Disaster Management Institutions Research Articles

Development and Evaluation of Flood Early Warning System for the Small Streams

As the frequency of local extreme rainfall increases due to climate change, frequent flood damage is occurring in small stream watersheds. Casualties in these small-streams can only be significantly reduced through non-structural measures, such as the development of flood early warning systems. Howeve owever, the development and evaluation of flood early warning systems have been limited due to a lack of measurement data in small streams. Recently, the National Disaster Management Institute operated five test beds for small streams across the country. A dditionally, the Ministry of Interior and Safety, along with local governments, established a smart measurement and management system for approximately 10% of all small streams, totaling 2,200, by 2027, making it possible to secure measurement data in small streams. Considering onsidering the flow characteristics of small streams, an optimization system is developed using the rainfall-discharge nomograph and rating curve rather than a numerical-based method that requires considerable calculation time. To evaluate the developed system, the discharge and depth data measured at the time of a flood accident on August 16, 2021, are compared on a one-to-one basis with the prediction results. The prediction results show that the measured discharge and depth distribution of the five small streams over time were accurately reproduced. Based on these results, the developed rainfall-discharge nomograph and rating curve are expected to serve as effective tools to support flood early warning systems.

Assessing lava flow susceptibility at neighbouring volcanoes: Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo volcanoes, Virunga Volcanic Province

Assessing volcanic hazards in locations exposed to multiple central volcanoes requires to consider multiple potential eruption sources and their respective characteristics. While this is common practice in ashfall hazard assessment, this is generally not considered for topography-controlled volcanic flow processes. Yet, in volcanic areas with closely spaced volcanic systems, eruptions fed from several contrasted volcanic systems might threaten one given area. Considering the case of the Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira volcanoes in the Virunga Volcanic Province (D.R.Congo), we present a method to produce a combined lava flow inundation susceptibility map that integrates both volcanoes. The spatial distribution of the probability of vent opening for the next eruption is separately constrained for both volcanoes based on the mapping of historical and pre-historical eruptive vents and fissures. The Q-LavHa lava flow probability model is then calibrated separately for each volcano, considering several historical lava flows of Nyamulagira (2004, 2006, 2010) and Nyiragongo (2002). The maps for the two volcanoes are thereafter integrated based on a weighted sum of both individual lava flow inundation probability maps, assuming historically-based relative eruption frequency of the two volcanoes. The accuracy of this probabilistic susceptibility map for the most active volcanic region in Africa was unfortunately validated by the May 2021 lava flow produced by Nyiragongo. This map was discussed and validated in 2019 with local scientists, as well as representatives of disaster management and urban planning institutions, but was not included in the regional contingency plan ahead of the 2021 eruption crisis. Updating the volcanic crisis and evacuation management plans with this lava flow probability map could contribute to reinforce risk awareness among the population and inform the future development of the city of Goma.

‘We knew a cyclone was imminent’: Hazard preparedness and disaster management efficiency nexus in coastal Bangladesh

Natural hazard-prone countries in the global south adopted an anticipatory-preparedness approach in disaster risk reduction (DRR) by shifting away from the response and rehabilitation approach. It was highly associated with the policy recommendations of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) framework. Nevertheless, challenges remained in managing disaster risks due to heterogeneous efficiency among disaster managers. This research examines the institutional effectiveness of the disaster management agency in cyclone-prone areas in southwestern coastal Bangladesh through network analysis. This research also explores institutional efficiency's impact on household preparedness in mitigating losses. We collected two distinct data sets from the local Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC) and households in the same operational area of UDMC that were at risk of cyclonic disasters. To evaluate the effectiveness of local disaster management institutions, we conducted structured interviews with 336 representatives, spanning eight UDMCs in the cyclone-prone regions. To assess the impact of institutional performance (specifically, the UDMCs) on household disaster preparedness and loss mitigation, we collected data from 696 at-risk households. These households were located within the operational zones of the eight UDMCs, and the data was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Based on the application of social network analysis, our findings demonstrated that UDMC members were more active in the aftermath of disasters, as confirmed by three centrality measures - degree, eigenvector, and betweenness. Consequently, upon employing the Negative Binomial and Poisson regression models, we found a positive association between household engagement with UDMCs and participation in disaster preparedness training. This training appeared to enhance the knowledge and capacity of the respondents. The spill-over effects from disaster preparedness appeared to bolster the resilience of at-risk households, assist them in avoiding disaster-induced damages, and maintain consumption stability in the wake of disasters.

