Disadvantages Of Different Materials Research Articles

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MIXED FUEL FILTER FOR DIESEL AND BIOFUELS

This article discusses the technological aspects of the development and efficient operation of a fuel filter designed to purify a mixture of diesel and biofuels. The authors analyze the engineering implementation challenges associated with the production and use of this type of filter. The article discusses in detail the technical solutions that determine the efficiency and duration of operation of such a fuel filter in conditions of use of mixed fuel. A separate section is devoted to the study of the impact of mixed fuels on engine operation, with a focus on combustion efficiency and possible cases of malfunction. The article also examines the environmental benefits of using blended fuels, focusing on reduced emissions and positive environmental impacts compared to traditional diesels. Particular attention is paid to innovative materials and technologies used to create fuel filters adapted to mixed fuels. The authors consider the advantages and disadvantages of different materials and their impact on the functionality of the filter. The article concludes with an overview of the standards and regulations that govern the use of blended fuels, with a focus on fuel filter requirements to ensure safety, efficiency, and environmental compliance. Taking into account current trends in the development of fuel systems, the article is aimed at supporting engineers, scientists and specialists from the automotive and energy industries in improving the technologies of blended fuels and their elements.

Design and process of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells

At present, the solar cells that occupy most market are still silicon solar cells. However, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the devices made of silicon have achieved an extreme value. Therefore, a new type of solar cells to get higher power conversion efficiencies are in great need. Since the 21st century, perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have gained great attention because of their potential to offer higher PCE compared with other traditional solar cells. This article elaborates the inevitability of the development of perovskite/silicon crystal tandem solar cells from the perspectives of development history, cell structure. This article also discusses the different materials of both perovskite top cell layers and silicon crystal bottom cell layers in this new type of solar cell, including methylammonium lead iodide, formamidinium lead iodide, cesium lead iodide, crystalline silicon, thin-film silicon and heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer. This article mainly presents the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of different materials when they are used in this new type device.

PVDF‐Based Flexible Piezoelectric Tactile Sensors: Review

AbstractWith the advent of the intelligence era, flexible piezoelectric tactile sensors are the key components for sensing information and sending signals. The performance parameters of piezoelectric sensors are closely related to the selection of piezoelectric materials. Compared with conventional piezoelectric materials, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has significant advantages in flexibility, stretchability, chemical stability, electromechanical conversion, ease of use, and acoustic propagation impedance. As a result, PVDF has become a popular topic of research. This paper introduces the working principle of piezoelectric materials and flexible piezoelectric sensors based on PVDF materials and details the research progress of different materials based on PVDF for the preparation of flexible piezoelectric tactile sensors, such as: PVDF and its copolymers for the preparation of flexible piezoelectric sensors and PVDF doped with other functional materials for the preparation of flexible piezoelectric sensors. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of different materials and the development prospects of PVDF flexible piezoelectric sensors are summarized to provide some insights for high‐performance flexible PVDF piezoelectric sensors.

Flexible Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries: Materials and Structures

With the rapid development of research into flexible electronics and wearable electronics in recent years, there has been an increasing demand for flexible power supplies, which in turn has led to a boom in research into flexible solid-state lithium-ion batteries. The ideal flexible solid-state lithium-ion battery needs to have not only a high energy density, but also good mechanical properties. We have taken a systematic and comprehensive overview of our work in two main areas: flexible materials and flexible structures. Specifically, we first discuss materials for electrodes (carbon nanotubes, graphite, carbon fibers, carbon cloth, and conducting polymers) and flexible solid materials for electrolytes. A discussion of the structural design of flexible solid-state lithium-ion batteries, including one-dimensional fibrous, two-dimensional thin-film and three-dimensional flexible lithium-ion batteries, follows this. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of different materials and structures are summarized, and the main challenges for the future design of flexible solid-state lithium-ion batteries are pointed out, hopefully providing some reference for the research of flexible solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

Materials for ossicular chain reconstruction: History and evolution (Review).

