Discontinuation Of Glucocorticoid Therapy Research Articles

A report of three cases of patients with tubulointerstitial nephritis with IgM-positive plasma cells, treatment, and serum-IgM as a sensitive marker for relapse

BackgroundTubulointerstitial nephritis with IgM-positive plasma cells (IgMPC-TIN) is a newer disease about which there are many unclear points. Glucocorticoid therapy is effective in many cases of IgMPC-TIN; however, relapse during glucocorticoid tapering has been reported. Relapse and its treatment are poorly defined.Case PresentationCase 1 was a 61-year-old man with renal dysfunction and proteinuria. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and IgM-positive plasma cells were observed in a renal biopsy. He was diagnosed with IgMPC-TIN accompanied by Fanconi syndrome and distal renal tubular acidosis (d-RTA). Prednisolone (PSL; 30 mg daily, 0.45 mg/kg/day) treatment was highly effective, and PSL was gradually tapered and discontinued after 1 year. However, 1 month after PSL discontinuation, therapeutic markers were elevated. Therefore, PSL (10 mg daily, 0.15 mg/kg/day) was administered, and the markers indicated improvement.Case 2 was a 43-year-old woman referred for renal dysfunction and proteinuria. Laboratory data revealed that she had primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), d-RTA, and Fanconi syndrome. A renal biopsy showed accumulation of IgM-positive plasma cells in the tubulointerstitium without any glomerular changes. A diagnosis of IgMPC-TIN was made and the patient was started on PSL (35 mg daily, 0.6 mg/kg/day). Therapeutic markers decreased immediately and PSL was discontinued after 1 year. Three months later, the proteinuria and Fanconi syndrome worsened. PSL treatment was restarted (20 mg daily, 0.35 mg/kg/day) and markers indicated improvement.Case 3 was a 45-year-old woman with renal dysfunction and proteinuria. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and IgM-positive plasma cells were observed in a renal biopsy. The patient had PBC, Sjögren syndrome, d-RTA, and Fanconi syndrome, and the diagnosis of IgMPC-TIN was made. The patient was started on PSL (30 mg daily, 0.4 mg/kg/day) and disease markers decreased immediately. However, when PSL was tapered to 15 mg daily (0.2 mg/kg/day), the patient’s serum IgM levels increased; therefore, we maintained the PSL at 15 mg daily (0.2 mg/kg/day).ConclusionWe report three cases of relapsed IgMPC-TIN associated with reduction or discontinuation of glucocorticoid therapy. In these cases, elevation of serum IgM preceded that of other markers such as urinary β2-microglobulin, proteinuria, and glycosuria. We recommend monitoring serum IgM levels while tapering glucocorticoids; a maintenance dose of glucocorticoid should be considered if relapse is suspected or anticipated.

Management of Adrenal Insufficiency Risk After Long-term Systemic Glucocorticoid Therapy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Clinical Practice Recommendations.

Long-term glucocorticoid therapy has improved outcomes in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, the recommended glucocorticoid dosage suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to adrenal insufficiency that may develop during severe illness, trauma or surgery, and after discontinuation of glucocorticoid therapy. The purpose of this review is to highlight the risk of adrenal insufficiency in this patient population, and provide practical recommendations for management of adrenal insufficiency, glucocorticoid withdrawal, and adrenal function testing. Strategies to increase awareness among patients, families, and health care providers are also discussed.

Morbus Addison

The clinical signs and symptoms of primary adrenal insufficiency are unspecific often causing a delayed diagnosis or even misdiagnosis. In the diagnostic work-up the short synacthen test is regarded as the gold standard. Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone are the preferred therapy for Addison's disease. The management and surveillance of therapy requires experience and several aspects need to be followed to prevent side effects which might occur due to overtreatment or undertreatment. Very important aspects in therapy are the repeated teaching of the patient and relatives, the issuing of an emergency steroid card and the prescription of a glucocorticoid emergency set. Acute adrenal failure (adrenal crisis), which might be the first manifestation of adrenal insufficiency, is a life-threatening situation requiring immediate glucocorticoid administration and fluid substitution. The most common causes for an adrenal crisis are gastrointestinal infections and fever and discontinuation of glucocorticoid therapy. This article gives an up-to-date overview of diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Addison's disease.

