Discharge Of Industrial Water Research Articles

Bacterial community and filamentous population of industrial wastewater treatment plants in Belgium.

The discharge of industrial water requires the removal of its pollutants, where biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the most used systems. Biological WWTPs make use of activated sludge (AS), where bacteria are responsible for the removal of pollutants. However, our knowledge of the microbial communities of industrial plants is limited. Understanding the microbial population is essential to provide solutions to industrial problems such as bulking. The aim of this study was to identify at a high taxonomic resolution the bacterial population of 29 industrial WWTPs using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Our results revealed that the main functional groups were dominated by Thauera and Zoogloea within denitrifiers, Dechloromonas in phosphate-accumulating organisms, and Defluviicoccus in glycogen-accumulating organisms. The activated sludge characterization indicated that 59% of the industrial plants suffered from bulking sludge, with DSVI values of up to 448 mL g-1. From the bulking cases, 72% corresponded to filamentous bulking with Thiothrix as the most abundant filament; meanwhile, the other 28% corresponded to viscous bulking sludge in which Zoogloea was the most abundant genus. Furthermore, the bacterial population did not share a core of taxa across all industrial plants. However, 20 genera were present in at least 50% of the plants comprising the general core, including Thauera, Ca. Competibacter, and several undescribed microorganisms. Moreover, statistical analysis revealed that wastewater salinity strongly affected the microbial richness of the industrial plants. The bacterial population across industrial plants differed considerably from each other, resulting in unique microbial communities that are attributed to the specificity of their wastewaters. KEY POINTS: • The general core taxa of industrial plants were mostly made up of undescribed bacterial genera. • Filamentous bacteria constituted on average 4.1% read abundance of the industrial WWTPs. • Viscous bulking remains a significant type of bulking within industrial WWTPs.

Efficient removal of fluoride ions present in industrial effluents using metal-organic frameworks of UiO-66-NH2

In this last decade, numerous works have been published on the use of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for applications in adsorption field to remove contaminants from aqueous solutions. However, little is known about MOFs as adsorbents for the removal of fluoride ions from real effluents. In this work, a highly porous MOF, UiO-66-NH2, was used for the final treatment of complex discharge waters containing fluoride ions from a surface treatment plant. Batch experiments showed that MOF exhibited high adsorption capacities towards fluoride ions, leading to concentrations under current regulation values. 70–80 % of the fluoride was removed in 60 min using 100 mg of MOF in 50 mL of effluent without changing the industrial initial pH. At the same time, the treatment also completely eliminated traces of aluminium in the discharge water. All the results showed that adsorption onto a non-conventional material such as UiO-66-NH2 can be an interesting tertiary treatment step to remove more pollutant streams from multi-contaminated industrial discharge waters.

Hydrogeochemical Responses of MTMS-Coated Capillary Cover under Heavy Rainfalls

To limit the oxidation of waste rocks that originates from mining operations and the subsequent leaching of acidic solutions with high concentration of metal ions, a tailing–rock–clay triple layer capillary cover system was developed to prevent rainwater infiltration in humid climatic regions. The fine grained soil (FGS) layer consists of mine tailing and a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) clay from waste-water treatment with a 95:5 mass ratio. The coarse grained soil (CGS) layer consists of local waste rock granules with a size of 1–10 mm. Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), an oxidation-inhibiting agent with strong hydrophobicity, was passivated on the rock grains to further reduce water infiltration and leaching of metal ions. Prototype-scale column tests were performed with matric suction and water content measurements under 680 min rainfall of 60 mm/h, the most severe annual precipitation case scenario for the Dexing Copper Mine (Jiangxi Province, China, 28.95° N, 117.57° E, humid climate). Both the uncoated and the coated covers exhibited zero leakage throughout the experiment. The passivation on rock granules in the coated cover increased the water entry value (WEV) of the CGS layer to −0.56 kPa. This led to a 15 mm water storage increment in the overlain FGS layer as compared to that in the uncoated cover, and induced lateral drainage (5% of the precipitation) in the FGS layer, which was not overserved in the uncoated cover. The concentrations of the leached Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ cations drained from the CGS layers of the uncoated cover were 0, 0.4, 0.8, 73.5, and 590.5 mg/L, which are all within the regulation limits of industrial discharge water standards. The concentrations of Cu2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ cations drained from the coated CGS layer were reduced by 1–3 orders of magnitude. The abovementioned laboratory studies validated the water retention and leaching prevention abilities of the proposed three-layer capillary covers and the MTMS coating, which hold promises in engineering applications.