Enhancing Disaster Diplomacy between Indonesia and Turkey: A Study on the Roles of Non-State Actors in Collaborative Governance during the 2023 Earthquake

Disaster diplomacy, the strategic use of humanitarian aid and disaster relief to strengthen diplomatic relations, emerged as a crucial element in international politics, particularly in the aftermath of natural disasters. This study delved into the specific case of the 2023 earthquake, focusing on the role of Indonesian non-state actors in fostering diplomatic ties through collaborative governance. Employing a descriptive qualitative methodology, the research explored the partnership between the Indonesian government and prominent non-state organizations, Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), in executing disaster diplomacy. It revealed that Indonesia’s diplomatic relations with Turkey experienced significant enhancement due to their joint efforts in disaster management and humanitarian aid. The study identified three core elements structuring this collaborative governance: system context, driving force, and collaboration dynamics. It underscored the active involvement of Muhammadiyah and NU, analyzing how their respective disaster management centers – Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center (MDMC) and Nahdlatul Ulama Disaster Management and Climate Change Institute (LPBINU) – played pivotal roles. Their contribution not only improved the efficiency and volume of humanitarian aid distribution but also expedited the evacuation processes. The findings contribute to understanding the complex dynamics of disaster diplomacy and the influential role of non-state actors in enhancing international relations through collaborative governance in crises.

CRISIS, HAZARD, AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT: A STUDY OF REGULATORY FORMULATION AND INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION

Management crises, hazards, and disasters should be carried out with an integrated and patterned approach through the formulation of clear regulations and efficient coordination of disaster management institutions. Both will provide effective management in responding to crises, averting hazards, and managing disasters that have the potential to occur across various countries. In developed countries where regulations are well structured, using mitigation protocols, all parties have understood their duties, functions, and responsibilitiesin dealing with these risks. However, in countries where unstructured regulation is unstructured, there are complexities and multiple interpretations of regulations and there are intersections of institutional authority, which creates vulnerabilities in dealing with risk. This study concludes the importance of an integrated risk mitigation system, both in terms of rules and regulatory formulation as well as coordination of institutions in one container. In addition to these factors, economic, sociological, and demographic characteristics in a country are also structural conditions that determine the optimal implementation of regulations and institutional coordination.

Mainstreaming Decentralization and Collaboration in Disaster Risk Management: Insights from Coastal Bangladesh

Bangladesh is renowned in disaster risk reduction (DRR) for active involvement of community people and local disaster management institutions in DRR activities. Our study aimed to describe the disaster risk management (DRM) institutions and assess their functioning in six coastal unions across the three coastal zones of Bangladesh. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used. The study focused on two key local institutions—the Union Disaster Management Committees (UDMCs) and the Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP)—functioning at the union level in DRM. Such institutions have both horizontal and vertical collaborations with other institutions. However, we argue that the UDMCs’ external dependencies in their functioning indicate their limited financial and administrative autonomy, which is a barrier to successfully institutionalizing disaster management. The results show that the CPP is the most successful program, markedly increasing the trust of the people in warning dissemination and evacuation efforts in the event of a cyclone. Although the adoption of decentralized risk management systems has resulted in significant progress in increased rate of evacuation and reduced death rate and damage, lack of funding and equipment, limited coordination between institutions, lack of skilled and knowledgeable workforce, and inappropriate power structures may reduce the effectiveness of DRR activities prior to, during, and following disasters.

