Discrete Fiber Research Articles

Development of a novel DNA-shaped steel fiber and its performance on fresh and hardened concrete

Adding small discrete random fibers in concrete has enhanced concrete behavior in various ways. Diverse types of fibers are available in terms of materials, shapes, and applications. Different shapes of steel fibers are available like hooked ends, crimped, stranded, helix, spherical, etc. Having the grade of concrete and the fiber dosage added as constant, the structural behavior and performance will vary for different types of fibers. It shows that the shape of fiber has a great role in enhancing the properties of concrete. The challenges in existing two-dimensional steel fibers in concrete like the mechanism and contribution of fiber in arresting cracks developed in all directions and balling effect can be overcome by a new type of three-dimensional steel fiber. A novel three-dimensional DNA-shaped steel fiber is designed and fabricated. This paper presents the fresh concrete and hardened concrete properties of DNA-shaped fiber-reinforced concrete (DNAFRC) and compares it with hooked-end fiber-reinforced concrete (HEFRC) by incorporating a volume fraction varying from 0.5 to 2% of grade M30 concrete and aspect ratio of 60 for both fibers. The fresh properties of concrete were evaluated by measuring the slump for workability and wash-out test for the fiber distribution. The hardened concrete properties were assessed by compressive, split tensile, flexural, impact, shear, and pull-out strength which demonstrated considerable increase by 5% at 1.5% volume fraction, 32%, 136%, 21%, and 35% at 2% volume fraction respectively for DNAFRC than the HEFRC. Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) images were studied on failed samples to evaluate the bonding of DNA fiber with concrete.

Ductility assessment of GFRP reinforced concrete beams with a wedge-based mechanical model accounting for discrete fibers and confinement

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars for internal reinforcement for concrete have gained attention due to their non-corrosive properties, high resistance, and electromagnetic transparency. On the other hand, the brittle behavior and low modulus of elasticity of FRP bars limit their application and diffusion in the civil construction market. From this perspective, this work investigates the influence of three components on the increase of ductility of GFRP beams: i) discrete alkali-resistant glass fibers added to the concrete; ii) confinement of the concrete with GFRP stirrups; and iii) use of longitudinal reinforcement on the compression zone. An experimental program including four over-reinforced beams with different reinforcement configurations was conducted. The beams were tested in four-point bending configuration and the use of fibers, stirrups and compression reinforcement contributed to substantially increasing the beam ductility index. Finally, a concrete wedge model was developed to obtain equivalent stress-strain relationships for the concrete in compression. The model was successfully validated against experiments and proved to be a useful tool for rationally evaluating GFRP RC beams’ ductility.

Rubber concrete reinforced with macro fibers recycled from waste GFRP composites: Mechanical properties and environmental impact analysis

With the rapid growth of the automotive industry, a huge amount of tires have been produced, which inevitably led to the accumulation of scrap tires. A typical disposal routine is using scrap tires as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in concrete, producing so-called rubber concrete. However, the detrimental effects of rubber particles on concrete properties have been identified, which, to some content, hinders their broader application. The discrete fiber addition is shown to be effective in minimizing this detrimental effect, and this paper has therefore attempted to introduce macro fiber produced from waste glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) into the rubber concrete system. Three series of specimens for compression, splitting, and flexural testing were tested. The test variables include concrete type (i.e., normal concrete, rubber concrete, and modified rubber concrete); and macro fiber content (i.e., 0–2 %). In addition, the inverse analysis is performed to transform the flexural test response into the tensile constitutive law of the fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). The test results revealed macro fibers have little effect on the compressive strength of normal concrete and rubber concrete and a detrimental effect on that of modified rubber concrete. Incorporated fibers notably improve the splitting and flexural performance of normal concrete and rubber concrete. In addition, the cost and environmental impact analysis revealed that the addition of recycling products increases the concrete cost and results in a maximum reduction of carbon emissions by 17.3 % and embodied energy emissions by 80 %.

