Disaster Vulnerability Research Articles

Health Behavior Study in Natural Disaster Vulnerability in Palu City (Case Study of Tondo Huntap, Palu City)

Background: The strengthening of health behavior intentions in disaster mitigation poses an urgent challenge to be addressed. There is a need to enhance health behavior preparedness in facing disaster threats, considering that the city of Palu is located in an earthquake-prone zone and has a history of being affected by earthquakes. This research aims to study health behavior and mental health in relation to disaster vulnerability, based on a case study of Huntap in the Tondo area, Palu City, Central Sulawesi, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. Method: The type of research used is a mixed-method approach with a sequential explanatory model. Data collection utilizes questionnaires and observation sheets, supplemented by interview methods in the qualitative approach. Result: This study shows that the chi-square test results indicate a significant relationship between attitude, subjective norms, behavioral control, and mental health (<0.05) with health behavior. Meanwhile, in-depth interviews revealed barriers to health behavior, such as respondents' attitudes towards preparedness efforts and inadequate access to information and health workers. There is a pressing need for mental health interventions to improve preparedness. Moreover, there is a need for mental health interventions to improve mental health in promoting disaster preparedness efforts. Conclusion: This study concludes that mental health related to disaster vulnerability among the Huntap Tondo community is still lacking, which will impact disaster preparedness. Mental health interventions are essential to enhance preparedness and reduce disaster-related losses. Therefore, mental health interventions are needed to enhance preparedness for disasters and take action to reduce disaster losses and damage.

The measurement of agricultural disaster vulnerability in China and implications for land-supported agricultural resilience building

Climate change has recently induced an increase in natural disasters worldwide, which has affected agriculture, a sector highly sensitive to climatic alterations. The paper measures agricultural disaster vulnerability of China in the period 2000–2020 by establishing vulnerability assessment system, and examines how agricultural infrastructure correlates with agricultural disaster vulnerability by constructing grey relational analysis model. Research results indicate that China's agricultural disaster vulnerability presents an overall decreasing trend during the research period. This is mainly attributed to the decreased disaster exposure and increased adaptability to disaster. Spatially, the agricultural disaster vulnerability in the northeastern, central and southwestern regions of China is higher than other regions. Agricultural transportation and communication infrastructure are found to be more influential to agricultural disaster vulnerability followed by irrigation and power facilities. Implications are proposed to enhance agricultural resilience to climate disasters in China.

Disaster vulnerability in road networks: a data-driven approach through analyzing network topology and movement activity

The rise in natural disasters and climate-induced events, such as wildfires, hurricanes, and flooding, has significantly affected urban life. These events can disrupt daily activity and flows of individuals and goods on road and transit networks. To enhance urban resilience against disasters, it’s crucial to study and understand road network vulnerability, utilizing data-driven insights to inform planning and preparedness efforts. The aim of this paper is to develop a data-driven exploratory approach to assess vulnerability in road networks in response to a disruption. To accomplish this, we compare the centrality of road segments before, during, and after disaster, considering the network topological structure and movement activity as it is observed through large tracking data of cellphone traces on the network. The novelty of our approach lies in inferring the impact from movement data, instead of manually removing links from the network. The results obtained from this study suggest that incorporating movement data into the assessment of network functionality provides a more realistic estimation of the road network vulnerability in response to a disruption, compared to solely using network topology.

Musculoskeletal Health Problems Among the Loom Weavers of Sirajganj District, Bangladesh

Land use change is increasing in West Nusa Tenggara province, especially in Bima district. This condition occurs because people who make land use change patterns that are utilized as agricultural areas for corn commodities. The limited agricultural land in Bima Regency with the potential for good selling prices of corn commodities is a major factor in land use change, this has an impact on flood disaster vulnerability. This study aimed to determine the condition of the livelihood assets of seasonal corn farmers in the Bima district. The research method used a descriptive presentative statistical approach. The sample in this study amounted to 97 respondents who were taken in 8 districts with flood vulnerability, namely Sanggar, Madapangga, Palibelo, Woha, Belo, Monta, Sape, and Lambu. Random sampling was used to determine the respondents. The results showed that the condition of the livelihood assets of seasonal corn farmers in Bima District from 8 flood-prone villages is dominated by human resources, where the average percentage value is 83%. This is followed by physical assets at 81% and natural and financial resources at 71%, while the lowest is social assets with a percentage value of 69%. The farmer livelihood assets with high percentage values in each flood-prone area are human resources in Sanggar, natural resources in Palibelo, financial and physical in Sape, and social assets in Palibelo and Woha. The pentagon of livelihood assets does not form a triangle, so it can be concluded that there is inequality between assets. The lack of agricultural land owned by farmers encourages the use of land cover as corn farmland. This can be seen from the use of land by farmers that is not their own, resulting in environmental damage that causes flood vulnerability. Keywords: Land use change, Livelihood assets, Flood Disaster