Community social barriers to non-technical aspects of flood early warning systems and NGO-led interventions: The case of Pakistan

Floods are the most common natural hazard in Pakistan, and research on flood risk management is continuously growing to improve policies for effective flood risk management. One of the critical determinants of effective food risk management is better communication of flood risks through the Flood Early Warning System. FEWS have been implemented widely; however, not all at-risk residents have been prompted to take immediate action in response to these alerts. This research looks at community social barriers to the non-technical aspects of FEWS and what Non-Governmental Organizations could do to address these gaping holes. This study used data from a field survey carried out in the four most severely affected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province to explore gaps in non-technical aspects of flood early warning systems in Pakistan. The data were acquired through a comprehensive, structured questionnaire (600 household heads in total-150 HHs from each region) and focus group discussions with community leaders and elders (FGDs = 6), NGOs professionals (FGDs = 2) along with more casual exchanges over the phone. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis. The survey results found that most sampled respondents reported a lack of access to necessities, failure to heed flood alerts, misreading alerts, and poor connection between producers and consumers challenges under warning distribution and communication. Similarly, the critical challenges reported under the preparedness component were the exclusion of social groups from emergency preparedness, uncustomary contingency plans, and lack of political will. Furthermore, the key challenges included limited resources, risk perceptions, and a sense of belonging to ancestral lands under the response capability component. This paper finds that NGOs serve as a bridge between local communities and key disaster management institutions by tailoring solutions to individual community needs, educating necessary authorities about disaster risk reduction, facilitating communication among susceptible populations and authorities, and raising awareness through campaigns. Based on these results, we suggest authorities improve FEWS by improving communication infrastructures, translating early warnings into local languages, and developing a two-way information exchange system between stakeholders and contemporary emergency response plans.

Identifying obstacles encountered at different stages of the disaster management cycle (DMC) and its implications for rural flooding in Pakistan

The world has seen a number of natural hazards, but among them, floods are perhaps the most frequent devastating natural hazard, resulting in more human causalities and financial losses. Rural inundation has become an issue of concern in various parts of the world, including Pakistan. Over the past few decades, it has been hard for local institutions and rural populations to recover from the trauma inflicted by these events. The disaster risk management cycle is a well-known tool for coping with disasters and their consequences. Yet, the DRM cycle efficacy has been questioned in various rural settings. Thus, this paper applied a programmatic strategy to understand the challenges disaster management authorities and communities face in managing flood risks through the conventional disaster management cycle in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. The study objective was accomplished by using both qualitative and exploratory research designs. Four communities (namely, Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, and Dera Ismail Khan) with a historical record of flooding were chosen for focus group discussion (32 in total) using a purposive sampling method. Additionally, 31 key informant interviews were undertaken from pertinent local disaster risk management institutions. We employed a thematic analysis to classify responses and obstacles into the various stages of the disaster management cycle. The findings of this study from interviews and focus groups provided some new insight into the conventional DRM cycle. The issues and challenges encountered by institutions and the community members were divided into four stages: 1-mitigation, 2-preparedness, 3-rescue and relief (R&R), and 4-rehabilitation and recovery (R&R). Based on the findings, it seems that local disaster management institutions still rely on reactive strategies and deal with flood hazards on an ad hoc basis. Poor governance and a lack of responses for present development trajectories were also highlighted as reasons why flood risk management is still challenging. There is an urgent need to perform susceptibility and risk assessments for multiple hazards and develop specialized plans that follow disaster risk reduction principles and adaptation to climate change. This study recommends incorporating resilience and adaptation to climate change into the current disaster management cycle to prevent or reduce future hazards and risks in rural areas.

Participatory Development Communication for Family Food Security during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The objective of this study is to elaborate and assess participatory development communication strategies employed in women's empowerment program by an Islamic non-governmental organization, specifically Lembaga Lingkungan Hidup dan Penanggulangan Bencana (LLHPB) 'Aisyiyah (Environment and Disaster Management Institute) Probolinggo City, East Java, Indonesia in 2020 to attain family food security during the Covid-19 pandemic. The three series of activities that constitute this empowerment program include training on planting vegetables, training on vegetables and fish cultivation in buckets, and engaging the online 'Aisyiyah Market group. This study utilized a case study methodology, collecting data through documentation and interviews with six informants who were committee members and members of 'Aisyiyah who are active in the empowerment initiative. This study demonstrates that, generally, the circumstance that the committee retains complete authority during crucial decision-making phases contributes to the practice of participatory communication in empowerment program. According to this study, the three activities used monologic and dialogic communication modalities in varying methods. Because collaborative member involvement only occurs when planning the formation of the 'Aisyiyah Market group, the level of member participation in the other two activities is still at a low level and only reveals involvement at the implementation and post-implementation stages of the activity.

