Disassembly Procedures Research Articles

In-depth analysis of electric vehicles battery pack structure and disassembly procedure for the application of circular economy strategies

The battery pack is the most valuable component of the electric vehicle and its disassembly is the key process to recover the inner value of the product and apply circular economy strategies, from repair to recycling and remanufacturing. Different models of EV battery packs have been analyzed to assess criticalities in the product structure and disassembly procedure. Regardless the absence of a standardized design, some similarities can be identified and considered for the implementation of disassembly procedures. From the comparison of the disassembly procedures of four in-depth analyzed battery pack models emerged that it is possible to identify six disassembly blocks, grouped in two main disassembly stages. The first stage includes the disassembly of the battery covers, the coolant removal (in case of liquid cooling) and the service plug removal, while the second stage involves the removal of the junction block, the battery management system and the modules. The precedencies and criticalities in the execution of the six disassembly blocks were deeply analyzed and the results reported in the paper.

Information Models for Automated Electric Vehicle Battery Disassembly: Integrating Domain Knowledge through a Multi-Faceted Data-Driven Approach

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates effective end-of-life management strategies for their battery packs. When pursuing a recycling strategy to recover valuable materials such as nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium, the first step in most cases is to dismantle the battery at least down to module level. The state-of-the-art disassembly of EV battery packs relies on domain knowledge and is carried out manually for the most part. The potential hazards inherent in the dismantling process and increasing numbers of end-of-life batteries, coupled with a shortage of skilled workers, call for a safer and more efficient approach to dismantling than is currently the case. However, due to the high variety of end-of-life battery packs that return to recycling companies and their high system complexity, fully automating the disassembly process is not economically feasible. Therefore, the paper introduces an approach to extract and transfer domain knowledge from human experts to an accessible and structured information model. This model is intended to serve as the foundation for the development of disassembly assistance systems capable of aiding human operators during manual disassembly tasks and, in the long term, enabling the automation of critical disassembly steps. Furthermore, a theoretical concept for a disassembly station is proposed that allows a multi-faceted data collection process by providing a human-machine interface and multi-sensory equipment. This process encompasses detailed analysis of battery components, manual disassembly procedures, and expert insights. It aims at integrating, categorizing, and formalizing the collected data into a machine-readable format that captures both the procedural and semantic aspects of battery disassembly and enables the digital representation of the product and process.

Creative Problem-Solving Learning Model to Improve Student Activeness and Learning Outcomes in Entrepreneurship Creative Product Subject

To overcome this problem, a study was conducted using the Creative Problem Solving learning model to increase student activeness and understanding in learning. This study aims to determine whether or not there is an increase in student activity and learning outcomes.This type of research is Classroom Action Research which is conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The success indicators determined were the average score of the student's activeness level reaching ≥75% and the percentage of classical completeness of students in the class reaching ≥75%. The results showed that there was an increase in student activeness and learning outcomes, this is evident from the percentage of classical student completeness from the pre-cycle which was only 22% increased to 63% in cycle I and again increased in cycle II reached 88%, while the percentage of observation results The activeness of students in the first cycle reached 67% then increased in the second cycle to 83%. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that there is an increase in student activeness and learning outcomes after the application of the Creative Problem Solving (CPS) learning model in the subject of computer assembly, basic competence in understanding the disassembly procedures of computers and presenting the results of assembling computers.

A Systematic Review on Lithium-Ion Battery Disassembly Processes for Efficient Recycling

Recycling plays a crucial role in achieving a sustainable production chain for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as it reduces the demand for primary mineral resources and mitigates environmental pollution caused by improper disposal. Disassembly of the LIBs is typically the preliminary step preceding chemical recovery operations, facilitating early separation of components consisting of different materials. Despite that extensive research has been conducted on the chemical processes involved in the recycling of LIBs, systematic studies on disassembly processes in the recycling process are relatively scarce. In this research, a systematic review was conducted on the publications from major databases, such as Scopus, SpringerLink, and others, to explore the current state of disassembly processes in LIBs’ recycling. The results emphasize disassembly as a crucial process for achieving a high material separation rate and ensuring a high degree of purity of the recycled active material. Moreover, automated disassembly can significantly raise productivity and reduce disassembly costs. Thus, it improves disassembly efficiency and increases economic as well as environmental benefits. Most researchers have focused on disassembly at the pack or module level. Investigation into extending the disassembly depth from cell to individual components is limited, particularly in automated approaches. Therefore, further research is highly recommended to explore the feasibility and potential of novel automated disassembly procedures at the cell level. This can contribute to improving the efficiency and sustainability of the recycling process for LIBs.