The middle ear represents the anatomic space between the external auditory canal and the inner ear (Cochlea). It is comprised of the tympanic membrane, the ossicular chain [malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)] with the corresponding muscles and ligaments and the cavity of the middle ear. The main function of the middle ear is to convey vibratory energy (sound pressure) from the air to the cochlear fluids of the internal ear via the ossicular chain. Tympanoplasty represents a number of procedures used to re-establish the continuity of sound transmission from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. Ever since the beginning of otologic surgery, various materials have been tested for ossicular chain reconstruction (OCR). The present review aimed to present, in a chronological sequence, the evolution of knowledge regarding this field of medicine, and to also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different materials and designs of ossicular prostheses. The constant search for more efficient, easily tolerated and lighter materials has improved the acoustic rehabilitation process and has markedly reduced the rate of functional failure of these small prostheses.

Biotribology of the Total Hip Replacement – Review of the Current Bearing Surfaces

"Total hip replacement surgery (THR) is one of the most common surgeries performed in modern orthopedics, and in most cases offers a significant improvement in the quality of the patient's life. However, after some time, wear and osteolysis do appear, which leads to the need for revision surgery. With the indication being widened to a more young and active population, the need for extending the lifespan of the prosthesis is mandatory. Although several bearing surfaces have been studied over the years, and a lot of couplings are in use, the choice of the right combination of materials is still controversial. Biotribology tries to answer some of the current questions regarding the best bearing surface to use, being the branch of science and technology that studies friction, wear, and lubrication of different materials in the human body. In the present day, a large number of materials are in use for total hip replacement, but choosing the right combination of materials is still controversial, and is being done on one hand by the surgeon’s experience and on the other hand by the age and activity of the patient. The objective of this review is to try to present the main advantages and disadvantages of different materials and try to answer the most difficult question of them all: What is the right material to use for THR-bearing surfaces? "

Intestinal stents: Structure, functionalization and advanced engineering innovation.

Intestinal stents are a palliative treatment option that solves many shortcomings of traditional surgeries for cancer-induced intestinal obstructions. The present review provides an overview of the incidence, clinical manifestations and limitations in the treatment of intestinal cancers. The paper also discusses material property requirements, indications, complications and the future of stent-assisted therapy. The advantages and disadvantages of different materials and processing techniques for intestinal stents are reviewed along with new stent treatment combinations for colorectal cancer. Challenges that require further cooperative studies are also detailed. The future development of intestinal stents will depend on innovation in material designs as well as the utilization of multi-functional strategies and innovative engineering solutions.

Functional biomaterials for tendon/ligament repair and regeneration.

With an increase in life expectancy and the popularity of high-intensity exercise, the frequency of tendon and ligament injuries has also increased. Owing to the specificity of its tissue, the rapid restoration of injured tendons and ligaments is challenging for treatment. This review summarizes the latest progress in cells, biomaterials, active molecules and construction technology in treating tendon/ligament injuries. The characteristics of supports made of different materials and the development and application of different manufacturing methods are discussed. The development of natural polymers, synthetic polymers and composite materials has boosted the use of scaffolds. In addition, the development of electrospinning and hydrogel technology has diversified the production and treatment of materials. First, this article briefly introduces the structure, function and biological characteristics of tendons/ligaments. Then, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different materials, such as natural polymer scaffolds, synthetic polymer scaffolds, composite scaffolds and extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biological scaffolds, in the application of tendon/ligament regeneration. We then discuss the latest applications of electrospun fiber scaffolds and hydrogels in regeneration engineering. Finally, we discuss the current problems and future directions in the development of biomaterials for restoring damaged tendons and ligaments.

