Incidence Of Disasters Research Articles

Causes of Vulnerability to Disasters in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya

In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in disaster incidents within secondary schools, which significantly disrupts the educational process. These disasters not only result in loss of life and injuries but also lead to damage to school property and extended closures, forcing students to stay away from school for extended recovery periods. Despite the efforts of the Kenyan government and various stakeholders to promote disaster preparedness, schools in Kenya continue to face numerous disasters. Many secondary school students’ encounter daily risks, and often, school authorities, parents and students only take action after a tragedy occurs. This reactive approach hinders effective disaster response and mitigation, highlighting the need for this study. The main objective of this research was to investigate the factors contributing to vulnerability in public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study aimed to assess the level of disaster preparedness in these schools, employing a descriptive research design. The study was based on Modern Disaster Theory and System Theory. The target population consisted of 73 secondary schools, from which 13 schools were randomly selected for the study. A total of 458 respondents participated in the study, which included 6 quality assurance and standards officers from sub-counties, 3 officials from the Kenya Red Cross, 3 from St. John's Ambulance, 3 fire department officials, 1 representative from the department of disaster management, 13 teachers responsible for quality assurance and standards from selected schools, 13 head teachers, 13 members of the board of management, 13 parent association members, 6 station commanding officers, and 384 students. Key informants were selected using purposive sampling, while students were chosen through stratified random sampling. Data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and observation checklists. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions and percentages and presented in figures and tables. Findings indicated a lack of training and inadequate community awareness regarding disaster preparedness and safety standards. The study concluded that schools were generally unprepared for disasters, and many physical infrastructures were deemed unsafe. Recommendations included regular inspections of school facilities, safety training conducted by qualified personnel, and consideration of each school's capacity when establishing disaster preparedness and safety standards.

Resilience Measurement and Enhancement of Subway Station Flood Disasters Based on Uncertainty Theory

To address the uncertainty of influencing factors in measuring the resilience of subway stations to flood disasters, this study introduces Unascertained Measurement Theory to assess the resilience of subway stations against flood disasters. Initially, the research involves a thorough examination and analysis of past subway flood disaster incidents, which elucidates the disaster system and its resilience processes, thereby facilitating the construction of a resilience analysis framework specific to subway stations. Subsequently, a measurement index system is developed to evaluate the resilience of subway stations against flood disasters, drawing upon relevant literature, and resilience levels are categorized according to established standards. Following this, an unascertained measurement model is formulated to assess the resilience of subway stations in the face of flood disasters. This model incorporates the development of an unascertained measurement function and an unascertained measurement matrix, yielding comprehensive results that inform the determination of resilience levels through credible degree assessment. Furthermore, the SPSSAU obstacle degree model is utilized to analyze the resistance factors that influence the resilience of subway stations to flood disasters, leading to the formulation of strategies aimed at enhancing this resilience. This approach offers novel insights into the measurement of subway station resilience in the context of flood disasters.

Stabilising CO2 concentration as a channel for global disaster risk mitigation

We investigate the influence of anthropogenic CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {CO}_2$$\\end{document} concentration fluctuations on the likelihood of climate-related disasters. We calibrate annual incidence rates against global disasters and CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {CO}_2$$\\end{document} growth spanning from 1960 to 2022 based on a dynamic panel logit model. We also study the sensitivity of disaster incidence to stochastic carbon dynamics consistent with IPCC-projected climate outcomes for 2100. The key insight is that present and lagged CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {CO}_2$$\\end{document} growth contains valuable information about the likelihood of future disaster events. We further show that lowering carbon stock uncertainty by dampening the persistence or the variability of CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {CO}_2$$\\end{document} concentration has a first-order impact on mitigating expected disaster risk.

Enhancing systemic risk management to strengthen community resilience: Key recommendations from state-of-the-art practices of past complex incidents

Traditional hazard risk analysis methods have historically encouraged single-hazard resilience, yet complex events often precipitate systemic risks, surpassing established resilience measures and presenting novel policy dilemmas in disaster risk management. Recent studies, including the Midterm Review of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFMTR) from 2015 to 2030, reveal significant gaps and uncertainties in the compartmentalised aspects of resilience strategies, particularly in recognizing systemic risk perspectives. This highlights the necessity for an all-encompassing approach to building resilience, with a focus on vulnerable communities and a comprehensive understanding of the integration among state-of-the-art practices from previous complex incidents. This research aims to investigate disaster management practices related to complex disasters, with a specific focus on systemic risk management within community resilience approaches. To examine the state-of-the-art applications and challenges of various disaster management practices, a research team conducted a comprehensive analysis of seven disaster incidents in Europe and Asia, encompassing tsunamis, earthquakes, terrorist attacks, flash floods, industrial accidents, wildfires, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Through comparative analysis of these disaster management practices, and synthesizing literature findings and counterfactual thinking from the identified cases, innovative key recommendations were extracted. These recommendations are centred on recognizing the drivers of systemic risk on vulnerable communities for leveraging systemic risk management. They underscore the imperative need for understanding integrated risk diagnosis and risk governance strategies essential for addressing systemic risks. Collectively, these recommendations provide a comprehensive way forward for enhancing community resilience in the face of multifaceted hazards and challenges.

