Battery Discharge Characteristics Research Articles

Design and experimental verification of propulsion system for a Mars quadcopter

Due to the Mars rotorcraft can conduct extensive surface exploration of Mars and carry sampler for collecting samples on the Martian surface, it is gradually becoming the mainstream exploration devices for Mars missions. In response to the thin atmosphere on Mars, with the flight duration and sample-carrying capacity of the quadcopter as constraints, we design the propulsion system parameters for the Mars quadcopter with the function of sampling on the Martian surface. A method for evaluating rotor performance indicators, including mass and Mach number at the tip of the blade, is proposed. Based on the evaluation index and the steady RANS method for predicting the lift and drag characteristics of the rotor, an appropriate rotor diameter for the Mars quadrotor is selected. The method combining NSGA-II and two-dimensional steady RANS is employed to optimize the airfoil of the Mars quadcopter blade under the condition of a chord length of 40 mm, a Mach number of 0.43, an angle of attack of 20°, and a Reynolds number based on chord of 6080. Experimental verification for the lift-to-drag characteristics of the single rotor is conducted in an environment simulating the atmospheric density on the Martian surface. The results show that the blade after optimization can generate a thrust of 5.95 N and consume power of 164.9 W, at the rotational speed of 3650 r/min. Based on the test bench with the function of sliding up and down for testing aerodynamic performance of quadcopter, the temperature of the motor and battery discharge characteristics of the Mars quadcopter are conducted. The results of the test show that the quadrotor can provide a thrust-to-weight ratio of 1.66 for the Mars quadcopter while meeting the design requirement of 3 min.

Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Performance Characteristics for Adaptive Supervisory Self-Learning-Based SR Motor Energy Management Controller under Real-Time Driving Conditions

The performance of an electric vehicle (EV) notably depends on an energy management controller. This study developed several energy management controllers (EMCs) to optimize the efficiency of EVs in real-time driving conditions. Also, this study employed an innovative methodology to create EMCs, efficiency maps, and real-time driving cycles under actual driving conditions. The various EMCs such as PID, intelligent, hybrid, and supervisory controllers are designed using MATLAB/Simulink and examined under real-time conditions. In this instance, a mathematical model of an EV with a switched reluctance (SR) motor is developed to optimize energy consumption using different energy management controllers. Further, an inventive experimental approach is employed to generate efficiency maps for the SR motor and above-mentioned controllers. Then, the generated efficiency maps are integrated into a model-in-loop (MIL)-based EV test platform to analyze the performance under real-time conditions. Additionally, to verify EV model, a real-time driving cycle (DC) has been developed, encompassing various road conditions such as highway, urban, and rural. Subsequently, the developed models are included into an MIL-based EV test platform to optimize the performance of the electric motor and battery consumption in real-time conditions. The results indicate that the proposed supervisory controller (59.1%) has a lower EOT SOC drop compared to the PID (3.6%), intelligent (21.5%), and hybrid (44.9%) controllers. Also, the suggested controller achieves minimal energy consumption (44.67 Wh/km) and enhances energy recovery (−58.28 Wh) under different real-time conditions. Therefore, it will enhance the driving range and battery discharge characteristics of EVs across various real-time driving conditions.

Charge–Discharge Performances and Mechanisms of Zn-Ion Batteries with β-MnO2, γ-MnO2, and Mn2O3 Positive Electrodes

In the present study, the charge–discharge characteristics of zinc-ion batteries fabricated with β-MnO2, γ-MnO2, or Mn2O3 as the positive-electrode material were evaluated. MnOOH is widely believed to be formed in the discharge reaction of γ-MnO2. However, when β-MnO2 was used as the positive-electrode material, we observed the formation of Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 instead of MnOOH in the first discharge reaction, and no reformation of β-MnO2 upon charging occurred. Furthermore, during the charge–discharge process, zinc was dissolved from the negative electrode, and basic zinc compounds were observed as byproducts at both the positive and negative electrodes. For the second cycle onwards, the amounts of Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 increased during discharging and decreased during charging. The process showed a stable discharge capacity of 200 Ahkg−1 until ∼30 cycles, thereafter decreasing to 105 Ahkg–1 by the 100th cycle.