A multiscale discrete fiber model of failure in heterogeneous tissues: Applications to remodeled cerebral aneurysms

Damage-accumulation failure models are broadly used to examine tissue property changes caused by mechanical loading. However, damage accumulation models are purely phenomenological. The underlying justification in using this type of model is often that damage occurs to the extracellular fibers and/or cells which changes the fundamental mechanical behavior of the system. In this work, we seek to align damage accumulation models with microstructural models to predict alterations in the mechanical behavior of biological materials that arise from structural heterogeneity associated with nonuniform remodeling of tissues. Further, we seek to extend this multiscale model toward assessing catastrophic failure events such as cerebral aneurysm rupture. First, we demonstrate that a model made up of linear elastin and actin and nonlinear collagen fibers can replicate bot the pre-failure and failure tissue-scale mechanics of uniaxially-stretched cerebral aneurysms. Next, we investigate how mechanical heterogeneities, like those observed in cerebral aneurysms, influence fiber and tissue failure. Notably, we find that failure occurs and the interface between regions of high and low material stiffness, suggesting that spatial mechanical heterogeneity influences aneurysm failure behavior. This model system is a step toward linking structural changes in growth and remodeling to failure properties.

Production of rubberized concrete utilizing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates and recycled tire steel fibers

The integration of waste tire elements into concrete, specifically granular rubber and discrete steel fibers, signifies a substantial advance in the pursuit of sustainable alternatives for rigid concrete pavements. This incorporation not only improves the ductility of rigid concrete pavements, but also augments their energy absorption capabilities. Similarly, replacing natural aggregates in concrete with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates makes a large contribution to the reduction of negative environmental impacts, while conserving natural resources from depletion. This investigation explores the potential application of recycled rubber particles from waste tires (WTRR) and RAP aggregates as partial substitutes for natural fine aggregates, and evaluates their impact on the performance of rigid concrete pavements. Eight mixes were cast, each with two variables: (i) fine aggregate type (fine rubber (FRu) aggregates, fine asphalt (FAs) aggregates, and combinations of both types of aggregate) replacing 50 % of the natural fine aggregate; and (ii) waste tire recycled steel fibers (WTRSF) content (0 and 40 kg/m3). The axial compressive stress–strain, flexural load–deflection, and direct shear strength behaviors, together with the dry unit weight and volume of permeable voids for all concrete mixes were investigated and compared. The results show that, although the flexural and shear strengths decrease with the inclusion of FRu and/or FAs, the use of WTRSF noticeably mitigates the losses in strength that arise from the use of WTRR and/or RAP aggregates alone. The inclusion of WTRSF enhances the strain capacity of the concrete and allows the development of adequate post-peak energy absorption capacity in flexural and shear loading. Additionally, the dry unit weight of the proposed composites decreased by as much as 8 %, and their volume of permeable voids lies within the limits of high-durability concrete mixes (9–12 %). Hence, the proposed sustainable concrete composites are promising composites for rigid concrete pavement construction.

Fibre-reinforced geopolymer (FRG) cemented aeolian sand flexural properties and microproduct evolutionary processes

To reveal the flexural behaviour and microproduct evolution mechanism of FRG cemented aeolian sand, four factors, namely, sodium hydroxide dosage, water-solid ratio, fibre dosage, and fibre length, were classified into mutually independent levels and combined to form a set of test matrices for the design of orthogonal tests. Using DIC digital scattering technology to analyze the evolutionary process of specimen ring-breaking and employing scanning electron microscopy to explore the polymerization product micro-morphology, evolutionary process, pore defects, and analyze the fiber endowment morphology and the destruction mode; the use of EDS spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier IR spectroscopy, and other technical means to analyze the polymerization product chemical composition, elemental distribution, and evolutionary characteristics. The results of the study show that the 28-day flexural performance of FRG cemented wind-blown sand as a filling material is significantly affected by various factors in the following order of magnitude: sodium hydroxide dosage > water-solid ratio > fibre dosage > fibre length. The optimal combination from the local test is: sodium hydroxide dosage of 1.4 %, the water-solid ratio of 0.32, the fibre dosage of 0.5 %, and the fibre length of 12 mm. With the increase in load, the value of the displacement field increases continuously, indicating a greater degree of specimen damage. As the reaction proceeds, the polymerization product's morphology evolves from rod-like to flaky, ultimately stabilizing into a network structure. The main elements in the product include C, O, Si, Al, and Ca, indicating that the polymerization product is a C-(A)-S-H gel. A reasonable distribution of discrete ductile fibers can play a positive role inside the specimen, acting as a bridge. The damage behavior under bridging can be divided into fiber debonding, producing slippage behavior, and fiber damage, leading to fracture behavior. The results of the study provide a scientific basis for the design, preparation, and application of solid waste filling materials, thereby promoting the development of materials science and engineering.