Overcharge to Remove Cathode Passivation Layer for Reviving Failed Li–O 2 Batteries

Overcharge to Remove Cathode Passivation Layer for Reviving Failed Li–O ₂ Batteries

A hybrid disassembly framework for disassembly of electric vehicle batteries

In a recent study, it was determined that the usage of Li-Ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) represent a huge portion of the overall usage. In order to foster a sustainable future, Li-Ion batteries in EVs generally undergo a disassembly during the recycling process, which is intended for secondary purposes or recover useful materials and components. However, the current disassembly process is significantly time consuming and expensive. Hence in this research, a disassembly framework is presented, which focuses on improving the disassembly efficiency. The framework consists of a hybrid disassembly workstation that utilizes modified automated robotic arms and a specialized tool to allow an improvement in the disassembly time. The framework focuses on optimizing several identified parameters. These parameters (Design, Safety, and Cost) were identified through a comprehensive review and analysis of the schematics and properties of conventional EV battery packs along with the disassembly procedures being currently in practice. Additionally, the framework also consists of a conceptualized disassembly procedure developed based on the potential improvements of the hybrid disassembly. The framework proposed would allow a 5-step reduction in the overall disassembly steps, and thus would be highly suited to be adopted in the EV disassembly industry.

Hierarchical self-assembly and controlled disassembly of a cavitand-based host–guest supramolecular polymer

Two hierarchical aggregation modes of cavitand-based supramolecular polymers allow implementing orthogonal disassembly procedures: electrochemical reduction for linear chains and solvent-driven dissolution for bundles.

Electric Vehicle Battery Disassembly Sequence Planning Based on Frame-Subgroup Structure Combined with Genetic Algorithm

Since the electric vehicle battery (EVB) is wildly recycled in industry, the disassembly procedures of variable EVBs is so important that can influence the efficiency and environmental impacts in remanufacturing. To improve disassembly efficiency in EVB remanufacturing, a disassembly sequence planning method based on frame-subgroup structure is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the improved disassembly relation hybrid graph and disassembly relation matrix are proposed to identify the disassembly precedence relationship and connection relationship between the components in EVB. Secondly, the frame - subgroup structure is given, and the method for solving disassembly sequence planning with frame-subgroup structure and genetic algorithm is introduced. In this method, to simplify the series of processes such as encoding, decoding, crossover and mutation, the solution space composed of all disassembly sequences is transformed into the positive integer sequence for the disassembly efficiency in battery remanufacturing. Finally, the case study of EVB disassembly sequence planning is presented to validate the feasibility of this proposed method. Comparing with other traditional methods, the advantage and application of this proposed method are introduced.

Virtual Reality Based Digital Chain for Maintenance Training

This paper presents ongoing research about the use of Virtual Reality (VR) to facilitate training for maintenance. VR systems are now widely accepted as training platforms for complex and highly demanding training tasks. In this paper, we focus on the application of VR technology for designing and evaluating the actual training process that relates to maintenance operations. Despite the availability of increasingly many and mature VR devices, it is still difficult to achieve the level of realism needed for the effective training of particular manipulation gestures that are vital for specific assembly and disassembly procedures. We propose a systematic approach to create a VR-based experimentation environment that facilitates the selection, calibration, and evaluation of different VR devices for the training of a specific maintenance operation. We present a case study to demonstrate the feasibility of our concept, as well as the huge potential VR has to even replace the traditional physical mock-up training. Via virtual hands, users can interact directly with virtual objects via various devices (mouse, keyboard and Leap Motion). Maintenance gestures can thereby be executed as naturally as possible and can be easily recorded to prepare maintenance learning service.

Decision Making within the Conceptual Design Phase of Eco-Friendly Products

A contribution for environment protection is the conceptual design of eco-friendly products, considering information of main product life cycle phases: Development, manufacturing, usage. Base of operations is product generation A, where the development is closed and the manufacturing/usage phase is ongoing. The designer of the subsequently product generation B has different possibilities to consider eco-friendly aspects and resource saving, e.g. incorporate Carry-Over- Parts, parts for reuse, upgradeable components or parts for refurbishing. The challenge for the designer is the decision complexity: He needs a lot of eco-related information of product generation A on component-level, e.g. CO2-emission, disassembly procedures, reliability information. This paper shows a concept, how to make eco- and sustainability-related decisions within the conceptual design phase of a subsequently product generation. The decision concept is explained by an automotive engineering example.