Developing a Disaster Recovery Plan to Enhance Corporate Resilience and Ensure Business Continuity

Disasters occur in the corporate operational environment. Earthquakes, floods, fires, and other unpredictable events that might disrupt company activities are among these calamities. The incidence of disasters in the workplace adds to unfavorable consequences. As a result, the construction of a disaster recovery plan becomes necessary for the firm to manage the bad consequences that may arise as a result of the unfavorable occurrences. With a disaster recovery strategy in place, a firm can sustain and swiftly restart normal operations. The firm's disaster recovery plan is a written document that outlines an efficient strategy for dealing with unforeseen and unmanageable catastrophes. Developing a disaster recovery strategy ensures the organization's survival by responding effectively to the present calamity.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A CONTINGENCY PLAN

The dissertation titled “The Importance of a Contingency Plan: For the Residents of Vila Bom Jesus in the Municipality of Canaã dos Carajás-PA in Cases of Dam Rupture” addresses the urgent need for an effective contingency plan for this vulnerable community. The social relevance of the topic is unquestionable, given the increasing incidence of natural and technological disasters. The Brumadinho tragedy in 2019 highlighted the devastating consequences of dam failures, underscoring the importance of preventive measures. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of current contingency plans and propose recommendations to improve the preparedness and resilience of Vila Bom Jesus residents. Specific objectives include analyzing the structure of existing plans, assessing community perception, and proposing strategies for continuous improvement. The methodology used is based on a literature review, with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the relevance and quality of the analyzed articles. The thematic analysis of the data facilitates the identification of patterns and critical elements for the development of effective plans. The results reveal that although contingency plans exist, the lack of knowledge and adequate preparation among residents compromises their effectiveness. Anderson Vasconcellos Amaral’s research highlights the transformation of Canaã dos Carajás landscapes due to mining and agriculture, and the social and environmental implications of these activities. The dissertation concludes that contingency plans need to be continuously reviewed and updated, incorporating new information and best practices. The contributions of this study are significant for the protection of vulnerable communities, providing practical guidelines that can be adapted to different contexts.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF PRINCIPLES IN THE FIELD OF CLIMATE PROTECTION

The article carried out comprehensive theoretical studies of foreign legislation in Environmental Protection. Principles in the field of climate protection are of great importance in the world. This is because climate change is contributing to an increase in the incidence of natural disasters. Environmental protection measures are provided for by the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, the Paris agreement on climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change, the United Nations Environment and Development Conference. In developed countries, special principles have been introduced in the Prevention of environmental conditions, environmental safety and climate disasters based on international legal acts. The new principles of climate protection are aimed at preventing damage to the environment, preserving the environment, and using natural resources more efficiently. The legal principles of climate protection contribute to ensuring environmental safety, preventing harmful effects on natural resources, improving the quality of life of people through careful use of Natural Resources and other natural resources. The Paris Agreement is the first treaty ratified in the world, adopted by all heads of state at the United Nations conference on climate change. The main goal of the Paris Agreement is considered to be the management of the environment by developing states through the effective organization of several measures aimed at combating climate change. By conducting a legal analysis of various solutions of international organizations, the authors proposed important and effective principles that contribute to solving climate change problems.

The Imperatives of Disaster Management in South East Nigeria: Addressing the elephantine issues

Disaster has become endemic in Nigeria and the South East Region is not an exemption. Time and time again, reports are circulated in the social media, national dailies and other media platforms on incidences of flood, fire outbreak and other related disasters that threaten human existence. The ugly situation motivated this study which is primarily to examine the imperatives of disaster management in the South East Nigeria with a view to addressing the elephantine problems. The study adopted qualitative research method and specifically, content analysis was used as mode of analysis. Findings revealed that the South East region does not apply strategic methods in managing disaster in the region and recommendations were made in line with the findings.