재난피해자의 회복수준에 대한 지역공동체 회복탄력성의 조절효과

This study examines the moderating effect of community resilience on the relationship between disaster damage types and recovery level of disaster victims. It was conducted with the aim of seeking ways to enhance community resilience from the perspective of community welfare. It means, intended to examine the mitigation effect of community resilience on the negative relationship between disaster damage experience and recovery level. Community resilience is one of the important concepts in disaster management. It is one of the social resources needed when community experiences a crisis such as a disaster. This study was using the data from ‘2021 Disaster Victims Damage and Recovery research on the actual condition' of National Disaster Management Institute(NDMI). The data came from a sample 1,807 respondents(household) who experienced disasters in south korea, from 2018 to 2020. The program ’SPSS WIN 25.0’ was used for descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation and regression analysis. The research results are as follows. First, it was found that economic, psychological, physical, and daily difficulties from the disaster experiences had a negative (-) significant effect on the level of recovery. Second, it was found that community resilience had a significant moderating effect on the negative relationship between economic and psychological damage and the level of recovery among disaster damage experiences. This study is meaningful in that it empirically confirmed that it is necessary to enhance the resilience of the local community in order to increase the level of recovery of disaster victims. In order to enhance the resilience of the community, social welfare practices of the local community were proposed.

Disaster Management, Development and Sustainability Nexus

Undeniably, disaster management certainly cuts across different aspects and sectors of sustainable development. Without implementation, policy frameworks for sustainable disaster management are a meaningless exercise that will impose float-up answers on top-down interpretations. Therefore, this effort will uncover the level of enforcement of legal obligations as well as the level of implementation of disaster management activities by the relevant disaster management institutions. National policy and strategies for integration of DRR in emergency preparedness, response and recovery programmes in the light of national level policies pertaining to the DRR for the reconstruction of affected communities are still remain challenge for the Government of Bangladesh to accelerate the paradigm shift from the relief culture to the DRR culture. Rural development has been identified as all efforts to improve the livelihoods of rural people such as change in rural productivity, employment opportunities, income and wealth distribution, social structure and social mobility, resource management, access to information, rural people's strength, health and education and so on. The success of rural development has been broadly measured by these changes and disaster management issues have been set aside.investment and sustainable development are under great threat due to frequent disasters. It is true that we need to work more diligently to reduce the risk of disasters. In line with the policy framework, this study also aims to assess the viewpoint on how political economy influence the government of Bangladesh on governance and institutional strengthening to help identify obstructions and opportunities for mainstreaming Disaster Management into development and how does governance work in the implementation of DM programmes in Bangladesh.

Humanitarian Logistics Distribution In Natural Disaster Risk Mitigation In Central Sulawesi

This research aims to find out the distribution model of humanitarian logistics applied when dealing with natural disasters in Pasigala (Palu, Sigi, and Donggala) and to find out the optimal humanitarian logistics distribution model in dealing with natural disasters in Pasigala, Central Sulawesi. The paradigm in this research is based on the phenomenological paradigm and is qualitative. The research was conducted in the affected area of Pasigala through data collection techniques in the form of interviews with informants consisting of disaster survivors and disaster management institutions from both government and non-government. The analysis tool in this research uses the NVIVO 12 Plus software. The results of the research show that the humanitarian logistics distribution model that has been carried out by the relevant institutions has a different structure. The distribution of logistics is still considered not optimal because there are obstacles that have an impact on new problems such as overlapping logistical assistance in several areas therefore it is necessary to propose a redesign of the humanitarian logistics distribution model based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out

Identifying the Barriers and Opportunities in the Provision and Use of Weather and Climate Information for Flood Risk Preparedness: The Case of Katakwi District, Uganda