Dynamic vulnerability assessment framework for urban flood disasters considering real-time population changes

ABSTRACT Flood vulnerability assessment is an important means to cope with urban flood disasters. However, urban population mobility and land-use changes bring significant uncertainty to vulnerability assessments. In order to respond to the refined and dynamic needs of urban flood disaster prevention and control, a multi-scale and multi-categorized urban flood dynamic vulnerability assessment framework that considers real-time population changes was proposed in this study. The framework used the comprehensive function of exposure, sensitivity, and coping ability under population dynamic changes to characterize urban flood dynamic vulnerability, and constructed urban flood disaster vulnerability assessment models at both grid and regional scales. The results show that population mobility has a significant impact on the vulnerability of urban flood disasters. The vulnerability of flood disasters in Zhengzhou City is highest at 8:00 and 18:00, and high-vulnerability areas are mainly concentrated in residential areas in the central part of the city and main transportation channels. From 10:00 to 15:00, the high-vulnerability areas migrate to public service areas in the eastern part of Zhengzhou City. In the evening, the vulnerability degree of flood disasters is relatively low. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for urban flood managers to prevent and control flood disasters.

Analisis Lokasi Pos Damkar Berdasarkan Peta Kerawanan Kebakaran Menggunakan SIG Di Jakarta Timur

This research aims to analyze the range of fire post locations on the fire vulnerability map in East Jakarta. The methodology of this research is quantitative research with data analysis techniques using GIS analysis, namely network analysis to create fire post affordability, and overlay analysis to create fire vulnerability maps. Based on result there are still areas that have not been reached, especially in Duren Sawit, Cakung, Makasar, Cipayung and Ciracas Districts. When viewed in terms of fire disaster vulnerability, East Jakarta City has a medium-high level of vulnerability, while areas with a low level of vulnerability are very few with an area of only 15 hectares. Areas with a medium level of vulnerability dominate with a total area of 12,362 hectares, while areas with a high level of vulnerability cover an area of 6,124 hectares. If an overlay analysis is carried out on the distance between fire posts and the fire vulnerability of residential areas in East Jakarta, it can be seen that there are still areas with a high-medium fire vulnerability class that are not yet reached by fire posts covering an area of 6,018.08 hectares. In fact, 46% of all areas with a high level of fire vulnerability have not been reached by fire stations. These areas are found in Duren Sawit, Ciracas and Cipayung sub-districts. It is recommended that fire posts be built in unreached areas to ensure disaster management is more efficient. This research aims to analyze the range of fire post locations on the fire vulnerability map in East Jakarta. The methodology of this research is quantitative research with data analysis techniques using GIS analysis, namely network analysis to create fire post affordability, and overlay analysis to create fire vulnerability maps. Based on result there are still areas that have not been reached, especially in Duren Sawit, Cakung, Makasar, Cipayung and Ciracas Districts. When viewed in terms of fire disaster vulnerability, East Jakarta City has a medium-high level of vulnerability, while areas with a low level of vulnerability are very few with an area of only 15 hectares. Areas with a medium level of vulnerability dominate with a total area of 12,362 hectares, while areas with a high level of vulnerability cover an area of 6,124 hectares. If an overlay analysis is carried out on the distance between fire posts and the fire vulnerability of residential areas in East Jakarta, it can be seen that there are still areas with a high-medium fire vulnerability class that are not yet reached by fire posts covering an area of 6,018.08 hectares. In fact, 46% of all areas with a high level of fire vulnerability have not been reached by fire stations. These areas are found in Duren Sawit, Ciracas and Cipayung sub-districts. It is recommended that fire posts be built in unreached areas to ensure disaster management is more efficient.

