effect on the growth and fermentation of yeasts, medium-chain fatty acids can be used for the production of naturally sweet wines. Addition of octanoic acid, decanoic acid or their combinations is able to stop the alcoholic fermentation, reducing at the same time the doses of sulphur dioxide addition needed for the same goal in the classical technologies. Doses in the range of 10–30 mg L−1 of these acids were used, and their effect on the aroma profile of the sweet wines obtained was evaluated by using a chromatographic electronic nose with two columns. Based on the chromatographic peaks, which are considered the sensors of this e-nose, differentiation of the wines treated with octanoic or decanoic acids is easily achieved. The acid doses, the type of acid and also the yeast used for fermentations have all detectable influences on the volatile profiles of the wines. Discriminant factor analysis was applied on the e-nose data to separate the wines obtained with different treatments. Several differences in the content of the volatile compounds were identified and discussed in view of their sensory influences and the impact of treatment and yeast, respectively. Special attention was given to the formation of ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate which, at acid additions over 10 mg L−1, are formed in quantities which have a detectable influence on the aromatic profile. Ethyl octanoate and decanoate are produced in direct relation to the dose of the corresponding acids, but the yeast named ST leads to higher amounts of ethyl decanoate while the one named ERSA leads to higher amounts of ethyl octanoate. In accordance with the e-nose results, the aromatic profile obtained by stopping the fermentation with decanoic acid and using the ERSA yeast is more complex, the wines thus produced preserving more of the varietal and fermentation aroma. This research will be continued at an industrial scale.

Using machine learning models to assess the population dynamic of the freshwater invasive snail Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae) in a tropical urban polluted streams-system

The poor understanding of the spread conditions and the geographical patterns of the exotic freshwater snail Physa acuta in sub-Saharan Africa urban streams makes it difficult to design and implement sustainable management tools, especially in deteriorating global and local environments. This study aimed to determine the ecological preferences and the major environmental variables associated with P. acuta abundance, occurrence and distribution in Douala urban streams-system using modelling approaches based on discriminant factor analysis, canonical Spearman correlation and random forest tree models. We inductively define four clusters for snail’s distribution along a geographical and upstream–downstream pollution gradient. Snail’s specimens were collected monthly over a 13-month period in two forest and ten urban sites using a long-handled net (30x30cm side, 400-µm mesh). Meanwhile, measurements of the physicochemical properties of water and streambed sediment were taken. In addition, ten metal contents were determined in P. acuta tissues to assess its ability of bioaccumulation of heavy metals. Results revealed that urban streams of Douala are adversely impaired, especially downstream of industrial effluents. Discriminant factor analysis and random forest regression trees model showed that dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, salinity, pH, water depth, wetted width, zinc, iron, cadmium, encumbrance rate of the sediment and sediment types (high sandy mud, sandy mud and muddy sand) were the major environmental variables responsible for structuring P. acuta distribution. Abundances decline drastically following pollution gradient, with great decrease observed in juvenile size classes. High contents of metals were detected in P. acuta tissues, especially downstream of industrial effluents. This study highlights that P. acuta spread in Douala urban-streams system is structured by key environmental variables related to an upstream–downstream pollution gradient. Therefore management plans should emphasize on proper disposal ways of industrial wastes, and stakeholders should take responsible actions in water pollution control and implement the polluter-payer principle.