Electrical charge and discharge characteristics of battery under remote control of water level with PV pumping system

This paper presents introduction and load characteristics of stand-alone PV pumping system, which was especially designed for rice planting irrigation of small form units, under remote control of water level. By application of these systems, it is expected to increase agricultural fresh water reuse, and to save labor for water management. The feature of this system is simplicity with having the control function of matching to weather condition. We confirmed remote control of water level by using batteries under cloudy.

Novel KOH treated Li-CuO as anode for the Application of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithiated CuO (Li-CuO) micro-structures were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using KOH as a reactive solution. The structural properties of pure Li-CuO and other KOH-reacted CuO samples were analysed using XRD analysis. Various vibrational bands were observed by FTIR spectra analysis. The SEM images indicated the formation of Li-CuO hexagonal rods of 1-2 µm dimension. The cyclic efficiencies of pure Li-CuO and 12 M KOH surfactant Li-CuO microstructures were observed to be 78.5% and 91.2%, respectively. The battery discharge characteristics revealed that after 50 cycles, the specific capacity of the battery based on a pure Li-CuO microstructure electrode showed 97 mAh g-1 whereas KOH surfactant Li-CuO microstructures electrode showed 150 mAh g-1 at a constant current density of 17.79 mA g-1 with a 1.0–4.0 V vs. Li/Li+ potential range. The enhancement of specific capacity and its stability due to a well-defined hexagonal crystal structure leads to increased Li+ ion kinetics during the insertion and extraction processes of batteries.

Analysis and detection of charge and discharge characteristics of lithium battery based on multi-sensor fusion

Analysis and detection of charge and discharge characteristics of lithium battery based on multi-sensor fusion

Revaluation Method of Sensor Power Supply

This study proposes an approach for wireless sensor power supply voltage early warning using statistical models. Experimental and statistical analysis of electrical parameters and battery discharge characteristics were conducted to establish a reliable evaluation process. A linear regression model was employed to analyze and fit known temperature and voltage data, establishing a relationship model between voltage and temperature and using it to predict unknown voltage threshold data. This solves the problem of the inability to real-time predict the warning voltage threshold of wireless sensors as the actual working temperature changes and ensures their reliability. The results of experiments and statistical analysis demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of this method. Compared to the traditional method of using fixed voltage thresholds for warning, the proposed method offers a practical solution that can timely address the issue of low power supply voltage in wireless sensor networks.

On ways of conversion of silicon dioxide SiO2 in lithium battery systems: a review

Silicon and silicon oxide compounds SiO, SiO2, SiOx and SiOC are considered as a promising family of materials for high-energy lithium batteries due to their high theoretical capacity, widespread in nature, low cost, environmental safety and ease of synthesis. Silicon oxide compounds have replaced silicon in the hope of improving the discharge characteristics of lithium batteries. Oxides of silicon show excellent stability during cycling after structure optimization. However, they suffer from the problem of low Coulomb efficiency and high voltage hysteresis (difference in charge and discharge voltage), which prevents their practical application. Significant bulk expansion of silicon oxides during cycling and irreversible loss of capacity in the initial cycles are an obstacle to their large-scale practical use. This review pays attention to the peculiarities of the conversion of SiO2 and its hybrid compounds into the redox reaction with lithium and ways to overcome existing problems. Silicon dioxide is more resistant to bulk expansion than silicon. Various structural formats of nanometer SiO2 have been developed and tested for lithium batteries, such as nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires, nanoparticles, thin films. To solve problems in the SiO2/Li system, a number of SiO2 composites with carbon, graphene, active and inactive metals, etc. have also been proposed and studied. Analyzing the results of the studies, we found a significant role of the solid electrolyte interphase film in the efficient conversion of SiO2. In turn, the formation of a film on silicon dioxide depends on the method of synthesis of dioxide, which introduces impurities into the final synthesis product. Impurities contribute to the distortion of the solid electrolyte interphase film during the cycling of the SiO2/Li system, and the loss of discharge capacity. SiO2 dioxide obtained in a dry environment of a ball mill differs favorably from that obtained from solutions. Many efforts have been made to overcome the problems in Si-containing electrode materials, however, they have to go a certain way for large-scale practical application.