Regional Disaster Vulnerability Analysis and Insurance Selection Analysis Based on AHP-EWM-TOPSIS Group Method

Floods, hurricanes, cyclones, and droughts are the most common types of weather, and they have a profound impact on insurance. To specifically analyse the impact, the paper first introduces the concept of Regional Resilience Index (RRI), and then use the AHP-EWM-TOPSIS Method to derive the RRI scores and categorize all regions into five categories based on the size of RRI, which are rock-solid, stable, moderate, weak and vulnerable. Next, the Insurance Break-even Index Evaluation Model is built through the analysis. Insurers should increase their coverage in rock-solid, stable and moderate areas in line with the equilibrium curve, where they should invest in extensive publicity. In weak and vulnerable areas, insurance companies should appropriately reduce policy investment, build a multi-level insurance portfolio such as reinsurance mechanism, and invest a certain amount of funds in regional disaster prevention and loss prevention to maximize the win-win situation between the insurance company and the insured.

Research on the Disaster Management of China’s Ethnic Minority Autonomous Regions in the Development of Modernization Construction—Taking Mabian Yi Autonomous County in Southern Sichuan as an Example

Many ethnic minority autonomous regions in China, mainly in mountainous areas, have caused great harm to people’s life and property safety due to frequent geological disasters. Therefore, it has become an urgent task for the government to create a system for predicting, preventing and effectively responding to disasters, and to strengthen the ability of relevant regions to jointly resist disasters. This paper takes Mabian Yi Autonomous County as the research object, and studies the disaster management of Mabian Yi Autonomous County. The research focuses on geological disaster vulnerability evaluation, geological disaster hazard evaluation, geological disaster risk evaluation, and geological disaster carrying capacity evaluation. The two elements of geological disaster risk evaluation are vulnerability evaluation and hazard evaluation. The main element of geological disaster carrying capacity evaluation is risk evaluation. Through evaluation, it is found that the central and eastern regions of Mabian Yi Autonomous County can be used as population concentration areas and develop modern agriculture and tourism. The western and northeastern regions can be used as nature reserves. Based on the above evaluation results, the disaster management opinions of Mabian Yi Autonomous County are given. This makes the government have a certain reference basis in the preparation of regional construction policy planning. From the perspective of unique disaster management, this paper provides the government with a political governance model for ethnic minority areas through the harmonious development of man and nature, to achieve a goal of sustainable development.

Communication Strategy of BPBD of East Java Province in Reducing Disaster Risk: Case Study of Disaster Prevention Socialization

This study focuses on the effectiveness of the communication strategy of the East Java Provincial Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) in disaster socialization. Using a qualitative approach and case study method, this study evaluates the selection of communicators, target setting, messages, and communication media used. The results of the study indicate that selecting the right communicator, including collaboration with the Regency/City BPBD and experts, significantly increases public understanding of disaster risk. In addition, adjusting messages according to local characteristics and disaster vulnerability levels is effective in clarifying information to the public. Social media and innovations such as the Disaster Management Education Car (MOSIPENA) and the Disaster Education Tent (TEMPINA) have been proven to expand reach and increase community involvement. The novelty of this study includes an in-depth analysis of the strategy for selecting communicators and cross-sectoral collaboration in disaster communication, as well as the adjustment of innovative and specific messages according to the characteristics of disaster-prone areas. This study also highlights the use of technology and social media to improve the effectiveness of socialization, as well as the implementation of innovative methods in delivering disaster information. These findings offer a practical model for more effective disaster socialization and open up opportunities for further research in the development of disaster communication methods.