Conical-shaped variable stiffness composite laminates: Design and fiber path planning

This study presents an innovative design methodology for conical-shaped variable stiffness composite laminates. It employs the spectral Chebyshev method to solve dynamic equations, optimizing lamination parameters to maximize fundamental frequency. Subsequently, the fiber angles at the sampling points across the domain are retrieved. In the final step, a custom normalized cut segmentation approach is proposed to partition the domain into clusters and delineate fiber paths based on discrete fiber angles, while satisfying the manufacturing constraints such as curvature, gaps, and overlaps. The effectiveness of the proposed design methodology is demonstrated through several case studies, where maximum enhancement in fundamental frequency for the same part weight is compared to optimized constant stiffness composite laminates. The results show that an enhancement of 16% is achievable for a variable stiffness laminate disregarding manufacturing constraints for the fully clamped case study. However, the improvements reduce to 12.6% and 14% (deviating from the ideal optimal fundamental frequency by 4.5% and 3.3%), respectively, once the manufacturable constant and curvilinear fibers in each cluster are computed. This work can lead significant advances of engineering applications by enabling the design of variable stiffness laminates with complex geometries improving mechanical performance and/or reducing structural weight compared to conventional laminates.

The Effect of Cellulose Fiber on the Bending Strength of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Autoclaved aerated concrete is becoming an increasingly popular building material, and for good reason. It is ecological, energy efficient, strong, and durable. Studies show that the production of autoclaved aerated concrete saves 85% of energy compared to the production of heavy concrete. However, the use of steel reinforcement in large-sized aerated concrete products leads to deterioration of thermal insulation properties, corrosion, and destruction of the material. Replacing steel reinforcement with discrete fiber strands can solve this problem. The fiber does not affect the thermal insulation properties, is not prone to corrosion, and can be evenly distributed over the entire volume of the product.

Bond behavior between recycled macro fibers and ultra-high-performance concrete matrix: Tests and property characterization

A green and cost-efficient ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has been proposed using discrete macro fibers recycled from waste glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). The tensile properties of such composites are significantly affected by the macro fiber/UHPC bond properties. However, there is very little work characterizing the bond properties of the macro fiber/UHPC interface. Furthermore. lack of study focused on the methods for macro fiber surface treatment and their effects on macro fiber/UHPC interfacial bonding. Therefore, the present study first carried out pullout tests in two series consisting of 128 pullout specimens. Series 1 aimed to characterize the bond behavior of the macro fiber/UHPC interface, while Series 2 aimed to investigate the effect of surface-modifying agents on macro fiber/UHPC interfacial bonding. The results demonstrated that the bond strength increased from 19.3 to 20.9 MPa when the embedded length of the 8 mm-wide fiber increased from 5 to 10 mm. The modification of neutral Nano SiO2 (NNS) enhanced the bond strength by up to 20.5 %, while alkaline Nano SiO2 (ANS) and silane coupling agent (SCA) showed a negative effect on bond strength. Then, the shear-lag theory was utilized for predicting the pull force-slip curves of the fibers embedded in UHPC, and then the bond parameters of the interfaces were obtained through an inverse analysis. A good agreement is exhibited with integral absolute error (IAE) from 4.5 % to 10.5 % between predicted results and test results.

Topology optimization of fiber-reinforced concrete structures using membrane-embedded model

Fiber-reinforced concrete is a typical unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite. For practicality and efficiency, fiber-reinforced concrete usually has the fiber and matrix modeled separately and then the fiber is embedded into the matrix. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method to realize the topology and fiber orientation optimization for fiber-reinforced concrete structures. The optimization formulation considers two types of discrete variables, i.e., topology and fiber orientation, which are optimized by using the solid isotropic material with penalization method and bi-value coding parameterization method, respectively. To reduce the computational complexity, the topology and fiber orientation are independently updated at each iteration during the optimization process. Numerical examples verify the validity of the proposed method, which provides new ideas for the design of fiber-reinforced concrete structures.