Membrane fouling remediation and modeling in phosphorous removal using electromagnetic field (EMF)-assisted nanofiltration (NF): In situ synchrotron imaging, experimental and statistical studies

Phosphorous loading in the natural waters is a current issue that is caused by the discharge of industrial water, agriculture run off, and municipal releases. Membrane technology is an emerging method to target the removal of phosphorous from wastewater and has several advantages over the traditional methods. However, the main challenge of membrane technology is membrane fouling. The main goal of this study was to optimize nanofiltration process of phosphates using electromagnetic field (EMF) as an eco-friendly membrane fouling remediation technique. To obtain this, several test runs were performed on a commercial membrane Dow NF270 for nanofiltration of synthesized water with various concentrations of phosphate. The application of EMF altered the particle size of phosphate that resulted in a significant decrease in membrane fouling while obtaining maximum flux. In situ synchrotron-based micro–Computed Tomography imaging (SR-μCT) available at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) was conducted to assess membrane fouling with and without EMF influence across layer by layer across membrane thickness. Synchrotron X-ray analysis revealed the decrease in internal membrane pores fouling, caused by increase of phosphate particles size when using EMF. In addition, SEM images of membrane showed reduced fouling. The influence of flowrate, pressure, pH, and phosphate concentration was observed on permeate volume, permeate flux, and membrane fouling. It was determined that flowrate, transmembrane pressure, and pH had were directly proportional to the permeate volume, while the phosphate concentration was indirectly proportional. Mathematical models were developed to obtain the optimized operating conditions and to determine which factor influenced water flux and membrane fouling the most. The transmembrane pressure was the most significant factor for water permeate flux, while the combination of the influence of pH and feed flowrate had also a positive effect. On the other hand, the feed concentration was the most significant for membrane fouling, according to mathematical model. The optimized conditions with the highest desirability had the concentration of phosphate at 0.368 mg/L, pressure at 97.8 psi, 6.98 pH, and flowrate of 5.13 L/min. Under these conditions, maximum flux of 7.43 mL/cm2/min and minimum fouling of 0.046 mg/cm2 was achieved.

Thermal pollution level reduction by sweeping jet-based enhanced heat dissipation: A numerical study with calibrated Generalized k-ω (GEKO) model

Thermal pollution is commonly the damage to natural ecosystems caused by industrial water discharge into the environment above ambient temperature. The highly efficiently dissipative sweeping jet actuator is thus considered as the solution to the reduced thermal pollution level. The thermal dissipation capacities of free steady, pulsed, and sweeping jets with a Reynolds number of 49,761 and a Strouhal number of 0.0152 are compared by numerical simulation. The Reynolds stress model (RSM) is used as the turbulence model, with the Generalized k-ω (GEKO) model innovatively used to calibrate jet dissipation rates. The temperature fields are first compared to confirm the overwhelming temperature dilution effect of the sweeping jet in both streamwise and normalwise directions. Then the reasons for the enhanced heat dissipation by sweeping jet are explained by numerous time-averaged and time-resolved contours of the distributions of flow-related physical quantities. The time-averaged flow fields directly show that the sweeping jet has the fastest streamwise velocity decay and the most uniform spanwise momentum distribution due to the continuous transverse oscillation, and hence has the moderate turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) over a wide spanwise range due to the destruction of the potential core commonly seen in a steady jet. The relative turbulence kinetic energy fields, excluding the contribution to turbulence generation from velocity magnitudes, show that the alternating formation and dissipation of shear layer-induced vortices most contribute to the inherent unsteady patterns. In the planes perpendicular to the streamwise direction, the spacings between adjacent velocity contour lines of the sweeping jet increase at the fastest rate with the streamwise distance, indicating the excellent entrainment capacity. The difference among the three primary Reynolds stresses of the sweeping jet is smaller than that of the other two jets, indicating that the sweeping jet converts more streamwise momentum into spanwise and normalwise velocity and turbulence and thus has higher spatial homogeneity. Pathlines of massless particles dispersed in the near-field show that the sweeping jet has the most substantial entrainment capability due to the longest motion distance of the traces originating outside the jet shear layer, although it is difficult for the ambient fluids to penetrate the central jet impact region. Finally, three mixing potential metrics, i.e., jet decay rate, jet spreading rate, and entrainment factor, are used to evaluate the three jets' more general mixing characteristics qualitatively. To extract the sweeping jet's centerline velocity and spreading width, the Lagrangian transformation, which invariably aligns the jet ejection direction with x-axis, is performed on the phase-averaged velocity flow fields. The near-field results show that compared with the steady jet, the sweeping jet boasts a 176% increase in the jet decay rate, a 241% increase in the jet spreading rate, and a 369% increase in the entrainment factor. In the far-field, the entrainment capacity of the sweeping jet is not as good as that of the pulsed jet but is still 68% higher than that of the steady jet. In all, this paper establishes a theoretical basis for the application of fluid oscillators to heat pollution level reduction and more general scenarios involving requirements for enhanced heat and mass transfer by proposing the standard mixing indicators of sweeping jets similar to those of conventional jets, and also serves as a pioneering example for the future possible extension of the GEKO model to a broader range of industrial CFD simulations.