The provision of weather and climate information (WCI) can help the most at-risk communities cope and adapt to the impacts of extreme events. While significant progress has been made in ensuring improved availability of WCI, there remain obstacles that hinder the accessibility and use of this information for adaptation planning. Attention has now focused on the “usability gap” to ensure useful and usable WCI informs practise. Less attention has however been directed on barriers to the active production and use of WCI. In this study, we combine two frameworks through a bottom-up approach to present a more coordinated institutional response that would be required to ensure a better flow of information from information providers to users at community level and vice versa. The bottom-up approach was designed in form of Farmers Agri-Met Village Advisory Clinics (FAMVACs) and Listening Groups (LG) and was initiated by Uganda Meteorological Authority (UNMA) as a way of ensuring connections between the information providers, the disseminators, and the communities to specifically give voice to the communities to provide feedback on the use of WCI in coping with flood risks. This approach is used to identify the barriers and opportunities in the production/provision and use of WCI for flood risk preparedness for a case study in Eastern Uganda. First, a use-case is developed for Katakwi District where smallholder farming communities have recorded their coping practises and barriers to the use of WCI in practise. Second, online interviews with practitioners from disaster management institutions are used to identify barriers to the production and provision of WCI to local farming communities. Findings show that for providers, barriers such as accessibility and completeness of data hinder the production of useful WCI. In situations where useful information is available, technical language used in the format and timeliness in dissemination hinder usability by local farmers. Useful and usable WCI may not be acted on in practise due to factors such as costs or market availability e.g., lack of access to improved seeds. Further, the study highlights possible solutions to bridge the identified gaps and they include capacity building, fostering data collaborations across sectors, data translation to simple advisories, among others. The study also presents the FAMVACs approach which shows the importance of a more coordinated response with a shift of focus from the users of information only, to a more inclusive understanding of the data and information gaps across the wider provider-user landscapes. We argue that this would contribute to more effective disaster management at both the national and local levels.

DECENTRALIZATION AND DISASTER COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT OF CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR BASED ON EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR CHANGE

BackgroundAlthough China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) plays a key role in China's “the Belt and Road” initiative, the region cannot avoid various disasters. In fact, the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, especially Pakistan, is one of the most vulnerable areas in the world. With CPEC's vision of decentralized disaster governance and response system, we urgently need to promote our new cross-border disaster management. The disasters along CPEC highlight the differences in cross-border health and well-being. In particular, people analyze the emotions and emotional changes in corridor decentralization and disaster collaborative management.Research Objects and MethodsThis paper systematically analyzes the disasters of China Petroleum Engineering Construction Co., Ltd. and the evolution of its disaster management system. Specifically, this paper compares the disaster management systems and mechanisms of China and Pakistan at the national, provincial, municipal and community levels, and then carefully studies the current trend of decentralized disaster management through a recent round of semi-structured and public interviews in Xinjiang From their experience, the problems and gaps between decentralized and decentralized disaster management have been found. At the same time, this study uses (1) positive emotion scale to analyze the changes of people's emotional behavior in this area. Panas emotion scale developed by Watson et al. It is widely used to measure emotions. The scale includes two dimensions: positive emotion and negative emotion. There are 6 questions in this dimension, which are scored by Likert 5 points: 1 means “very inconsistent”, 5 means “very consistent”, the same below). In this study, the CA coefficient of the questionnaire is 0.90. (2) Motivation scale. The topic of measuring motivation mainly refers to the entrepreneurial motivation scale compiled by Phan, with a total of 8 questions, using Likert 5-point scoring method. (3) Social support scale. The scale is adapted from the social support scale compiled by Ye Yuemei et al. It has 8 questions and is scored by Likert with 5 points. C scale α The coefficient is 0.87. (4) Behavioral propensity scale. Entrepreneurial orientation dimension in intention measurement. The scale has 6 questions and is scored by Likert with 5 points. scale α The C coefficient of is 0.95.ResultsThis paper discusses the latest trend of disaster management along China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). China and Pakistan have shown a trend of decentralization, but this is still a legacy of the strong role of the state in the disaster policy agenda. Therefore, the case investigation results of CPEC show that national and provincial disaster management institutions play a key role in disaster relief. At the same time, we will vigorously focus on disaster management and highlight the role of municipal governments and communities as key subjects of disaster management. Although the decentralization of disaster management system has become the mainstream trend of China and Pakistan, Xinjiang, China, is vast and sparsely populated, and the fragmentation of administrative management has brought many obstacles to the practice of Multi Center disaster management.ConclusionThe results of CPEC case investigation show that national and provincial disaster management institutions have played a key role in disaster relief. At the same time, we will vigorously focus on disaster management and highlight the role of municipal governments and communities as key subjects of disaster management. Although the decentralization of disaster management system has become the mainstream trend of China and Pakistan, Xinjiang, China, is vast and sparsely populated, and the fragmentation of administrative management has brought many obstacles to the practice of Multi Center disaster management.AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 41701138] and the Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant numbers XDA20010103].