Robust topology and discrete fiber orientation optimization under principal material uncertainty

This paper introduces a formulation of the robust topology optimization problem that is tailored for designing fiber-reinforced composite structures with spatially varying principal mechanical properties. Specifically, a methodology is developed that incorporates the spatial variability in the engineering constants of the composite lamina into the concurrent topology (i.e., material distribution) and morphology (i.e., fiber orientation distribution) optimization problem for the minimization of the robust compliance function. The spatial variability in the mechanical properties of the lamina is modeled as a homogeneous random field within the design domain by means of the Karhunen-Loe´ve series expansion, and is thereafter intrusively propagated into the stochastic finite element analysis of the composite structure. To carry out the stochastic finite element analysis per iteration of the optimization cycle, the first-order perturbation method is utilized for approximating the current state variables of the physical system. The resulting robust topology and fiber orientation optimization problem is formulated step-by-step for the minimization of the robust compliance function. With the view of solving the optimization problem at hand by means of gradient-based solution algorithms, the first-order derivatives of the involved design functions w.r.t. the associated design variables are analytically derived. The present work concludes with a series of numerical examples, focusing on the benchmark academic case studies of the 2D cantilever and the half part of the Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm beam, aiming to demonstrate the developed methodology as well as to explore the effect that different parameterization instances of the random field bear on the predicted topology and morphology of the beams.

Solvent-Driven Self-Assembly of One-Dimensional Lepidocrocite Titanium-Oxide-Based Nanofilaments.

Herein, the self-assembly of one-dimensional titanium oxide lepidocrocite nanofilaments in 10 different water miscible organic solvents was investigated. The nanofilament snippets, with minimal cross sections of ∼5 × 7 Å2 and lengths around 30 nm, begin as an aqueous colloidal suspension. Upon addition, and brief mixing, of the colloidal suspension into a given solvent, a multitude of morphologies─seemingly based on the hydrophilicity and polarity of the solvent─emerge. These morphologies vary between sheets, highly networked webs, and discrete fibers, all with no apparent change in the lepidocrocite structure. On the micro- and nanoscale, the morphologies are reminiscent of biological, rather than inorganic, materials. The results of this work give insight into the self-assembly of these materials and offer new pathways for novel macrostructures/morphologies assembled from these highly adsorbent and catalytically active low-dimensional materials.

A Review of Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers: Preparation, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties.

The early strength of geopolymers (GPs) and their composites is higher, and the hardening speed is faster than that of ordinary cementitious materials. Due to their wide source of raw materials, low energy consumption in the production process, and lower emissions of pollutants, they are considered to have the most potential to replace ordinary Portland cement. However, similar to other inorganic materials, the GPs themselves have weak flexural and tensile strength and are sensitive to micro-cracks. Improving the toughness of GP materials can be achieved by adding an appropriate amount of fiber materials into the matrix. The use of discrete staple fibers shows great potential in improving the toughness of GPs. Sisal is a natural fiber that is reproducible and easy to obtain. Due to its good mechanical properties, low cost, and low carbon energy usage, sisal fiber (SF) is a GP composite reinforcement with potential development. In this paper, the research progress on the effect of SF on the properties of GP composites in recent decades is reviewed. It mainly includes the chemical composition and physical properties of SFs, the preparation technology of sisal-reinforced geopolymers (SFRGs), the microstructure analysis of the interface of SFs and the GP matrix, and the macroscopic mechanical properties of SFRGs. The properties of SFs make them have good bonding properties with the GP matrix. The addition of SFs can improve the flexural strength and tensile strength of GP composites, and SFRGs have good engineering application prospects.