Enhancement of photocatalytic properties of nanosized La2Ti2O7 synthesized by glycine-assisted sol-gel route

Nanosized lanthanum titanate (La2Ti2O7) have been synthetized by a new glycine-assisted sol gel route in order to improve the photocatalytic properties. The effect of calcination temperature on crystallites size and their photocatalytic efficiency has been investigated, showing a best efficiency for a calcination temperature of 1000 °C. Thus, the apparent rate constant of degradation of rhodamine B is greatly improved by a factor of 1.86 compared to commercial P25 TiO2 Degussa® and by a factor of 6.42 compared to a sol–gel synthesis without glycine.In order to study the efficiency of the photocatalyst on industrial water discharges, the photodegradation of phenol has also been investigated, showing the effectiveness of the photocatalyst with an apparent rate constant of 5.49 × 10−3 min−1. The photocatalyst mass loading, the luminous flux received and the pH have been also investigated. The effect of different type of scavengers shows the importance of superoxide and hole in the photodegradation mechanisms. Finally, the coupling of ultrasound and light excitation was carried out in order to achieve a sonophotocatalysis effect. The apparent rate constant corresponding to the photodegradation of phenol increases slightly. Nevertheless, we have been able to observe that this is more important as the volume of the photoreactor is low.

Mathematical modeling and optimization by the application of full factorial design and response surface methodology approach for decolourization of dyes by a newly isolated Photobacterium ganghwense

Dyes are chemicals found in industrial water discharge, which may harm aquatic life and humans. In this study, halophilic bacteria was isolated from sea water in Jeddah, KSA, and then identified using 16SrDNA sequencing technique. Mathematical modeling has been achieved to predict the number of runs needed to reach the maximum of dye removal. Then the effect of four independent variables (NaCl concentration, Peptone concentration, temperature and agitation) was studied using full Factorial Design (FFD) for the determination of optimal abiotic and biotic condition, which reaches a maximum percentage of colour removal (% of decolourization) in artificial seawater (ASW). A model was proposed for the statistical analysis of colour removal prediction. Analytical techniques (UV–vis and FTIR) was also used to determining the degradation mechanisms. The active strain was then genetically characterized to identify genes related to chemical and dyes biodegradation.The isolated strain was identified as Photobacterium ganghwense. Our results revealed that P. ganghwense (5.106 CFU/ mL) was able to decolourize four tested dyes (Methyl orange, Congo red, Crystal violet and Malachite green) in modified ASW with different degrees and the maximum of decolourization was attributed to malachite green (79.61%). The biodegradation capability of the selected strain was confirmed by UV–Vis spectrum and FTIR analysis. Experimental data and model predictions were found to be in good agreement. Genomic analysis confirm the presence of several enzymes (reductase, dehydrogenase, oxidase, kinase, hydrolase, and transferase) associated with dyes and xenobiotic degradation, indicating its possible use in biotechnology applications.

The Impact of Polluting Sources on the Physical-Chemical Properties of Water in the Curved River in Kosovo

It has already become a tradition to research the pollution with heavy metals of surface and groundwater. Very few studies have been done to assess the ecological status of rivers in Kosovo, based on their assessment through physical-chemical parameters, such as: pH, OT, BOD5, COD, N-NH4, NO3-, NT, PO4-P, PT. Although it is known that physical-chemical pollution of surface water is present in the flow of rivers, since in the impossibility of setting up plants for the treatment of industrial and urban wastewater, in all cases their discharge is done in a way free and uncontrolled. Therefore, our object of study consists in the real evidence of physical-chemical pollution of the waters of the Curved River (Kriva Reka), a segment of which crosses the industrial area of ​​the Artana Mine, located in the northeastern part of Kosovo. During the research work we have identified six monitoring points: M1 and M6 represent the river waters outside the industrial zone, while the other four monitoring points reflect the industrial discharge waters and the polluted river waters in the industrial zone. Classical and instrumental methods of analytical chemistry have been applied to determine physical-chemical parameters. The results obtained after the analysis of water samples give the values of physical-chemical parameters, based on which we estimate that the Curved River is characterized by poor ecological status.