On the consequences of climate change for the most vulnerable populations in the Central Asian region

The article reveals the problem of the impact of climate change in the Central Asian region on the most vulnerable segments of its population. The analysis identifies factors that negatively affect the level of poverty in the region, which include aging infrastructure and environmentally harmful economic activities in Central Asian countries. Climate change and its accompanying phenomena such as the increased incidence of natural disasters will lead to deterioration of the macroeconomic indicators of the Central Asian republics in the medium and long-term run and will increase in the number of people living below the international and national poverty lines. In this regard, the author proposes to attract the resources of the Eurasian Development Bank and the Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development already present in the region to assist the countries of Central Asia in overcoming the problems caused by climate change and adapting to this phenomenon.

Factors related to the disaster preparedness of patients on haemodialysis from Sichuan, China, during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to investigate personal preparedness among patients on haemodialysis (HD) and to examine the relationship among sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours during natural disaster incidents. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A convenience sampling method was used. A total of 446 participants from six areas of Sichuan province completed the online questionnaire study from February 27 to March 13, 2022. Sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours were measured. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes toward disaster preparedness. The relationship among sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours were assessed using ordinal regression. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. A total of 446 participants completed the survey. Of these, 42.15% (N = 188) were poorly prepared, 26.23% (N = 117) were moderately prepared and 31.61% (N = 141) were highly prepared. Ordinal regression showed that knowing about disaster preparedness (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.691, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.081-2.644, p = 0.021), participating in disaster evacuation exercises (OR = 2.519, 95% CI = 1.595-3.977, p < 0.001) and learning about disaster preparedness (OR = 2.421, 95% CI = 1.542-3.802, p < 0.001) were associated with high preparedness. Compared to patients with a university degree or higher, patients with a junior high school education or lower (OR = 3.491, 95% CI = 1.760-6.925, p < 0.001) and senior high school degree (OR = 2.052, 95% CI = 1.038-4.057, p = 0.039) were associated with high preparedness. Patients who felt very confident and could deal with all their needs (OR = 3.878, 95% CI = 2.904-7.181, p < 0.001) or patients who felt confident and could meet some of their needs (OR = 1.949, 95% CI = 1.124-3.379, p = 0.017) had higher preparedness than those who felt less confident and were not well prepared to take care of their needs. After obtaining each participant's consent, they filled out the online questionnaire using their own or a relative's cell phone while undergoing HD. It is essential that patients should be educated not only on medical specialty topics, but also on general disaster preparedness. Medical institutions should improve and reinforce preparation training among targeted populations. The low level of preparedness is partly due to the lack of participation of patients in disaster preparedness programs. Dialysis center managers should be urged to implement such programs at their centers.

Impact of safety regulation on rare event occurrence: The case of nuclear power plants in Korea

Climate change mitigation and energy supply security are the most important issues worldwide. To attain carbon neutrality and restrict global warming to 1.5°C, expediting investments in energy sectors and facilitating the expansion of clean energy is imperative. Nuclear power generation, as a base load, contributes to the energy transition because it is low-carbon and can be deployed on a large scale; however, particular challenges arise due to the risk of accidents, radioactive waste management problems, and public acceptance. Considering the similarity between macroeconomic data and nuclear power generation data from a time-series perspective, this study estimates the frequency of rare event (RE) occurrence in nuclear reactors using macro time-series methodology. We employ the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, developed by Barro and Jin (2021), to estimate the likelihood of RE occurrences for the reactors using the panel data of electricity production (MWh) obtained from the International Atomic Energy Agency's Power Reactor Information System. The findings indicate that the frequency of RE occurrences significantly decreases as nuclear safety regulations strengthen and the regulatory workforce increases. Despite the limitations of being directly utilized as practical indicators for safety performance, observing its similar pattern with the World Association of Nuclear Operators performance indicators provides insights for policy implications in intermediate safety management aimed at preventing major disaster incidents.

Predicting Losses from Landslide and Flood Events in Nepal: A Regression Analysis with Moving Averages Approach

Nepal is highly vulnerable to disasters due to its geographical structure, significant temperature variability over short distances, and changing climate. This paper aims to evaluate historical trends and predict future disaster-related losses. The moving average method is used in this study for analysis. The study focuses on data and analysis of two frequently occurring disasters in Nepal. A straight regression line is applied to the number of incidents and various variables (total deaths, missing people, affected families, and injured people) to predict future losses. Since 1971, the number of incidents involving these two disasters, landslide and flood, has been rapidly increasing. A 5-year moving average is employed to analyze the data, revealing a sharp increase in all variables studied. The rapid rise in disaster incidents and associated losses could pose significant challenges for the country. To enhance public safety, information programs should be implemented, and areas should be ranked by their level of danger to mitigate losses.