Emergency Education Principles Child Friendly Based in Sister Village System Implementation (Mitigation of Mount Merapi Eruption Disaster)

Emergency education is held when a disaster occurs and is intended for children affected by the disaster. The implementation should be child-friendly so that the child's psychological condition is not disturbed or depressed. But in reality, many are held spontaneously and are influenced by external factors. This study aims to examine the principles of emergency education that is implemented on a child-friendly basis in the implementation of the sister village system (Mitigation of the Mount Merapi eruption disaster). The research method used is qualitative, with data collection techniques using FGD, interviews and observations. The research subjects were 15 volunteers from the Merapi Emergency School volunteers, Al Qur'an Education Park, the Krinjing Village Disaster Risk Reduction Organization and the Village Disaster Management Institute. Meanwhile, the informants were children who were affected by the eruption of Mount Merapi from Krinjing Village, Dukun District, who lived in the Deyangan Village Refugee Command Post and the Deyangan Village Refugee Post Coordinator. The object of the research is the implementation of all the principles of emergency education for children living in the Deyangan Village Refugee Post in the implementation of the sister village system. Data analysis techniques with data collection, data presentation, data reduction, verification / drawing conclusions. The results showed that the emergency education held had implemented child-friendly principles, namely non-discrimination, activities oriented towards fulfilling the best interests of children, creating an environment that respects children's dignity and ensures holistic and integrated development, respect for children's views, good education management.

Assessing efficiency of disaster management institutions at local level in the coastal region of Bangladesh

The present study builds the existing scenarios of the Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) through in-depth investigation for further exploration of policy instruments as well as amendment of Standing Orders on Disaster and scopes the disaster risk reduction of the NBS journal. The objectives were to investigate the efficiency and role of local institutions with three (pre, during and post) phases of disaster risk reduction, considering three pillars (social, economic and environmental) of sustainability and to investigate the satisfaction level of local communities over the activities of local institutions round the year. Considering the cyclone and storm surge vulnerabilities, three coastal villages from three different coastal districts of Bangladesh were selected purposively to collect primary data through household questionnaire survey and key informants’ interviews. Besides, secondary data were also collected from various government and non-governmental sources. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used to analyze data. The findings of this study present diverse institutional efficiency of different study locations at different phases of disasters. At pre-disaster period, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) provide services more efficiently than Union Parisad (UP) and Red Crescent Society (RCS) in the study area. Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) volunteers disseminate early warning massages at pre-disaster period more efficiently than any other institutions but most of the people ignore the warning massages and hardly take the decision for seeking refugee to cyclone shelter during disaster. At post-disaster stage, UP and NGOs cannot play appropriate role due to bureaucratic complexities, corruption and nepotism of local government. However, the present study findings expected to provide useful guidelines to the concerned policy maker for ensuring sustainable disaster management in the coastal regions of Bangladesh.