Semi-automatic Design for Disassembly Strategy Planning: An Augmented Reality Approach

The mounting attention to environmental issues requires adopting better disassembly procedures at the product's End of Life. Planning and reckoning different disassembly strategies in the early stage of the design process can improve the development of sustainable products with an easy dismissing and recycling oriented approach. Nowadays many Computer Aided Process Planning software packages provide optimized assembly or disassembly sequences, but they are mainly based on a time and cost compression approach, neglecting the human factor. The environment we developed is based upon the integration of a CAD, an Augmented Reality tool, a Leap Motion Controller device, see-through glasses and an algorithm for disassembly strategies evaluation: this approach guarantees a more effective interaction with the 3D real and virtual assembly than an approach relying only on a CAD based disassembly sequence planning. In such a way, the operator may not test in a more natural and intuitive way automatic disassembly sequences, but he/she can also propose different strategies to improve the ergonomics. The methodology has been tested in a real case study to evaluate the strength points and criticalities of this approach.

A Co-evolutionary Algorithm for Open-shop Scheduling with Disassembly Operations

In recent years, many used products are returned from customers through reverse supply chains in order to be reused and recycled. Therefore, it is necessary to provide suitable disassembly procedures from the view point of economic efficiency. This research proposes a scheduling method for open-shop scheduling problems containing both disassembly operations and post-processing operations. A co-evolutionary algorithm is proposed to modify not only the sequences of disassembly and post-processing operations of products but also the sequences of products loaded on disassembly and post-processing machines. Two different kinds of individuals are modeled for both the sequences of operations and the sequences of products in the co-evolutionary algorithm. These individuals alternately repeat evolution at short time intervals, and affect their fitness values each other. We developed a prototype of scheduling system and applied it to some computational experiments for open-shop type scheduling problems including disassembly and post-processing operations. The experimental results of the proposed method were compared with the one of another scheduling method with various heuristic rules in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Applying Multimedia Learning Principles to Design Effective Mobile Training

In the training literature, little empirical research has been devoted to the design of effective mobile-based instruction for training transfer. In this experiment, we tested the applicability of a multimedia learning design principle, the redundancy principle, in the context of a highly interactive tablet-based simulation for training m4 rifle disassembly procedures. In the narration condition, the simulation included oral instructions describing each disassembly step, while the narration and text condition included onscreen text in addition to the simulation and oral instructions. While we found no significant differences on a written recall test or a training transfer test of disassembling a physical rifle, the narration condition reported higher satisfaction and usability ratings than the narration and text condition. These results indicate that multimedia design principles apply to more complex platforms and procedural tasks.

Influence of geometry and materials on the axial and torsional strength of the head–neck taper junction in modular hip replacements: A finite element study

The assembly force is important in establishing the mechanical environment at the head–neck taper junction of modular hip replacements. Previous experimental results of the assembled taper junctions with different material combinations (Co–28Cr–6Mo and Ti–6Al–4V) reported similar axial strengths (pull-off loads), but lower torsional strengths (twist-off moments) for the CoCr/CoCr junction. However, mechanics of the junction and the strength behaviour have not been understood yet. A three dimensional finite element model of an isolated femoral head–neck junction was developed to explore the assembly and disassembly procedures, particularly the axial and torsional strengths for different material combinations and geometries. Under the same assembly load, the contacting length between the CoCr head and titanium neck was greater than that of in CoCr/CoCr. The contact length in the titanium neck was more sensitive to the assembly force when compared to the CoCr neck. For instance, with increasing the assembly force from 1890 to 3700N, the contact length increased by 88% for CoCr/Ti and 59% for CoCr/CoCr junctions. The torsional strength of the junction was related to the lateral deformation of the neck material due to the applied moment. The angular mismatch existing between the head and neck components was found to play the main role in the torsional strength of the junction. The smaller mismatch angle the higher torsional strength. It is suggested to consider reducing the mismatch angle, particularly in CoCr/CoCr junctions, and ensure a sufficiently high assembly force is applied by impaction for this combination.

Interactive Disassembly Planning for Complex Objects

AbstractWe present an approach for the automatic generation, interactive exploration and real‐time modification of disassembly procedures for complex, multipartite CAD data sets. In order to lift the performance barriers prohibiting interactive disassembly planning, we run a detailed analysis on the input model to identify recurring part constellations and efficiently determine blocked part motions in parallel on the GPU. Building on the extracted information, we present an interface for computing and editing extensive disassembly sequences in real‐time while considering user‐defined constraints and avoiding unstable configurations. To evaluate the performance of our C++/CUDA implementation, we use a variety of openly available CAD data sets, ranging from simple to highly complex. In contrast to previous approaches, our work enables interactive disassembly planning for objects which consist of several thousand parts and require cascaded translations during part removal.