Simultaneous removal of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn from synthetic solutions on a hemp‐based felt. III. Real discharge waters

ABSTRACTTwo hemp‐based materials were used as nonconventional adsorbents for the final treatment of industrial discharge waters (DWs) from a metal‐finishing plant. The first adsorbent, referred as HEMP, was a felt made of 100% hemp fiber. The second was the same felt coated with a maltodextrin‐1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic crosslinked polymer (HEMPM) in order to provide ion‐exchange properties to the material by introducing carboxylic groups. The batch experiments showed that both materials exhibited high adsorption capacities toward metal ions present in 12 DWs, leading to concentrations well below those allowed by the French regulation. Measurements of the germination rate of Lactuca sativa seeds and of mobility inhibition of Daphnia magna, used as ecotoxicological tests, were carried out on DWs before and after hemp treatment. The average germination rate before and after treatment were 47.2 ± 4.1 for untreated DWs, 71.2 ± 6.3 for DWs treated by HEMP, and 89.3 ± 4.7 for DWs treated by HEMPM. The EC50 values for four DWs were between 2.1 and 10.4% of DW, indicating high toxicity. After HEMPM treatment, exposure to the DW for 24 h did not cause immobilization (EC50 > 90%). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48823.

Ultra-thin titanium carbide (MXene) sheet membranes for high-efficient oil/water emulsions separation

Oily wastewater from oil spill and industrial water discharge poses danger to human body and the environment. Fouling is the bottleneck of membrane for oily wastewater separation. Here, an ultra-thin 2D titanium carbide MXene membrane (about 30 nm) supported on porous polyethersulfone (PES) as substrate with high performance and excellent stability for oil-in-water emulsion separation is designed. The high antifouling resistance, promising oil/water separation and excellent recyclability of the MXene membranes are originated from their inherent hydrophilicity, low adhesion of oil droplets as well as the regular stacking of the 2D lamellar structure. Molecular Dynamics simulations further confirm that the hydrophilic MXene membranes with low oil adhensive force. Moreover, for salt-containing oily wastewater, the MXene membranes exhibit even higher oil rejection with low compromised water permeance due to the reduced d-spacing because of ion intercalation. Such ultra-thin MXene 2D membranes with outstanding recyclability and high separation performance pave an avenue for a broad oil/water separation.

Hydrochemical peculiarities of the Itkul lake ecosystem and its phytoplankton condition

We present the results of the hydrochemical analysis in Lake Itkul, which is the natural monument in the Chelyabinsk Region and an important recreational facility for the population of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk Regions. The water of Lake Itkul is fresh in terms of chemical composition, has low-alkaline medium reaction, and is very soft and saturated with oxygen. The water content in biogenic substances such as ions of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate is low. Description and analysis of ecological groups of phytoplankton species of Lake Itkul are provided. The phytoplankton of Lake Itkul comprises eurybiontic and neutral species having wide geographical distributions. Analysis of ion contents of the zinc, copper, manganese, and nickel in the water and organs and tissues of the common roach indicated high residual concentrations of nickel in fish skin and bones, above allowable values. The content of iron, manganese, and other secondary elements in water was significantly lower than their maximum allowable concentrations, reflecting the absence of industrial water discharge within the lake water intake.

Automated bundled hollow fiber array-liquid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis of perfluorinated compounds in aqueous media

An automated bundled hollow fiber array (BHF)-liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) methodology in combination with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in environmental aqueous matrices. Eight PFCs were considered, including perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorotridecanoic acid, perfluorotetradecanoic acid. Experimental parameters influencing extraction efficiency, such as number of hollow fibers in the BHF extraction device, type of extraction and desorption solvent, extraction conditions (stirring rate, temperature and duration), elution conditions and the salting out effect were examined. Under the most favourable conditions, enrichment factors of between 9 and 40 were achieved for the target compounds when extracting from 10 mL of sample. Good intra and inter-day precision were obtained with relative standard deviations of less than 12%. The linearity range investigated was between 5 and 10,000 ng L−1, with coefficients of determination (r2) ≥ 0.991. The developed method was applied for the UHPLC-MS/MS determination of environmental PFCs in industrial water discharge samples. The automation of BHF-LPME together with UHPLC-MS/MS rendered the method efficient, rapid and sensitive to determine PFCs, with the possibility of on-site real-time monitoring of contaminants in environmental waters.

Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration for heavy metal removal: Influence of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose on filtration performances

Reclaiming of wastewaters contaminated by heavy metals has become a major challenge over the last decades. For this reason, nanoporous membrane processes have awaken the interest of industry and local community, and the possible ways to improve their performances has become a priority goal for researchers. Metal removal enhancement by polymer addition is a potential way that is deeply investigated herein on nickel ion rejection with chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose addition. Due to the vanishing of electrostatic interactions induced by the large amount of salt usually contained in effluents, ion rejection consequently drastically drops. However, it is highlighted that a sufficient addition of polymer (higher than 10−2 M of monomer unit) can offset this decrease and allow good metal removal, while permeation flux is reduced by increased viscosity. Performances are greatly affected by the pH of the filtered solution whose increase notably improves the metal rejection. Finally, ultrafiltration of an industrial discharge water with and without chitosan enhancement step shows that the rejection increase generated by the polymer addition is very low due to the competing phenomenon between the various species present in the complex mixture.

Investigations on both Electroplating and Capacitive Removal of Lead from Waste Water

Heavy metals disposed to aquatic environments is always a major concern worldwide, Because of its adverse effects on human health and ecosystems.[1] Therefore, investigations on the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water and other effluents are receiving considerable attention. The contribution of this work is to obtain a series of optimized parameters, controlling a system combining capacitive desalination technique (CDI) with electrodeposition for lead ion removal, to achieve the goal of reducing waste streams in the region of 100 ppm to below 5 ppm; the legal limit in Singapore for discharge of industrial water into public sewers. In addition, cyclic voltammery analysis was conducted from small scale standard three electrode systems to identify the relative contributions of pure electrical double layer charging and electrodeposition when the current passing through the electrodes. Further more, by designing experiments in the presence and absence of atmospheric CO2 we are also able to show that the formation of lead carbonates is detrimental to the release of lead compounds during the discharge stage of the operation. Acknowledgment Funding for this work was provided by the Environment & Water Industry Programme Office under grant number 1301-IRIS-33.

Treated wastewater phytotoxicity assessment using Lactuca sativa: Focus on germination and root elongation test parameters

Sensitive and simple ecotoxicological bioassays like seed germination and root elongation tests are commonly used to evaluate the phytotoxicity of waste and industrial discharge waters. Although the tests are performed following national and international standards, various parameters such as the number of seeds per dish, the test duration or the type of support used remain variable. To be able to make a correct comparison of results from different studies, it is crucial to know which parameter(s) could affect ecotoxicological diagnosis. We tested four different control waters and three seed densities. No significant differences on either germination rate or root elongation endpoints were shown. Nevertheless, we found that the four lettuce cultivars (Appia, batavia dorée de printemps, grosse blonde paresseuse, and Kinemontepas) showed significantly different responses when watered with the same and different metal-loaded industrial discharge water. From the comparison, it is clear that a differential sensitivity scale occurs among not just species but cultivars.

Cross-linked cyclodextrin-based material for treatment of metals and organic substances present in industrial discharge waters.

In this study, a polymer, prepared by crosslinking cyclodextrin (CD) by means of a polycarboxylic acid, was used for the removal of pollutants from spiked solutions and discharge waters from the surface treatment industry. In spiked solutions containing five metals, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and three alkylphenols (AP), the material exhibited high adsorption capacities: >99% of Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ were removed, between 65 and 82% of the PAHs, as well as 69 to 90% of the APs. Due to the structure of the polymer and its specific characteristics, such as the presence of carboxylic groups and CD cavities, the adsorption mechanism involves four main interactions: ion exchange, electrostatic interactions and precipitation for metal removal, and inclusion complexes for organics removal. In industrial discharge waters, competition effects appeared, especially because of the presence of calcium at high concentrations, which competed with other pollutants for the adsorption sites of the adsorbent.