Oceanic Cultural Ecofeminism in Sonia Deryangala’s Wave

Resilience is psychological and biological strengths which humans use to master the change successfully (Flach, 2002). It can be defined as the positive capacity of people to cope with disappointments, stress and catastrophe. (Patterson and Kelleher (2005) state that thriving is largely determined by a person’s resilience capacity. Transmuting traumatic experiences have been a central theme in centuries of literature, poetry, and personal narratives (Saakvitne et al, 1998, 281). One such memoir is Sonali Deraniyagala’s Wave which unfolds the harrowing saga of her life after tsunami of December 26th, 2004. The first-person narrative is the recollection of bitter memories when her family stays in a hotel on the seacoast of Yala, Colombo. She is psychologically disturbed by the sudden disappearance of all the members of her family just a day after the Christmas celebrations. She finds it difficult to compromise with the tragic disaster and starts to live in her memories. Surprisingly, she does not surrender herself to the chaos as she develops strength through her resilience. She bounces back the pain of loss through her recollections and seeks refuge in nature. She has good memory power which makes her recollect the incident of disaster very often with minute details. She tries to remember deliberately to endure the pain and does not wish to be consoled by anybody. Her inner strength is very similar to Janet (2014) ‘resilience’ which is defined as the ability to bounce back from adversity, frustration, and misfortune and withstand hardship.

Natural Disasters and Human Development in Asia–Pacific: The Role of External Debt

The average country in Asia–Pacific experiences more natural disasters than average countries of other developing regions. This paper presents stylized facts on natural disasters, human development, and external debt in Asia–Pacific. The paper also contains estimates of the effects that natural disasters have on human development. Controlling for country- and time-fixed effects, the dynamic panel model estimates show that external debt has a mitigating effect on the adverse impacts that natural disasters have on human development; in countries with low external debt-to-GDP ratios, natural disasters significantly decrease the human development index, but not so in countries with high external debt-to-GDP ratios. External debt (i.e., borrowing from abroad) is a financial contract for obtaining resources from abroad (i.e., imports of goods and services). When a country experiencing a natural disaster borrows from abroad to increase imports of goods and services, the population suffers less when a natural disaster strikes. Natural disasters destroy goods and capital (e.g., food, machinery, buildings, and roads) in the countries in which they occur. If imports of goods and services do not increase, then the population has less goods and services to consume following a natural disaster. By increasing imports, which are mirrored on the financial side by an increase in external debt, the population of a country that was struck by a natural disaster can experience consumption smoothing. As the incidence of natural disasters increases globally, a policy recommendation for disaster-prone countries, supported by the empirical results of this paper, is the need for deeper and innovative mechanisms of access to international financing, including reforms in both domestic and international financial systems. The paper’s most significant contribution is the unique lens through which it analyzes the often-studied subject of natural disasters. Rather than looking at disasters as merely adverse events and debt as an unwelcome obligation in isolation, it connects the two and uncovers the paradoxically positive and beneficial role a healthy level of external debt can play in mitigating the adverse effects of these disasters. It provides a fresh perspective, a shift in thinking that may immensely benefit external debt and disaster management policies.

Assessing and improving the walkability of Caribbean SIDS: a case study

ABSTRACT The high incidence of crime, gender-based violence, and flood disasters in the urban and suburban landscape, coupled with limited land and minimal urban planning budgets in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have created an environment with inadequate implementation of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG). Given these shortcomings, this study analyzed walkability in a Caribbean SIDS environment in order to improve the human- and spatial environment-centric urban space embodied in many of the UNSDG. A questionnaire qualitatively assessed five components of walkability: security from criminal activity, protection from moving vehicles, thermal comfort, a physical walkable infrastructure, and accessibility for the differently abled persons. Of these five walkability criteria, respondents rated security from criminal activity, and accessibility for the differently abled as the least satisfactory. Through this walkability assessment, this research identified a gap between walkability principles applied globally in walkability studies and their feasibility in SIDS.

Indoor augmented reality (AR) pedestrian navigation for emergency evacuation based on BIM and GIS