Access to Early Warning for Climate Change-Related Hazards in Informal Settlements of Accra, Ghana

Climate change-related hazards will aggravate and impact differently on urban societies. Although early warning systems will be important for reducing the hazard risks in cities, the nature of early warning systems that are available to residents of informal settlements remains less understood. This paper aimed to assess the early warning systems through which informal dwellers reduce their hazard risks in an African city. Using Accra as the case, data were collected from 582 households using a structured questionnaire along with 25 institutional key informant interviews and 14 focus discussions with state and settlement actors in this study. Findings of the paper show that a mix of formal and informal early warning systems are utilized by residents of informal settlements, but the majority of them perceived state disaster management institutions as not performing optimally in their resident settlements. The nature of land ownership in the informal settlements influenced their political exclusion and state institutions’ decisions not to locate weather monitoring equipment in their settlements. Respondents without the security of land tenure perceived state disaster management institutions as not performing optimally, which negatively affects their capacity to respond to climate change-related hazards. The paper thus recommends the incorporation of informal early warning systems into city-wide hazard early warning systems through participatory planning in Accra and similar contexts. Future scholars may extend this discourse by examining the effect of the use of informal early warning systems on the uptake of formal hazard early warning sources in informal settlements.

Disaster supply chain with information and digital technology integrated in its institutional framework

The Indian subcontinent is highly susceptible to natural disasters. To abate the effect of the disasters, the government emanates institutional mechanisms and strategies for disaster preparedness, mitigation and response. Although there is well-established institutional framework in India for disaster management, there is no study that proposes a disaster supply chain structure under the institutional framework and integrates information and digital technologies (IDT) of industry 4.0 within it. The present study overcomes this research gap. It introduces an IDT structure within the institutional framework of India for multi-agency information sharing, coordination and decision making. It formulates a mathematical model and analyses the impact of IDT on the total response time through three scenarios. The results of scenario analysis reveal the significance of IDT on the disaster supply chains and its capability to handle information delays and IDT failure. The present study can be adopted by disaster management institutions to construct and implement better response practices at the operational, planning and strategic levels. Furthermore, the proposed model in the study can be used for vaccination planning, which includes vaccine distribution, monitoring, regulation and effective implmentation as a response against the current pandemic situation caused due to SARS-CoV-2.

THE DISTRIBUTION MODEL OF HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS IN OPTIMIZING DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PASIGALA IN CENTRAL SULAWESI

This research aims to find out the distribution model of humanitarian logistics applied when dealing with natural disasters in Pasigala (Palu, Sigi, and Donggala) and to find out the optimal humanitarian logistics distribution model in dealing with natural disasters in Pasigala, Central Sulawesi. The paradigm in this research is based on the phenomenological paradigm and is qualitative. The research was conducted in the affected area of ​​Pasigala through data collection techniques in the form of interviews with informants consisting of disaster survivors and disaster management institutions from both government and non-government. The analysis tool in this research uses the NVIVO 12 Plus software. The results of the research show that the humanitarian logistics distribution model that has been carried out by the relevant institutions has a different structure. The distribution of logistics is still considered not optimal because there are obstacles that have an impact on new problems such as overlapping logistical assistance in several areas therefore it is necessary to propose a redesign of the humanitarian logistics distribution model based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out.
 
 Keywords: Distribution, Logistics, Humanity, Pasigala, Disaster

Potential of Community Volunteers in Flood Early Warning Dissemination: A Case Study of Bangladesh.

Flood early warning (FEW) is a vital component of disaster risk management and is particularly important for saving lives, developing a sustainable agro-based economy, economic stability, and the overall development of the people of Bangladesh as well as others. This study was conducted in a northern, flood-prone area of Bangladesh to investigate the potential of incorporating volunteers of the community to the Union Councils (UCs) to disseminate FEW alongside the top-down approach. Several studies have found that despite having a sophisticated flood forecasting technology, local communities are not reaping the benefits of it, as the existing dissemination system is inaccessible to most local people. Since risk communication takes place in a social context, this study investigated and thereby proposed that volunteerism, as a form of social capital or communal virtue, can potentially assist the community-based disaster management (CBDM) institutions in enhancing their capacity to reach the maximum population at times of flood risk. Therefore, it was confirmed that the trained volunteers need to be integrated into and endorsed by the national policy. In addition, this study also provides a number of recommendations connecting literature with policy documents of Bangladesh.