In Vivo Low-Temperature Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LTP-MS) Reveals Regulation of 6-Pentyl-2H-Pyran-2-One (6-PP) as a Physiological Variable during Plant-Fungal Interaction.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprises a broad class of small molecules (up to ~300 g/mol) produced by biological and non-biological sources. VOCs play a vital role in an organism's metabolism during its growth, defense, and reproduction. The well-known 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) molecule is an example of a major volatile biosynthesized by Trichoderma atroviride that modulates the expression of PIN auxin-transport proteins in primary roots of Arabidopsis thaliana during their relationship. Their beneficial relation includes lateral root formation, defense induction, and increased plant biomass production. The role of 6-PP has been widely studied due to its relevance in this cross-kingdom relationship. Conventional VOCs measurements are often destructive; samples require further preparation, and the time resolution is low (around hours). Some techniques enable at-line or real-time analyses but are highly selective to defined compounds. Due to these technical constraints, it is difficult to acquire relevant information about the dynamics of VOCs in biological systems. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization allows the analysis of a wide range of VOCs by mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, LTP-MS requires no sample preparation, is solvent-free, and enables the detection of 6-PP faster than conventional analytical methods. Applying static statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Factorial Analysis (DFA) leads to a loss of information since the biological systems are dynamic. Thus, we applied a time series analysis to find patterns in the signal changes. Our results indicate that the 6-PP signal is constitutively emitted by T. atroviride only; the signal shows high skewness and kurtosis. In A. thaliana grown alone, no signal corresponding to 6-PP is detected above the white noise level. However, during T. atroviride-A. thaliana interaction, the signal performance showed reduced skewness and kurtosis with high autocorrelation. These results suggest that 6-PP is a physiological variable that promotes homeostasis during the plant-fungal relationship. Although the molecular mechanism of this cross-kingdom control is still unknown, our study indicates that 6-PP has to be regulated by A. thaliana during their interaction.

Host Susceptibility of CIMMYT’s International Spring Wheat Lines to Crown and Root Rot Caused by Fusarium culmorum and F. pseudograminearum

The destructive soilborne Fusarium species is one of the most serious challenges facing agriculture. Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. can induce both acute and chronic toxic effects on humans and animals. Massive investments have been made in the last few decades to develop an appropriate management strategy to control Fusarium species in cereals, particularly in wheat, using genetic resistance and other practices, with varied outcomes. The purpose of this research was to find new sources of resistance to both Fusarium culmorum and F. pseudograminearum, which are wheat’s most destructive pathogens in seedlings and adult plants stages. In this study, 26 lines were selected and promoted from a total of 200 spring wheat germplasm received from CIMMYT Mexico plus 6 local check lines. The 32 lines were screened for their resistance reactions to both Fusarium species under different environmental conditions. The discriminant factorial analysis indicated that 7, 12, and 5 were resistant lines against F. culmorum under field, greenhouse, and growth room conditions, respectively. Four lines, L12, L19, L21, and L26, were found to be jointly resistant at the adult and seedling stages in the field and greenhouse. On the other hand, only moderately resistant lines were found for F. pseudograminearum but not completely resistant, which was limited to growth room conditions. Interestingly, five lines (L10, L13, L17, L25, and L28) have shown resistant properties to both Fusarium species. To further evaluate the yield performance of the best-selected 26 lines plus 6 check lines, field trials were conducted under ± F. culmorum inoculum. The highest yield values were obtained from three check lines, as well as the L26, which showed consistency in its reaction to F. culmorum under both field and greenhouse conditions, and produced a high yield (5342 kg/ha). Based on the result obtained, L26 showed a high potential to improve wheat yield and resistance to F. culmorum-caused root and crown rot; therefore, it should be used in wheat crossing programs. Having Fusarium-resistant varieties will ultimately reduce crown rot symptoms and increase grain quality by reducing mycotoxin levels.