Design a Hybrid Energy-Supply for the Electrically Driven Heavy-Duty Hexapod Vehicle

Increasing the power density and overload capability of the energy-supply units (ESUs) is always one of the most challenging tasks in developing and deploying legged vehicles, especially for heavy-duty legged vehicles, in which significant power fluctuations in energy supply exist with peak power several times surpassing the average value. Applying ESUs with high power density and high overload can compactly ensure fluctuating power source supply on demand. It can avoid the ultra-high configuration issue, which usually exists in the conventional lithium-ion battery-based or engine-generator-based ESUs. Moreover, it dramatically reduces weight and significantly increases the loading and endurance capabilities of the legged vehicles. In this paper, we present a hybrid energy-supply unit for a heavy-duty legged vehicle combining the discharge characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and peak energy release/absorption characteristics of supercapacitors to adapt the ESU to high overload power fluctuations. The parameters of the lithium-ion battery pack and supercapacitor pack inside the ESU are optimally matched using the genetic algorithm based on the energy consumption model of the heavy-duty legged vehicle. The experiment results exhibit that the legged vehicle with a weight of 4.2 tons can walk at the speed of 5 km/h in a tripod gait under a reduction of 35.39% in weight of the ESU compared to the conventional lithium-ion battery-based solution.

Modeling and coordinated control for active power regulation of pumped storage‐battery integrated system under small‐disturbances

AbstractMultienergy complementation is an important means to improve the capacity of renewable energy consumption and the key to achieving the goal of “net zero” globally. The hydro–wind–photovoltaic‐storage hybrid system is an important technical approach, and in this system, pumped storage and battery energy storage are both key components for regulation. To study the problem of coordinated control of the two storage systems, a model of a pumped storage‐battery integrated system (PSBIS) for simulating small disturbances of pumped storage units and the battery charge and discharge characteristics was established by MATLAB/Simulink in this study firstly. Then, two control strategies (“priority regulation of pumped storage” and “priority regulation of battery storage”) are studied, and simulation calculations under ideal input and measured wind power disturbances are carried out to compare two control strategies by using the integrated system model under grid‐connected conditions. The simulation results revealed that the “priority regulation of pumped storage” control strategy has a better performance on active power balance, compared with the “priority regulation of battery storage” control strategy. This work could provide technical support for coordinated control of the practical PSBIS in the future.

Investigation of Impulse and Continuous Discharge Characteristics of Large-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most popular and efficient energy storage devices. In this paper, the characteristics of high-capacity lithium-iron-phosphate batteries during the impulse and long-term operation modes of batteries with different levels of the discharge current are considered. A modified DP-model is proposed. The novelty of the model is the possibility to calculate the activation polarization parameters for different discharge currents. The state of charge is estimated using a high-order polynomial. Based on the developed model, transient processes with rapid load changes and the dependence of the battery voltage on the state of charge were obtained. Here, the model is intended to be used for the design of energy storage systems. The results showed that the DP-model is reliable under the tested conditions and can be used for the considered application.

A data-driven evaluation method for low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries

Energy storage system plays an important role in smoothing out the electricity supply from renewable energy and improving stability of the power system. At present, most energy storage systems are still battery energy storage systems (BESS). However, the time-varying temperature condition has a significant impact on discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries. When lithium-ion battery operates in a low temperature environment, the discharge capacity of the battery decreases. Therefore, this paper develops a discharge capacity evaluation method for lithium-ion batteries at low temperature. Firstly, we analyze the battery discharge characteristics. On this basis, battery tests have been conducted and we proposed some health indicators. Finally input the measured data and health indicators into the machine learning model. The applicability and effectiveness of this method are analyzed through numerical results.