PEMETAAN ZONA RAWAN BENCANA BANJIR BERBASIS PARTISIPATIF DI KECAMATAN GONDANGLEGI KABUPATEN MALANG

The Gondanglegi Subdistrict is one of the areas prone to flooding due to high-intensity rainfall and a predominantly low-lying topography. One effort in flood disaster mitigation is through the implementation of participatory mapping involving active participation from various stakeholders, including local communities, local governments, and non-governmental organizations. The objectives of this research are to conduct participatory mapping regarding the vulnerability level of flood disasters in the Gondanglegi Subdistrict of Malang Regency, to understand the role of participatory mapping in flood disaster mitigation planning in the Gondanglegi Subdistrict of Malang Regency, and to identify the factors causing floods in the Gondanglegi Subdistrict of Malang Regency. This research adopts the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach as the main method. The results of this research indicate four levels of flood disaster vulnerability in the Gondanglegi Subdistrict, namely not vulnerable, moderately vulnerable, vulnerable, and highly vulnerable. Participatory mapping provides significant benefits to the community in terms of understanding and mitigating floods. Floods are caused by natural factors such as rainfall and topography, as well as non-natural factors such as inadequate water channels and indiscriminate waste disposal by the community.

Climate change-induced landslide vulnerability: Empirical evidence from Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, India

Landslides as dynamic geological hazard have caused socio-economic and environmental vulnerabilities at various scales. Thus, landslide vulnerability assessment is essential for understanding the implications for society and the environment. The present study attempts to examine landslide vulnerability in Shimla District, Himachal Pradesh, India. It constructed a composite landslide vulnerability index (CLVI) by integrating 57 indicators of 7 different domains (social vulnerability index, physical vulnerability index, economic vulnerability index, climate change and environmental vulnerability index, early warning system index, emergency response system, and adaptation strategies index) at the household level. CLVI serves as a most effective tool for the quantification of complex domains of disaster vulnerability and identification of thematic areas for disaster risk reduction. The data on various indicators were derived through a field survey of 450 households from 30 villages. The relationship between CLVI and its domains was ascertained using multiple linear regression. The CLVI analysis revealed that nine villages were highly vulnerable to landslides, while six villages experienced moderate vulnerability. Climate change and environmental vulnerability, physical fragility, and low adaptation strategies induced high to moderate vulnerability. The regression analysis showed that the degree of vulnerability was mostly influenced by the physical domain, followed by the economic and environmental domains. Effective policy, institutional setups, provision of landslide-resistant buildings, and livelihood diversification may enhance adaptive capacity among the communities. Thus, CLVI has not only helped in identifying thematic areas for reducing vulnerability but has also been instrumental in recognizing priority areas.

Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Farmer Households in Flood and Earthquake Prone Areas Based on Multidimensional Information Diffusion Model

In recent years, the global practice of regional natural disaster reduction and comprehensive risk prevention has promoted the integration of multiple disciplines, and the theory and technology of comprehensive risk assessment for multiple natural disaster chains urgently need innovation. This article is based on multiple natural disaster chain scenarios and sets secondary indicators for multiple influencing factors based on the first level indicators composed of basic risk factors such as hazard factors, vulnerability of disaster bearing bodies, and disaster prevention and reduction capabilities. By using multidimensional information diffusion technology, multiple hazard factor hazard combination factors, vulnerability combination factors of disaster bearing bodies, and comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction capability combination factors reflecting various natural disaster scenarios are constructed, A household comprehensive risk assessment index system for multi-dimensional information diffusion assessment of natural disaster comprehensive risk was designed by quantifying risk factors such as the intensity of comprehensive disaster causing factors, vulnerability of disaster bearing bodies, and comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction capabilities in disaster scenarios. This paper expands the traditional information diffusion comprehensive risk assessment model, makes up for the lack of information on geographical units, establishes a multi impact factor multi dimension natural disaster risk comprehensive assessment model for multi risk factors of complex disaster scenarios with small samples, obtains the theoretical value of multi-dimensional information Diffusion model comprehensive risk assessment for complex disaster scenarios, breaks through the sample size limit of natural disaster risks, and makes up for the lack of information on small samples of small probability events, Improved the reliability and accuracy of comprehensive risk assessment for multiple natural disaster chains. Then, take the disaster scenario formed by the comprehensive risk of earthquake and flood in a place in the upper reaches of the Fujiang River basin as the analysis sample, calculate the comprehensive risk assessment value of flood and earthquake damage in the study area's micro samples (rural households in villages and towns). By comparison, it is found that the comprehensive risk value assessed by the multi-dimensional information Diffusion model has good reliability and high accuracy, which is significantly better than the traditional Kriging interpolation method and geographical weighted regression method. This article provides a comprehensive risk assessment of natural disasters at the micro household level, which can better reflect the diversity and regionality of risks, help clarify the hidden risks of rural natural disasters, and provide scientific basis for government emergency management decision-making.