Applicability of odor analyzer based on study of processed ginger products and GC-MS validation

Heracles Ⅱ rapid electronic odor analyzer has been gradually applied in the study on the &quot;odor&quot; of Chinese medicine because of its ability to associate volatile substances in the sample with &quot;odor&quot;, but its applicability is not clear. In this article, processed ginger products--dried ginger, roasted ginger, and carbonized ginger were chosen as examples to study the volatile chemical components, and the applied scope and accuracy of Heracles Ⅱ rapid electronic odor analyzer were verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Components in ten batches of ginger from different producing places were detected by GC-MS and Heracles Ⅱ rapid electronic odor analyzer. Principal component analysis(PCA) and discriminant factor analysis(DFA) were performed to investigate the effects of producing place and processing degree on dried ginger, roasted ginger, and carbonized ginger. The results showed that the processing degree had significant impact on the processed ginger products, while producing place was not significant to the processed ginger products. At the same time, 42 and 45 compounds were detected by Heracles Ⅱ rapid electronic odor analyzer and GC-MS, respectively, of which 29 compounds were common detected, with a coincidence rate of 64.4%. This result indicated that compared with GC-MS, Heracles Ⅱ rapid electronic odor analyzer had certain referential value in the qualitative analysis. Heracles Ⅱ rapid electronic odor analyzer, with the characteristics of convenience, high efficiency, and accuracy in processing data, has certain advantages in the &quot;odor&quot; research aiming to comprehensively evaluate volatile substances, and has a good application prospect in the quality control of Chinese medicine and its processed products.

Analysis of thermal oxidation of different multi-element oleogels based on carnauba wax, β-sitosterol/lecithin, and ethyl cellulose by classical oxidation determination method combined with the electronic nose

Thermal oxidation of different multi-element oleogels (DMEOs) was assessed by measuring the peroxide, p-anisidine, and total antioxidant values. Moreover, a rapid discriminant model for determining oleogel oxidation was established using an electronic nose combined with cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant factor analysis (DFA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The oxidation degree of the oleogels was sensitive to their gelation temperature. The oleogels prepared with ethyl cellulose showed the highest oxidation value compared with those prepared with β-sitosterol and lecithin, or carnauba wax. Loading resveratrol and adding surfactants can effectively reduce the oxidation of DMEOs. During the thermal oxidation, the DMEOs were sensitive to nitrogen oxides and methane species. The accuracy rates of the discriminant analyses by CA, PCA, DFA, and LDA were 95.00%, 97.25%, 96.25%, and 100%, respectively, which were consistent with that of the American Oil Chemists' Society Official Method.

Micro-Encapsulated Microalgae Oil Supplementation Has No Systematic Effect on the Odor of Vanilla Shake-Test of an Electronic Nose.

In this study, we aimed to carry out the efficient fortification of vanilla milkshakes with micro-encapsulated microalgae oil (brand: S17-P100) without distorting the product's odor. A 10-step oil-enrichment protocol was developed using an inclusion rate of 0.2 to 2 w/w%. Fatty acid (FA) profile analysis was performed using methyl esters with the GC-MS technique, and the recovery of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n3, DHA) was robust (r = 0.97, p &lt; 0.001). The enrichment process increased the DHA level to 412 mg/100 g. Based on this finding, a flash-GC-based electronic nose (e-nose) was used to describe the product's odor. Applying principal component (PC) analysis to the acquired sensor data revealed that for the first four PCs, only PC3 (6.5%) showed a difference between the control and the supplemented products. However, no systematic pattern of odor profiles corresponding to the percentages of supplementation was observed within the PC planes. Similarly, when discriminant factor analysis (DFA) was applied, though a classification of the control and supplemented products, we obtained a validation score of 98%, and the classification pattern of the odor profiles did not follow a systematic format. Again, when a more targeted approach such as the partial least square regression (PLSR) was used on the most dominant sensors, a weak relationship (R2 = 0.50) was observed, indicating that there was no linear combination of the qualitative sensors' signals that could accurately describe the supplemented concentration variation. It can therefore be inferred that no detectable off-odor was present as a side effect of the increase in the oil concentration. Some volatile compounds of importance in regard to the odor, such as ethylacetate, ethyl-isobutarate, pentanal and pentyl butanoate, were found in the supplemented product. Although the presence of yeasts and molds was excluded from the product, ethanol was detected in all samples, but with an intensity that was insufficient to cause an off-odor.