Opening and out‐of‐plane shear fracture performance of steel and natural sisal hybrid fiber reinforced concrete

AbstractThe key objective in developing sustainable concrete is enhancing performance by mitigating adverse environmental effects simultaneously. Using short and discrete steel fibers to reinforce the concrete matrices is a widely accepted approach to improve the ductility of concrete. Although the utilization of traditional steel fibers enhances the strength of the concrete, it simultaneously leads to an increase in its weight. Also, the production of steel fibers is an energy‐intensive and carbon‐emitting process. To attain sustainability, it is imperative to reduce the use of steel fibers by including a suitable alternative through the hybridization of fiber reinforcements. The concrete developed in this study was composed of a ternary blended binder containing Ordinary Portland Cement, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag and Microsilica. Fibers were hybridized by partially replacing 25%, 50%, and 75% of steel fibers with natural sisal fibers. Mixes reinforced with 100% steel fibers and 100% sisal fibers were also assessed for better understanding. Basic properties such as workability, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength were assessed. Fracture performance of the prepared mixes under pure and mixed, opening, and tearing modes of loading was also assessed by conducting disc bending tests. It can be observed from the results that, steel fibers can be replaced with sisal fibers up to 25% of the total fiber volume without greatly compromising the workability, strength and fracture performance of concrete. Hence, hybridizing steel fibers with sisal fibers can be considered a viable option to reduce the overall weight of the structural components, which can further help reduce the environmental impacts and overall cost of concrete production.

Effect of production technologies on the properties and structure of PTFE-based composites

In the development of polymer composite materials, it is crucial to use various technological methods for introducing fillers into the structure of the base polymer, by different activation technologies of energy exposure. In this study, the processes of structure formation of polymer composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene and discrete hydrate cellulose carbon fibers, depending on the production technology, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. We considered joint mechanical activation of components and passing the powder mixture through laboratory rollers. To understand the processes occurring in the friction process of the developed PCM, surface studies before and after friction by infrared spectroscopy were carried out. We found that during the friction process, depending on the friction mode, the spiral conformation of the PTFE macromolecules changes. An increase in the sliding velocity and the load during PCM friction leads to a change in the spiral conformation of macromolecules with a transition from 136 to a more stable conformation 157. We also found that the combination of technologies for joint mechanical activation of components and rolling of a powder mixture are technological techniques that can increase the structural activity of discrete hydrocarbons and intensify the adhesive interaction at the polymer-filler phase interface, which leads to an increase in the resistance of composites to creep and wear. The developed technological approaches can be used in the production of fluorocomposites containing not only carbon but also other types of fibers.

Mechanical Models of Collagen Networks for Understanding Changes in the Failure Properties of Aging Skin.

Skin undergoes mechanical alterations due to changes in the composition and structure of the collagenous dermis with aging. Previous studies have conflicting findings, with both increased and decreased stiffness reported for aging skin. The underlying structure-function relationships that drive age-related changes are complex and difficult to study individually. One potential contributor to these variations is the accumulation of nonenzymatic crosslinks within collagen fibers, which affect dermal collagen remodeling and mechanical properties. Specifically, these crosslinks make individual fibers stiffer in their plastic loading region and lead to increased fragmentation of the collagenous network. To better understand the influence of these changes, we investigated the impact of nonenzymatic crosslink changes on the dermal microstructure using discrete fiber networks representative of the dermal microstructure. Our findings suggest that stiffening the plastic region of collagen's mechanical response has minimal effects on network-level stiffness and failure stresses. Conversely, simulating fragmentation through a loss of connectivity substantially reduces network stiffness and failure stress, while increasing stretch ratios at failure.

Discrete fiber skeleton strengthened magnetorheological grease and a novel H–B model based on fiber parameters

Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) porous fabric composite has been demonstrated to improve the shear properties of MRF. Non-woven fabric is manufactured from a multitude of fibers through spinning or melt-blown processing methods. As the fundamental unit of non-woven fabric, fibers without spinning or melt-blown directly influence the shear properties of magnetorheological (MR) materials. However, the effect of unprocessed fiber on the shear properties of MR grease remains uncertain. This study introduces a novel MR grease with fiber threads (MRG-FT) by incorporating fiber threads into MRG. The effects of fiber thread length, mass fraction, and material type on MRG shear stress are investigated. Compared to conventional MRG, the maximum shear stress of MRG-FT is increased by 31.8% under the magnetic field of 0.64 T. A novel Herschel–Bulkley–Fiber (H-B-F) model that considers fiber parameters (tenacity, mass fraction, etc.) is proposed based on the H–B model. To validate the enhancement of MRG by fiber threads, a linear damper based on shear mode has been designed and tested. The results demonstrate a 23.8% increase in the maximum damping force of MRG-FT compared to conventional MRG under an excitation current of 1.6 A. This study reveals the influence of fiber threads, which directly influences the shear properties of MRG upon the application of the magnetic field. The maximum damping force of the MRG can be increased by 23.8% by only 1.5% mass fraction of fibers.