Vulnerability Assessment and Spatial Pattern Analysis of Earthquake Disaster in Hebei Province

To evaluate the vulnerability of earthquake disaster in Hebei Province and analyze the spatial pattern, the aim is to provide theoretical basis for emergency management departments to prevent and respond to disasters. This study uses the subjective and objective evaluation mechanism, through the integration of analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method to determine the weight distribution of each index. The assessment model is used to assess the vulnerability of earthquake disasters, and the spatial pattern characteristics are studied by global spatial autocorrelation analysis and LISA clustering analysis.The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The area with the greatest vulnerability to earthquake disaster is Shijiazhuang High-tech Zone (0.761); The lowest value is 0.243 in Qian 'an City, Tangshan City, and there are great differences among some regions. (2) The vulnerability of all counties (cities and districts) in Hebei Province has a positive correlation and aggregation with their spatial locations, and the spatial distribution is low in the whole province, high in the local area, high in the southeast and low in the northwest. (3) It is found that measures such as training health workers and expanding professional emergency management team can reduce the overall level of earthquake disaster vulnerability in Hebei Province.

Earthquake And Landslide Disaster Risk Assessment At The University Of Defense: A Preliminary Study

The geographical location of the University of Defense in Bogor Regency, Citereup Sub-district, Bogor, West Java, is a sloping terrain that can potentially cause landslides. The InaRISK map released by BNPB, shows that the Defense University is located in an area of Bogor Regency that is prone to disasters, especially landslides. Disaster risk assessment is an approach to show the potential negative impacts that may arise due to a potential disaster. The potential negative impacts are calculated based on the level of vulnerability and capacity of the area. This potential negative impact is seen from the potential number of people exposed, property loss, and environmental damage (PERKA BNPB, 2012). Researchers conducted an analysis of landslide and earthquake disaster vulnerability at the University of Defense. A study of building and population vulnerability to potential earthquakes and landslides was conducted at the University of Defense. The components of social vulnerability at the University of Defense in the event of an earthquake and landslide were obtained. Researchers obtained data on population capacity and building conditions at the University of Defense. Landslide and earthquake disaster risks have the potential to occur at the University of Defense. The University of Defense has the potential threat of landslides because the buildings of the University of Defense are located on hilly slopes. The vulnerability of the University of Defense buildings, the University of Defense buildings have not been designed to be entirely earthquake resistant. This can be seen in some buildings that have visible cracks. It is necessary to retrofit or strengthen the foundations of buildings in the Defense University area that have experienced a decrease in performance such as cracking, shifting, displacement. An important component where the University community and students need self-protection and rescue skills through training.

Identification of Typhoon-Vulnerable Areas and Countermeasures in High-Density Coastal Cities: The Case of Macau

Typhoons are extremely severe weather events which seriously threaten the safety of people’s lives and properties. Therefore, identifying and controlling typhoon disaster hazards have become important research topics. The spatial–temporal characteristics of typhoons are analysed using the typhoon disaster data in Macau from 2000 to 2020. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation is adopted to understand the 3D urban wind environment. Moreover, the ‘exposure, sensitivity and adaptation’ evaluation model is applied to construct the study framework. To calculate urban disaster vulnerability, the Create Fishnet tool is used to divide the city of Macau into 470 grids. The principal component analysis method is used to reveal the factors that significantly affect the typhoon’s vulnerable areas. Result shows that 31.27% of grids are severely vulnerable. In addition, six principal components are identified, including indicators such as population density, building area ratio, mean elevation and wind speed. This study verifies the feasibility of wind speed data obtained by CFD in the typhoon evaluation model. Moreover, it provides a reliable reference guide for future urban microlevel studies.