Nowadays with the increase of high-rise buildings, emergency evacuation is an indispensable part of urban environment management. Due to various disaster incidents occurred in indoor environments, research has concentrated on ways to deal with the different difficulties of indoor emergency evacuation. Although global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) such as global positioning system (GPS) come in handy in outdoor spaces, they are not of much use in enclosed places, where satellite signals cannot penetrate easily. Therefore, other approaches must be considered for pedestrian navigation to cope with the indoor positioning problem. Another problem in such environments is the information of the building indoor space. The majority of the studies has used prepared maps of the building, which limits their methodology to that specific study area. However, in this study we have proposed an end-to-end method that takes advantage of BIM model of the building, thereby applicable to every structure that has an equivalent building information model (BIM). Moreover, we have used a mixture of Wi-Fi fingerprinting and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) method with relatively higher accuracy compared to other similar methods for navigating the user to the exit point. For implementing PDR, we used the sensors in smartphones to calculate user steps and direction. In addition, the navigational information was superimposed on the smartphone screen using augmented reality (AR) technology, thus communicating the direction information in a user-friendly manner. Finally, the AR mobile emergency evacuation application developed was assessed with a sample audience. After an experience with the app, they filled out a questionnaire which was designed in the system usability scale test (SUS) format. The evaluation results showed that the app achieved an acceptable suitability for usage.

CCTV Network based Crowd Management, Crime Prevention System using AI/ML

In today's world the rise in security concerns and criminal activity has prompted the widespread adoption of closed-circuit television (CCTV) as a vital component in security measures. This monitoring system is now utilized in various sectors to aid in the prevention and detection of potential threats. However due to the exponential cost of employing personnel video surveillance systems are largely employed in a passive manner. The majority of information gathered by these systems is only put to use as evidence after an incident of crime or disaster has transpired. In light of this we are implementing a more proactive approach. Our video surveillance system will actively respond using real-time monitoring and an alert system to prevent and mitigate the impact of crime and accidents before they occur

Advanced Fire Investigation Technique Utilizing Virtual Reality

This paper presents an advanced technique for fire investigation via the development and application of a virtual reality (VR)-based system. After capturing a fire scene with a 360° camera, the acquired image files are processed, edited, and executed through a developed program to reconstruct the scene in VR. Currently, fire investigation methods involve writing reports based on photographed pictures. However, this 2D approach has limitations, as individuals who cannot visit the site in person lack a sense of presence and immersion. When the proposed technique is applied to scene investigations, wearing an head-mounted display allows for the investigation of scenes from a 360° 3D perspective that maximizes vivacity and immersion. This technology facilitates collaboration with experts from various fields who could not otherwise participate in a scene, thereby enabling the reliable derivation of fire causes. Additionally, the proposed method allows for the 3D digital preservation of major national disaster incidents and can therefore convey lessons from accidents to future generations. In the future, the proposed VR reconstruction system could be utilized as valid evidence in court cases.

The Roles and Duties of Physiotherapists on Women's Health During Disaster Period

The incidence of disasters is increasing in Turkey, and in addition to the great loss of life experienced as a result of these disasters, there is also a large increase in the number of individuals in need of rehabilitation. Today, disasters and the physical, mental and environmental damage caused by disasters affect the lives of women, especially. Considering the place of women in society, starting rehabilitation for women at an early age will play an important role in the recovery of society. Physiotherapists, especially those working on women's health, will become very important in the evaluation, treatment and adaptation of these problems to daily life, with the knowledge and capacity they have. The most common problems experienced by women in the post-disaster period are; deterioration of genital hygiene, menstrual problems, problems experienced during pregnancy and after birth, and pelvic floor dysfunctions. The practices that physiotherapists can do in these problems in accordance with environmental conditions are physiotherapy-related evaluations, manual applications, different exercise approaches and preventive approaches that can be recommended for these problems. However, these manual applications and exercises should be planned specifically for the individual and should be responsive to responses in a short time. Creating comprehensive rehabilitation interventions involving trained and experienced physiotherapists in disaster management programs will increase the functional status and quality of life of disaster victims

Real-Time Dynamic Intelligent Image Recognition and Tracking System for Rockfall Disasters.

Taiwan, frequently affected by extreme weather causing phenomena such as earthquakes and typhoons, faces a high incidence of rockfall disasters due to its largely mountainous terrain. These disasters have led to numerous casualties, government compensation cases, and significant transportation safety impacts. According to the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction records from 2010 to 2022, 421 out of 866 soil and rock disasters occurred in eastern Taiwan, causing traffic disruptions due to rockfalls. Since traditional sensors of disaster detectors only record changes after a rockfall, there is no system in place to detect rockfalls as they occur. To combat this, a rockfall detection and tracking system using deep learning and image processing technology was developed. This system includes a real-time image tracking and recognition system that integrates YOLO and image processing technology. It was trained on a self-collected dataset of 2490 high-resolution RGB images. The system's performance was evaluated on 30 videos featuring various rockfall scenarios. It achieved a mean Average Precision (mAP50) of 0.845 and mAP50-95 of 0.41, with a processing time of 125 ms. Tested on advanced hardware, the system proves effective in quickly tracking and identifying hazardous rockfalls, offering a significant advancement in disaster management and prevention.