Disapproval Of Behavior Research Articles

Non‐Governmental Public Norm Enforcement in Large Societies as a Two‐Stage Game of Voluntary Public Good Provision

AbstractIn small groups, norm enforcement is achieved through mutual punishment and reward. In large societies, norms are enforced by specialists such as government officials. However, not every public cause is overseen by states, for instance those organized at the international level. This paper shows how nongovernmental norm enforcement can emerge as a decentralized equilibrium. As a first stage, individuals voluntarily contribute to a nongovernmental agency that produces an incentive system. The second stage is the provision of a public good on the basis of private contributions. The incentive system increases contributions by means of public approval or disapproval of behavior. It is shown that, even in large populations, nongovernmental norm enforcement can be supported in a noncooperative equilibrium of utility‐maximizing individuals. This result is in sharp contrast to those obtained in the standard situation of voluntary provision of an intrinsic public good which—without altruism or related motives—is eroded by free‐riding. Reliance on altruistic behavior is not required in supplying the second‐order public good “norm enforcement” in large societies.

Rethinking Obligation and Duty with Concept of Sanction

In everyday life, confusion of what ought to be done or what ought not to be done remains attached with behaviour of every individual. Duty and sense of obligation require reason and cause explained with reasonableness to signify the conduct of a person. This paper evaluates the origin of idea of duty, approval or disapproval of behaviour by others, and whether sanction is the only test of legal duty. Whether Non compulsion and breach of duty are correlated .Social deviance is the result of lack of sense of obligation in any individual or is the utterance of dissatisfaction in ground level needs of life .It examines the meaning of sanction together with appropriate sanction and performance of duties. Act and omission are the part of conduct but moral values, religious beliefs and consequences attached to a conduct have impact on human behaviour though unrealised at that instance, have contribution in building opinion about future conduct of an individual. Sanction attached to no reforms in criminals after punishment and good behaviour in further life needs explanation not on the basis of any jurisprudential study but clarifies the presence of factors other than sanction. Performance of duty is only to make people aware of their own conduct and impact of such conduct on others. Sense of clear understanding of duties and obligation in people ,leads to formation of a ‘well ordered society’ which is the fundamental idea of public conception of justice.