Risk Perceptions and Vulnerability Assessment: Induced from Tropical Cyclone in the Southern Part of Coastal Bangladesh

The coastal area that borders Bangladesh is extremely vulnerable to natural disasters like tropical cyclones, which cause the majority of the damage and fatalities related to flooding. This study attempts to evaluate the susceptibility of coastal flooding induced by tropical cyclones in the South-Western coastal region of Bangladesh. It also identifies the relationship between the influencing factors and respondents' perceptions of risk in terms of socio-economic characteristics. Data was gathered by using a standardized interview schedule from coastal households of three districts named as South Khali (Bagerhat), Padma Pukur (Satkhira), and Rangopaldi (Patuakhali). The survey was taken through interview to assemble information on risk perception, also explores the impact of flood risk on agriculture, environment and livelihood sectors to describe the most specific vulnerable one of different regions that provides a robust insight of affected residents. Moreover, twenty-one predominant factors in terms of three components reveal a strong relationship with severity to flood risk. Results also indicate that, vulnerability indexes differ significantly (p value < 0.05) in the study areas (vulnerability index = 0.54 in South Khali, 0.77 in Padma Pukur, and 0.74 in Rangopaldi). In addition, disaster vulnerability index differs with different socio-economic and geographical factors which enhance the negative effect of flood for the coastal community. The study also reveals that, the selected area had no adequate dam and embankment, cyclone shelter as well as material support from the government and non-government organization which makes their life risky to flood. The research recommends that, generating different livelihood options, self-organization by different disaster preparedness training program to enhance their resilience, indigenous and disaster risk reduction strategies, build more coastal flood shelters and restore people’s livelihoods by supplying agricultural seeds, livestock, poultry etc. significantly minimize the vulnerability of the affected community.

Preparing Vulnerable Communities: Disaster Mitigation Strategies for Economically Depressed Areas in Oklahoma

When disasters strike, vulnerable areas that are economically disadvantaged are adversely affected economically, culturally, and healthily, as the lack of resources and vulnerabilities amplify their problems. This research focuses on the population specifics of disaster vulnerabilities and targeted policies for economically depressed neighborhoods in Oklahoma. Relative to less susceptible entities, poor people are likelier to take damage from tornados, winter storms, wildland fires, and flooding because they lack the resources required for preparation, response, and recovery. Through an equity-focused lens, the study examines four key factors amplifying disaster risk: those due to aging critical infrastructure, lack of insurance and savings, health disparities, or the failure to plan adequately. Collapsed stormwater drainage systems, roads, bridges, and water pipes in financially deprived communities experience cracks in a hurry during duresses. With little or no funds, families earning every paycheck cannot afford to purchase rescue insurance or, in the case of names, save money to build an emergency fund, including money to cover repair costs, temporary housing, and other costs. This is, of course, made even worse by any previously existing medical, disability, or mental health issues as well, with poorer health outcomes than might usually be expected since access to healthcare services, treatments, and medications is also disrupted. Lastly, language and education barriers lead to the lower development of disaster plans; the delays include access to early warning systems and a need for more awareness of risks among vulnerable groups. Given these weaknesses, the study offers policymakers, funders, and resilience practitioner’s implementable policy, investment, and community-oriented intervention recommendations. The hazards can be lessened by prioritizing infrastructure upgrades, insurance reduction, and commitment to spread-out shelters and relief supplies. Long-term recovery programs financed specifically by equal aid promote program equity of rebuilding. Regarding inclusive messaging on public preparation and early warnings, local trusted institutions should be appropriated to reach a diverse population. Collaborative networks among government agencies, relief organizations, businesses, and grassroots associations can bolster response capacity. Their unified efforts on localized resilience initiatives advance strategic plans for the state's most economically fragile neighborhoods. Implementation should focus on those with the highest vulnerability markers and the least ability to prepare, respond, and recover independently— metrics assessing community functionality, equity factors, and recovering spending offer evidence-based progress milestones. With climate change projected to increase disaster severity in Oklahoma, research-driven and equitable resilience policies for marginalized communities can reduce prolonged suffering. Tailored preparation, outreach, critical system backups, and financial support lessen acute shocks and accelerate recovery. However, sustainable policy change relies on addressing root socioeconomic inequalities through systemic interventions beyond immediate disaster management.

