Discordant Orientations Research Articles

Repetition and paraphrase in contexts of concordant and discordant orientations

Abstract Language processing theory posits that a person chooses words based on how he/she conceptualizes the referent. Where there are two or more interlocutors, depending on the way they conceptualize the referent, their word choices may be the same or different. In an unpublished paper, Sinclair claims that when interlocutors are in concordance, they are likely to repeat the word choices of their partners; when they are in discordance, they are likely to use paraphrases. This article investigates this claim by examining whether there is a relationship between two types of reiteration of concepts (repetition and paraphrase) and interlocutors’ orientations (concordant and discordant). 100 hotel reviews and responses posted on Trip­Advisor were collected to form two corpora representing the two contexts. The data was analyzed quantitatively to obtain comparative frequencies of repetition and paraphrase in each context, and connotations of paraphrases were identified to see whether there is any association between the types of connotations and interlocutors’ orientations. The results stand in contrast to Sinclair’s claim. More specifically, paraphrase outnumbers repetition in both contexts, and repetition is more preferred in discordant contexts. Affective connotations are more common in the reviews where the hotels are rated “terrible” and the reviewers and the respondents show opposing views on the concepts.

Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors

abstractThe present study examined self-reported sexual and romantic attractions in a sample of 414 American adults. Forty-four (10.6%) participants reported discordant sexual and romantic orientations. The most commonly reported type of discordant attraction was bisexual sexual attraction but romantic attraction to only one sex, followed by romantic attraction to both sexes but sexual attraction to either one or neither sex. There were no significant gender, age, or relationship status differences between individuals with concordant and discordant orientation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Refinement of Bos taurus sequence assembly based on BAC-FISH experiments

BackgroundThe sequencing of the cow genome was recently published (Btau_4.0 assembly). A second, alternate cow genome assembly (UMD2), based on the same raw sequence data, was also published. The two assemblies have been subsequently updated to Btau_4.2 and UMD3.1, respectively.ResultsWe compared the Btau_4.2 and UMD3.1 alternate assemblies. Inconsistencies were grouped into three main categories: (i) DNA segments showing almost coincidental chromosomal mapping but discordant orientation (inversions); (ii) DNA segments showing a discordant map position along the same chromosome; and (iii) sequences present in one chromosomal assembly but absent in the corresponding chromosome of the other assembly. The latter category mainly consisted of large amounts of scaffolds that were unassigned in Btau_4.2 but successfully mapped in UMD3.1. We sampled 70 inconsistencies and identified appropriate cow BACs for each of them. These clones were then utilized in FISH experiments on cow metaphase or interphase nuclei in order to disambiguate the discrepancies. In almost all instances the FISH results agreed with the UMD3.1 assembly. Occasionally, however, the mapping data of both assemblies were discordant with the FISH results.ConclusionsOur work demonstrates how FISH, which is assembly independent, can be efficiently used to solve assembly problems frequently encountered using the shotgun approach.

Comparison of trends of iceberg scour marks with iceberg trajectories and evidence of paleocurrent trends on Saglek Bank, northern Labrador Shelf

High-resolution seismic and sidescan sonar surveys on Saglek Bank indicate extensive areas of iceberg-scoured sea bottom and provide data for an analysis of 6075 iceberg scour marks in 537 samples, each of 0.25 km by 2.0 km area.The general trends of iceberg scours, measured on sidescan sonographs, are comparable to iceberg trajectories, which are mostly controlled by currents. On Saglek Bank, iceberg-scour and iceberg-drift directions are generally northwest–southeast.Straight scours predominate on the shelf edge, reflecting the influence of unidirectional oceanic (Labrador) currents. Bank-top scours are commonly curved, reflecting the influence of slower moving water more subject to the effects of rotary tidal currents and storms. This difference in dispersion of scour trends between the bank top and shelf edge is due to the relative strengths of variable tidal and storm-driven currents and unidirectional oceanic currents. Pack-ice forces may also influence iceberg movement.Modern icebergs scour the shelf to about 220 m water depth, locally to 280 m, and can change draft by about 25 m. Scarps in excess of 25 m vertical relief appear to redirect icebergs offslope or along slope.Relict scours were observed in the 220–300 m depth range and were differentiated from recent scours on the basis of greater width, discordant orientation, or advanced degree of degradation. Relict scours near water depths of 220 m are superimposed by modern scours and in shallower water are completely obliterated. Those scours remaining below 220 m show evidence of paleoceanographic conditions, which, in places, are similar to present conditions such as at northeast Saglek Bank. In other places, currents flowed in a different direction from those at present, as indicated by east–west scour trends in Okak Trough. Thus paleoscour directions may be useful in the reconstruction of paleocurrent trends.

Chromosome behaviour and structural hybridity in the tradescantiae. II.

1. Fragments pair with major chromosomes inTradescantia by lateral chiasmata whose chromatid structure is revealed by pre-treatment. They do not then develop the usual major spiral. 2. Less contracted chromosomes in mutant cells have more coils. Spiralization therefore consists in reducing the number of coils. 3. Interlocked chromosomes, like multivalents, may have linear, twisted, or discordant orientations according to the method of interlocking. 4. The type of distribution of the bivalents on the metaphase plate inT. bracteata depends on the numbers of their chiasmata and on the radial or tangential adjustment of the individual bivalents. 5. The central chromosomes of the metaphase plate are pushed to the edge of the group during anaphase in some forms and species. This change may take place asymmetrically both at mitosis and meiosis. It shows that the repulsion from the poles is still acting on the chromosomes while they are moving towards the poles. Thus the anaphase in some forms comes to correspond with the hollow metaphase in others. 6.Rhoeo discolor and diploid, triploid and tetraploid species ofTradescantia show the results of inversion crossing-over under normal conditions. Fragments are small inRhoeo and in the tetraploids, showing that the assumption of pairing and crossing-over being restricted to the end regions is justified.