Leveraging Virtual Reality Experiences With Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming Visualization of Disassembly Sequence Planning Under Uncertainty

Disassembly sequence planning at the early conceptual stage of design leads to enormous benefits including simplification of products, lower assembly and disassembly costs, and design modifications which result in increased potential profitability of end-of-life salvaging operations. However, in the early design stage, determining the best disassembly sequence is challenging. First, the required information is not readily available and very time-consuming to gather. In addition, the best solution is sometimes counterintuitive, even to those with experience and expertise in disassembly procedures. Integrating analytical models with immersive computing technology (ICT) can help designers overcome these issues. A two-stage procedure for doing so is introduced in this paper. In the first stage, a stochastic programming model together with the information obtained through immersive simulation is applied to determine the optimal disassembly sequence, while considering uncertain outcomes, such as time, cost, and the probability of causing damage. In the second stage, ICT is applied as a tool to explore alternative disassembly sequence solutions in an intuitive way. The benefit of using this procedure is to determine the best disassembly sequence, not only by solving the analytic model but also by capturing human expertise. The designer can apply the obtained results from these two stages to analyze and modify the product design. An example of a Burr puzzle is used to illustrate the application of the method.

Photocontrolled reversible supramolecular assemblies of a diblock azo-copolymer based on β-cyclodextrin–Azo host–guest inclusion complexation

The double hydrophobic block copolymer, poly[6-(4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenoxy)hexyl acrylate]-b-polystyrene (PAzo-b-PS), was synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. This hydrophobic block copolymer can self-assemble into spherical micelles through β-cyclodextrin–azobenzene (β-CD–Azo) host–guest inclusion. Furthermore, the spherical micelles can be dissociated and reassembled by alternating irradiation of UV/visible light. These supramolecular self-assembly and disassembly procedures were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis spectra.

Interactive Illustrative Rendering on Mobile Devices

Scientists, engineers, and artists regularly use illustrations in design, training, and education to display conceptual information, describe problems, and solve those problems. Researchers have developed many advanced rendering techniques on desktop platforms to facilitate illustration generation, but adapting these techniques to mobile platforms has not been easy. We discuss how advanced illustrative rendering techniques, such as interactive cutaway views, ghosted views, silhouettes, and selective rendering, have been adapted to mobile devices. We also present MobileVis, our interactive, illustrative 3D graphics and text rendering system that lets users explore 3D models' interior structures, display parts annotations, and visualize instructions, such as assembly and disassembly procedures for mechanical models

Destructive disassembly of bolts and screws by impact fracture

Disassembly, the process of removing components from a product at the end of its useful life, is complex due to a variety of fastener shapes and variability in their damage during use. Mechanical impact has been suggested as a cost-effective method for destructive disassembly of joining elements. This research analyzes the process of impact disassembly by studying the characteristics of elastic waves caused by the impact. Elastic waves are modeled in a one-dimensional bar, which transfers the impact energy to a protruded bolt head mounted in an infinite elastic medium or structure. Stress wave equations are presented for each period when they bounce back and forth between the two ends of the bar. It is determined that the maximum stress occurs when the wave front reflects in the second or later period. This higher stress can be applied to shear off the bolt head with the same amount of energy invested as in a single wave impact. The results can be used to design effective destructive disassembly procedures and new demanufacturing tools, resulting in an increase of disassembly efficiency and a reduction of recycling cost.

Computing and visualizing pose-interpolating 3D motions

CAD and animation systems offer a variety of techniques for designing and animating arbitrary movements of rigid bodies. Such tools are essential for planning, analyzing, and demonstrating assembly and disassembly procedures of manufactured products. In this paper, we advocate the use of screw motions for such applications, because of their simplicity, flexibility, uniqueness, and computational advantages. Two arbitrary control-poses of an object are interpolated by a screw motion, which, in general, is unique and combines a minimum-angle rotation around an axis A with a translation by a vector parallel to A. We explain the advantages of screw motions for the intuitive design and local refinement of complex motions. We present a new, simple and efficient algorithm for computing the parameters of a screw motion that interpolates any two control-poses and explain how to use it to produce animations of the moving objects. Finally, we discuss a new and efficient variant of a known procedure for computing a set of faces which may be used to display the 3D region swept by a polyhedron that moves along a screw motion.