Earthquake Risk Assessment in Seismically Active Areas of Qinghai Province Based on Geographic Big Data

Earthquakes can cause serious damage to buildings, roads and other infrastructure. The large amount of dust and particulate matter generated when these structures collapse and are damaged can quickly enter the air, leading to a decline in air quality. At the same time, earthquakes may cause secondary disasters such as fires and landslides, which will also produce large amounts of soot and particulate matter, which will have a negative impact on air quality. Therefore, earthquake disaster risk assessment studies are carried out to identify potentially hazardous areas and facilities in advance in order to reduce the air pollution problems that may be caused by earthquakes. Existing research on earthquake disaster risk assessment mainly evaluates earthquake risk from the perspective of geology or seismology, but there are few studies based on multidisciplinary assessment that integrates geology, seismology, engineering and social sciences into socioeconomic factors. To this end, based on remote sensing and GIS technology, this paper takes Qinghai Province, a seismically active area, as the research area, and integrates land use data, natural environment data, social environment data and seismic parameter zoning data to construct a comprehensive assessment model for earthquake disaster vulnerability and risk. The results showed that there were 5 very high-risk areas, 7 high-risk areas, 10 medium-risk areas, 11 low-risk areas and 12 very low-risk areas in Qinghai Province. The high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the central and western parts of Qinghai Province, where the earthquake breeding environment is sufficient, the scale of active faults is huge and the adaptability of the carrier is low. The results of an earthquake disaster risk assessment can provide a reference for the government to formulate environmental protection policies. According to the assessment results, the government can formulate targeted measures to strengthen air pollution control and improve air quality.

Changing Tourism Trends and Vulnerability Assessment of Built Environment in Hill Stations of Indian Himalayan Region.

Tourist arrivals in the Indian Himalayan region have led to an increase of 1.6 times the population of the native residents in 2019. The trend of winter tourism among foreign tourists, along with adventure and pilgrimage tourism, has resulted in an average annual growth of 28.78% between 2002 and 2013. This study focuses on the changing tourism and climatic trends in tourist hotspots of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) to evaluate the vulnerability of the built environment, which arises from the increasing demand for tourist infrastructure. The approach taken in this research is based on secondary literature available and case studies of emerging tourist centers in and around Shimla region of Himachal Pradesh. According to records from 2019-20, domestic tourism has increased in Himachal Pradesh by 4.57% and in Shimla by 5.51%. However, the changing trends and the tourist demand for fast, unplanned infrastructure growth can lead to over-tourism and disaster vulnerability. Therefore, there is a need to consider the risk and change management in the fragile ecosystem of IHR through analysis of climatic and tourism trends. To achieve this, computerized tools such as Real-Time Systems, Intelligent Transport Systems, and Neural networks projects are suggested for feasibility and assessment of proposed tourism infrastructure projects. The suggested process will strengthen the project vision by benefiting the policymakers, stakeholders, and tourists while maintaining eco-friendly tourism opportunities through project performance management.

Learning Material Organization for Disaster Resilient Villages

This study aims to express the best learning material organization for the Disaster Resilient Village Program (Program Desa Tangguh Bencana, DESTANA). It was delivered to the people of Pacitan Regency as a disaster-prone area. Various potential disasters exist in the area of Pacitan Regency. The learning material is organized in line with the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy, which applies six levels of thought processes. The learning process starts from a hierarchical structure that identifies lower-level thinking skills to higher levels of skills that are ready for operational implementation. The Lower Order Thinking Skills materials encompass understanding various disaster vulnerabilities based on geographical conditions, the nature of disaster threats and risks, participatory disaster management by the community, principles of evacuation planning, the role of Disaster Management Plans, the paradigm of disaster risk management, principles of the Early Warning System (EWS), the purpose of contingency plans, and principles of first aid in emergencies. The Higher Order Thinking Skills materials include the ability to measure indicators for disaster-resilient villages, establish volunteer working groups, design evacuation stages, develop Disaster Management Plans, Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning Systems (EWS), and Village Contingency Plans. The learning achievement is measured through community understanding and practice, the success of building a disaster response coordination structure, and activities in a disaster simulation. It is organized in seven discussion forums. The program resulted in significant achievements. The Pacitan Regency Government implemented the Disaster Resilient Village Program for the safety of its residents. Keywords: disaster, resilient village, learning material