A case of systemic polyarteritis nodosa with spermatic cord involvement

A 50-year-old man with a history of hyperlipidemia and hypertension presented to an emergency department after 10 days of fevers (temperature 40 degrees C), headache, malaise, myalgia, poor appetite, diarrhea, and weight loss of 6.35 kg. He would subsequently develop bilateral scrotal swelling and pain during his evaluation. Physical examination, CBC, blood chemistry panel, measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level, liver function profile, urinalysis, lumbar puncture, blood cultures, urine cultures, cerebrospinal fluid culture, stool analysis and cultures, multiple viral studies including hepatitis serologies, measurement of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody levels, urine protein electrophoresis, serum protein electrophoresis, CT of the head, chest, abdomen and pelvis, MRI of the brain, temporal artery biopsy and pathologic analysis, scrotal ultrasonography, right spermatic cord biopsy and pathologic analysis. Polyarteritis nodosa with involvement of both spermatic cords. Prednisone 60 mg daily was started for presumed temporal arteritis, but was discontinued when no evidence of arteritis was found in the temporal artery biopsy specimen. When pathologic analysis of the spermatic cord biopsy tissue confirmed polyarteritis nodosa, prednisone 40 mg twice daily was administered and the patient's scrotal pain and swelling resolved quickly. Steroids were slowly tapered and discontinued over the next 18 months. He remained free of systemic symptoms, with normal results on physical examination and laboratory evaluation, including urinalysis, CBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level, 5.5 months after discontinuation of glucocorticoid therapy.

Avaliação da recuperação do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenal após corticoterapia por meio do cortisol basal

The glucocorticoid-induced inhibition that occurs after discontinuation of treatment is the most frequent cause of adrenal insufficiency. There are yet some doubts about the best way of evaluating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in those patients. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of basal cortisol in diagnosing adrenal insufficiency. Thirty-five children with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) receiving glucocorticoid therapy (median age of 6.9 years) were evaluated. A stimulus test with corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH-1 mcg/kg) was performed before the introduction of dexamethasone (6 mg/m2/day, for 28 days), in the 8th and the 28th days of glucocorticoid therapy, and 48 hours and one month after discontinuation of therapy. Suppression of the basal secretion as well as the maximum concentration of cortisol (post-CRH) occurred during glucocorticoid therapy, which persisted for 48 hours after the steroid was removed from treatment (p< 0.01 and p< 0.0001, respectively, for the three tests). One month after ceasing the administration of the glucocorticoid, the basal secretion, as well as the maximum concentration of cortisol, were similar to that before glucocorticoid therapy. There was a positive and statistically significant correlation between basal secretion and maximum concentration of cortisol in all tests. We observed 95% of specificity for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency when the inferior limit of basal cortisol was 8.5 mcg/dl. According to these results we concluded that basal secretion of cortisol is a good marker of supra-renal function in evaluating children after discontinuation of glucocorticoid therapy.

The low‐dose (1 μg) adrenocorticotropin stimulation test in kidney and kidney–pancreas transplant patients: a potential guideline for steroid withdrawal

Chronic steroid treatment is known to impair the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) but the need to assess HPA function prior to withdrawal of steroid therapy in post-transplant patients has not been uniformly accepted. We evaluated the status of the HPA axis in 48 kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant patients who were considered for possible discontinuation of glucocorticoid therapy using a recently validated dynamic test of HPA integrity, the low-dose (1 microg) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) test. HPA suppression was detected in 29 (60%) of the patients, four of which had severe hypoadrenalism prohibitive of steroid withdrawal. Neither the duration of steroid treatment nor 8:00 am serum cortisol was a useful marker of hypoadrenalism. 8:00 am cortisol in subjects with normal HPA reserve and subjects with partial hypoadrenalism overlapped considerably but levels <5 microg/dL were indicative of severe hypoadrenalism. Pre-withdrawal diagnosis of partial hypoadrenalism allowed the identification of subjects requiring no further steroid replacement under regular daily circumstances. However glucocorticoid supplementation was prescribed in the event of stress such as infection, exceptional effort, trauma or surgery. Individuals with partial HPA impairment, but not patients with severe HPA suppression, improved upon retesting 3 months later. Patients exhibiting normal response to 1 mcg ACTH enjoyed an uneventful course following steroid withdrawal. Since hypoadrenalism is extremely common in post-transplant patients, we recommend the use of the low-dose ACTH test as a convenient method to identify patients with various degrees of hypoadrenalism prior to steroid withdrawal.

Delirium after cessation of glucocorticoid therapy

We report here a case of delirium that occurred after discontinuation of glucocorticoid therapy. Administration of hydrocortisone reversed the mental status changes seen in this patient. We review similar reported cases and discuss the direct actions of glucocorticoids on the brain.