Chemical and Ecotoxicological Monitoring of Discharge Water from a Metal-Finishing Factory

This study investigates the chemical composition and the ecotoxicity of five industrial discharge waters sampled over a three-month period. Twenty-one water parameters and 164 substances were monitored, among them organic and metallic compounds. The results indicated that, on average, 52 substances were found with a high variability, both qualitative and quantitative. Inorganics such as Ca, Na and Cl were present at concentrations close to g/L and metals higher than mg/L. Organics were detected at trace levels (ng/L or μg/L). The toxicity was assessed by a bioassay based on mobility inhibition of Daphnia magna. The EC50 values were between 3 and 17 % of discharge water, indicating high toxicity. First interpretations suggest that metals, salinity and other unidentified substances, such as commercial organic preparations used in the treatment plant, could be partially responsible for the observed toxicity.

Comparsion of some Chemical Parameters of Urban and Industrial Water Discharges Onto the River Lumbardh of Prizren

Abstract: In this paper is described the concept of the monitoring system for water condition and physical - chemical parameters of the water quality. The biggest problem in environmental protection, is the quality of surface water. Complex approach includes physical and chemical analyzes of water of the river Lumbardhi, and those of discharge urban and industrial wastewater. Results from the analysis of the study will be used to manage eco - status in order to prevent negative trends and create a desirable balance of so important ecosystem like the system consisting of Lumbardhi river, yet with preserved biodiversity. The purpose of this paper is to compare the dynamics of river pollution Lumbardhi from urban and industrial discharge water during the same time intervals but different years. As a point of monitoring is selected the source of Lumbardhi L1 Prevall, then there is the point monitoring industrial area L2 and L3 point river outfall that has been marked with L3 Vlashnje. It was executed a monitoring of surface water through their physical - chemical analysis in two cycles: April-May 2012 and April-May 2015 of these parameters. Suspensive dissolved materials, biochemical oxygen consumption, chemical oxygen expenditure and total organic carbon in the source of Lumbardhi river, in the urban area and in the river outfall of Lumbardhi. Through this monitoring, in this paper is made comparison of these above parameters which shows that the results obtained from tests which have been made in Hydro Meteorological Institute in Pristina resulted that there is a considerable pollution of the river Lumbardhi from these pollutants and according to our opinion this comes as a result of not sustainable economic-ecologic development, social-ecologic, eco education and lack of surface treatment and urban sewage, industrial. On the other hand, based on the ecological situation and physic - chemical characteristics of Lumbardhi River during time intervals, it will serve as the starting point for integrated management plans and, if necessary, for programs, measures and environmental protection activities.

Rapid and direct electrochemical determination of Ni(II) in industrial discharge water

Industrial water contains a number of contaminants, such as organic pollutants and heavy metals, which can significantly affect the quality of soil, ground and environmental waters. We have successfully optimized and tested an electrochemical method and sensor modified with dimethylglyoxime for monitoring of nickel(II). The detection limit was 0.03mg/L and determination limit was 0.09mg/L. Linear concentration range was observed from 0.06 to 0.5mg/L Ni(II) and it is suitable for the analysis of environmental waters. The effect of all parameters important for on-site measurements (such as interferences, presence of dissolved oxygen, temperature) was investigated and considered in the analysis of mine discharge water. Water samples were analyzed without any pretreatment or filtration. A low level of error (5.6%) was observed for analysis demonstrating the usability of the optimized sensor and method for on-site measurements.

Assessment of Water and Salt Balance in Manzala Irrigation and Dra System Area

The main objectives of the study aim at optimal exploitation of the water resources in Eastern Nile Delta region. Until now, the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) is managing water resources and the irrigation system by itself with high input of staff and high capital investment. The mission of MWRI is to ensure that Egypt's water resources are developed, allocated, used and preserved in a manner which is sustainable, equitable and efficient. The research work evaluated the water balance, the salt balance, the water quality and the management plans in the study area from August 2000 to July 2010, also, attempt a new water management plan. The water and salt balance first executed for the Eastern Nile Delta region. To create work breakdown structure, the Eastern Nile Delta region divided into two parts according to the irrigation and drainage systems. The first one is Manzala Irrigation and Drainage System (MIDS), the second is Ismailia Irrigation and Drainage System(IIDS). In this paper, a water and salt balance executed for MIDS. MIDS boundaries are Manzala Lake from the north, dammitta branch from the west, IIDS from the east and Greater cairo and IIDS from the south. Results of water balance showed gradually increasing of domestic and industrial water discharges from Greater Cairo to MIDS, the influent fresh water was almost constant and didn’t completely follow ET demands and the intruding seawater was almost decreasing. Results of salt balance elements showed adding extra soil salt loads to MIDS area. The MIDS water and salt balance results didn’t comply with MWRI mission.