Experimental Study on Dielectric Fluid Immersion Cooling for Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery

The rapidly growing commercialization of electric vehicles demands higher capacity lithium-ion batteries with higher heat generation which degrades the lifespan and performance of batteries. The currently widely used indirect liquid cooling imposes disadvantages of the higher thermal resistance and coolant leakage which has diverted the attention to the direct liquid cooling for the thermal management of batteries. The present study conducts the experimental investigation on discharge and heat transfer characteristics of lithium-ion battery with direct liquid cooling for the thermal management. The 18,650 lithium-ion cylindrical battery pack is immersed symmetrically in dielectric fluid. The discharge voltage and capacity, maximum temperature, temperature difference, average temperature, heat absorbed, and heat transfer coefficient are investigated under various conditions of discharge rates, inlet temperatures, and volume flow rates of coolant. The operating voltage and discharge capacity are decreasing with increase in the volume flow rate and decrease in the inlet temperature for all discharge rates. At the higher discharge rate of 4C, the lowest battery maximum temperatures of 60.2 °C and 44.6 °C and the highest heat transfer coefficients of 2884.25 W/m2-K and 2290.19 W/m2-K are reported for the highest volume flow rate of 1000 mLPM and the lowest inlet temperature of 15 °C, respectively.

Estimation of Discharge Capacities Using Generalized Peukert’s Equation for Saft Industrial Standby Batteries

Saft Industrial Standby (ISD) battery utilizes robust nickel-cadmium alkaline electrochemistry that delivers reliable performance and long life of at least 15 years over a wide range of temperature (-20 °C to 50 °C). The battery is designed with nickel based positive electrode and plastic bonded cadmium electrode in a vented prismatic cell. Typically, telecom applications used to require long duration backup power sources. With the advent of 4G/5G, the duration for backup power has been reduced to 1 hour or less. Therefore, new ISD battery was designed for power applications like 174 W/cell discharge for 1 hour and at the same time it can deliver high energy density up to 100 Wh/l. Additionally, low water consumption due to the high charge efficiency makes this battery ideal for the maintenance free remote installations. All these features render the battery aptly suitable for providing back-up power in telecom networks (4G and 5G) including remote cabinets at the lowest total cost of ownership.The ISD battery (Tel.X-Plus) is compliant to the Telecordia GR (Generic Requirement)-3020 CORE standard, which is recommended for the secondary alkaline batteries used in the telecom back-up application. This standard requires declaration of minimum 28 discharge currents entailing different durations and end voltages for a specific battery capacity. Hence, correct estimation of deliverable capacities for any definite duration and end voltage can reduce significant number of test trials. In addition, it helps sizing the battery for different power and energy installations. There are a few analytical techniques, such as Peukert’s and Shepherd’s equations that can be used to model the discharge characteristics of batteries. There are three different forms of generalized Peukert’s equations: algebraic, hyperbolic tangent and complementary error functions. In this study, to evaluate the discharge capacities we investigated the complementary error function of the generalized Peukert’s equations described in the equation 1: C= (Cm/erfc(-1/n)) * efrc(((i/ik)-1)/n) ... (1)where, C is the capacity of the battery during discharge, Cm is the highest discharge capacity, i is the discharge current, ik and n are statistical parameters. We know that phase transition is key to the discharge of a battery. Therefore, we selected the equation which also defines the phase transition process. The discharge capacities were calculated between 24-hour and 0.20-hour discharge durations for 1 V/cell, 1.05 V/cell, 1.10 V/cell and 1.14 V/cell end points using the equation 1. Here, the discharge capacity that was experimentally determined at the nominal C/24 rate was used as the maximum discharge capacity, Cm. The value of the statistical parameter n is within 0 and 1 to satisfy the capacity limits when discharge current tends to infinite and zero. For example, n equals to 0.6 is used for the calculations pertaining to the 180 Ah rated battery. The other statistical parameter ik was empirically selected for each end point voltage e.g., 250 A for 1.1 V/cell. Figure 1 shows the results for the calculated discharge capacities along with the experimental values at the 1.1 V/cell cut-off. The calculated numbers closely match with the experimentally obtained values with the r2 of 0.998 (Figure 1)Results for the other cut-off voltages (1.0 V/cell, 1.05 V/cell and 1.14 V/cell) were also obtained using the equation 1 and closely match the experimental values. Thus, the phase transition form of generalized Peukert’s equation (complementary error function) can be used for evaluating the capacities between 24-hour and 0.20-hour of discharge durations. Consequently, it enhances the test efficiency remarkably and sets the stage for battery sizing. Future studies include but not limited to the significance of n and ik, algebraic form of Peukert’s equation and Shepherd’s equation to understand the effectivity of each model with a focus on the discharge durations below 0.20-hour. Figure 1