Micromechanics of fibrous scaffolds and their stiffness sensing by cells

Mechanical properties of the tissue engineering scaffolds are known to play a crucial role in cell response. Therefore, an understanding of the cell-scaffold interactions is of high importance. Here, we have utilized discrete fiber network model to quantitatively study the micromechanics of fibrous scaffolds with different fiber arrangements and cross-linking densities. We observe that localized forces on the scaffold result in its anisotropic deformation even for isotropic fiber arrangements. We also see an exponential decay of the displacement field with distance from the location of applied force. This nature of the decay allows us to estimate the characteristic length for force transmission in fibrous scaffolds. Furthermore, we also looked at the stiffness sensing of fibrous scaffolds by individual cells and its dependence on the cellular sensing mechanism. For this, we considered two conditions- stress-controlled, and strain-controlled application of forces by a cell. With fixed strain, we find that the stiffness sensed by a cell is proportional to the scaffold’s ‘macroscopic’ elastic modulus. However, under fixed stress application by the cell, the stiffness sensed by the cell also depends on the cell’s own stiffness. In fact, the stiffness values for the same scaffold sensed by the stiff and soft cells can differ from each other by an order of magnitude. The insights from this work will help in designing tissue engineering scaffolds for applications where mechanical stimuli are a critical factor.

Numerical study on the tensile properties of a cylindrical specimen with chopped basalt fibre thermosetting resin matrix composites

For several decades, the disadvantages of traditional metallic rock and soil support structures have become increasingly prominent. As a result, it is urgent to seek lightweight, high-strength, durable and green economic substitute products made from the basalt fibre reinforced composites. Combining the two-phase material summing principle of composite material mechanics and the extension and application of Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion, the uniaxial tensile computing model of a cylindrical polymer specimen containing randomly distributed and discontinuous basalt fibres was established in accordance with the numerical simulation software Flac3D. Furthermore, the influence laws and intrinsic mechanism of the number of discrete fibres and different fibre distribution angles on the integral axial tensile properties of a cylindrical specimen with chopped basalt fibre thermosetting resin matrix composites were investigated and elucidated, and the stress–strain curve of basalt fibre thermosetting resin matrix composites were obtained. Consequently, the results have indicated that: i) the axial tensile strength of the polymer system can be enhanced through the incorporation of a moderate quantity of chopped fibres, with the resultant improvement typically not surpassing a 10% increment; ii) when the number of fibres has increased to the quantitative state, namely, the fibre density reaches 1.02 pieces/cm3 or more, the amplification of axial tensile strength of composite material will be controlled; iii) the fibre distribution directions, are maintaining a 0° parallel state to the axial direction of the specimen and the ones of load application, will ensure that the tensile strength of the composite can be sufficiently utilized. As the production process within the composite industry have become increasingly adept, the research results hold substantial value for further promoting the development, testing and optimizing application of various types of high-performance basalt fibre reinforced composite products.

Corrosion monitoring and assessment of steel under impact loads using discrete and distributed fiber optic sensors

Structural integrity can be compromised by the simultaneous presence of mechanical loads and corrosive agents. This study investigates the complex interplay between corrosion and impact loads in steel plates, utilizing discrete Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and distributed Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) sensing technology. Generalized fiber optic-based sensing models are developed to quantify corrosion severity and rate. The experimental study was conducted using twelve epoxy-coated steel plates equipped with FBG and OFDR sensors, covering scenarios of individual exposure to corrosion, impact loads, as well as their combination. Test results reveal that specimens subjected to combined conditioning exhibit more corrosion damage than those subjected to individual corrosion. Both pit depth and its growth rate were exacerbated due to the impact loads. The study demonstrates the potential of fiber optic sensors (FOSs) for real-time monitoring and assessment of structural health under different simultaneous multiple factors in challenging conditions.