Первичные химические источники тока в исследованиях последних лет: обзор

Publications in the field of development and modification of anode and cathode materials for primary chemical current sources (CCS), as well as electrolytes used in them, are considered. Both studies on classical materials that have proven themselves in recent decades, and the developing direction of creating environmentally friendly and safe elements are noted. Increasingly, alloys are being used to improve the discharge characteristics of batteries. The use of carbon materials, including graphene and graphene oxide with their unique properties, is widespread. Polymer electrolytes have been developed as a profound way to create safer energy sources. The number of scientific works in the field of primary CCS indicates the continuing need for efficient non-rechargeable systems for both domestic and specialized needs of mankind.

Research on Energy Supply System Applied to Autonomous Underwater Observation Vehicles.

The discharge characteristics of seawater batteries can be used to prolong the working hours of autonomous underwater observation vehicles. However, the output voltage level of the seawater battery is low, so it cannot directly be used to power supply underwater observation vehicles. In this paper, a boost converter is proposed based on the seawater batteries to power supply autonomous underwater observation vehicles. The proposed converter greatly increases the voltage level of the seawater battery and directly supplies the underwater observation vehicles. Compared with the traditional boost converter, the voltage gain of the proposed converter is more than ten times higher than it under the same duty ratio condition. Its structure is asymmetric interleaved parallel, which can enable power devices to obtain lower voltage stress and ensure that the input current ripple is low. The operating principle and homeostasis property of the proposed converter are analyzed in detail. Finally, a prototype is built. Through simulation and experiment, the correctness of the theoretical design is verified and experimental results are analyzed.

Research on Rates Discharge Characteristics of High Energy Density Ternary Lithium Battery

In order to study the effect of rates discharge on characteristics of ternary lithium batteries, a new type of high rate ternary lithium battery from a unit is used as the research object. The discharge test is carried out at the discharge rates of 1C, 4C, 7C, 12C and 15C on this ternary lithium battery at room temperature with high and low temperature charge/discharge test system. The test results show that the energy density under 1C rate discharge is 202.62wh/kg. Correspondingly, the energy density under 4C, 7C and 12C rate discharge is 95.17%, 93.83% and 91.79% of the value under 1C rate discharge respectively. Even for 15C rate discharge, its energy density can reach 87.15% of 1C rate discharge. During the discharge process, the temperature of the battery increased with the increase of discharge rate, and the temperature rise at 15C rate by 26 °C.

Modeling and parameter identification of composite power supply for plug-in HEV

By analyzing the characteristics of the components of PHEV composite power supply, the voltage characteristics, temperature characteristics and capacity efficiency of batteries and supercapacitor are clarified. The dynamic voltage characteristics of batteries and supercapacitor are simulated by modeling the composite power supply. Based on the cross current discharge characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and the application conditions of batteries in PHEV, the second-order linear battery model recommended in PNGV is selected in this paper; for supercapacitor, the simplified RC branch model can be used to describe the characteristics, and the experimental data are used to identify the parameters involved in the model, and the accuracy of the model is verified.

Effect of precipitation phenomena in positive electrode on discharge characteristics of lithium-air battery

Effect of precipitation phenomena in positive electrode on discharge characteristics of lithium-air battery

Estimate method research at working life of wireless sensor network nodes

Process deep research at disposable lithium sulfite chloride battery discharge characteristics and current-voltage characteristics when wireless sensor panel point working. Test the voltage-current time domain signal during the disposable lithium sulfite chloride battery discharge process and wireless sensor panel point working process through high precision power consume test instrument. Research and design one calculate method of wireless sensor panel point power consume. Build the estimate model for wireless sensor used battery power. Develop the wireless sensor network battery working life estimate and early warning method which based on the power consume calculate method of wireless sensor and wireless sensor used battery power estimate model, make users able to real time and accurately grasp all wireless sensor network panel point’s working life through this method, at the same time, can real time monitored whether battery of wireless sensor network panel points or the relate electric circuit of power supply exist problems, do well at wireless sensor panel point running and maintain works in advance. Finally, use high precision instrument process test and verify pulse voltage characteristics at wireless sensor panel point actual work which supply power by disposable lithium sulfite chloride battery, the test results are unanimous with theory research.