Recent advancement in 3-D printing: nanocomposites with added functionality

Three-Dimentional (3-D) printing is currently a popular printing technique that is used in many sectors. Potentially, this technology is expected to replace conventional manufacturing in the coming years. It is accelerating in gaining attention due to its design freedom where objects can be produced without imagination boundaries. The review presents a perspective on the application of 3-D printing application based on various fields. However, the ordinary 3-D printed products with a single type of raw often lack robustness leading to broken parts. Improving the mechanical property of a 3-D printed part is crucial for its applications in many fields. One of the promising solutions is to incorporate nanoparticles or fillers into the raw material. The review aims to provide information about the types of additive manufacturing. There are few types of raw materials can be used as foundation template in the printing, enhanced properties of the printed polymer nanocomposites with different types of nanoparticles as additives in the printing. The article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of different materials that are used as raw materials or base materials in 3-D printing. This can be a guideline for the readers to compare and analyse the raw materials prior to a decision on the type of material to be selected. The review prepares an overview for the researchers to choose the types of nanoparticles to be added in the printing of the products depending on the targeted application. With the added functionality of the 3-D polymer nanocomposites, it will help in widespread of the application of 3-D printing technology in various sector.

A Review of Biomaterials and Scaffold Fabrication for Organ-on-a-Chip (OOAC) Systems.

Drug and chemical development along with safety tests rely on the use of numerous clinical models. This is a lengthy process where animal testing is used as a standard for pre-clinical trials. However, these models often fail to represent human physiopathology. This may lead to poor correlation with results from later human clinical trials. Organ-on-a-Chip (OOAC) systems are engineered microfluidic systems, which recapitulate the physiochemical environment of a specific organ by emulating the perfusion and shear stress cellular tissue undergoes in vivo and could replace current animal models. The success of culturing cells and cell-derived tissues within these systems is dependent on the scaffold chosen; hence, scaffolds are critical for the success of OOACs in research. A literature review was conducted looking at current OOAC systems to assess the advantages and disadvantages of different materials and manufacturing techniques used for scaffold production; and the alternatives that could be tailored from the macro tissue engineering research field.

A BRIEF REVIEW ON RECENT ADVANCES IN AIR-CATHODE MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS

The performance of cathode affects the overall performance of a microbial fuel cell (MFC), and cathode configuration affects the fabrication cost of this bioelectrochemical system in a large way. Various modifications in cathode structures have been observed in MFCs. Among them air-cathode MFCs are considered to be the most efficient and sustainable option due to elimination of aeration, as required in aqueous cathodes which consumes energy and increases operating cost of MFCs. An air cathode usually consists of (a) a conductive base material, (b) current collectors, (c) catalyst layer, (d) binder layer, and (e) diffusion layer. In this article the recent advances made in fabrication of air-cathode MFC are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of different materials used for preparation of an air-cathode are analyzed. On-field application of MFC is limited even after a decade of extensive research. This article also presents the challenges incurred in scaling-up of an MFC for real field application. In addition, this review will assist to realize the advantages and disadvantages of different materials used in construction of air-cathodes. This knowledge will help in intelligent selection of materials for fabrication of air-cathode MFC in future and will further aid to achieve a competitive technology for electricity harvesting while treating wastewater.

Trends

Trends

Performance and testing of thermal interface materials

The increasing power and reduced die size of CPUs used in computers increases a need for significantly improved thermal interface materials (TIM). The TIM is used to reduce contact resistance at the CPU–heat sink interface. This work provides a state-of-the-art assessment on ‘thermal interface materials’, including fundamentals, materials used, their performance, and how interface resistance is measured. The performance of new commercial interface materials is given, as well as discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of different materials. The report notes that the recommended interface test method does not necessarily duplicate the installation and operating conditions in an actual computer installation. Recommendations are presented on the design and operation of an apparatus intended to simulate actual computer installation conditions. The innovative Penn State ‘low melting point alloy’ thermal interface material is described and compared to other commercial materials.

Life-Cycle Costs of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer Bridge Decks

Fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) composites are currently being developed and used in bridge decks. This report examines the life-cycle cost-effectiveness of three FRP bridge decks, using a life-cycle cost method specifically tailored for comparing new materials with conventional ones. The method includes a cost classification scheme for capturing all project-related costs and for comparing the cost advantages and disadvantages of different materials. The uncertainty of new-material costs is assessed using the Monte Carlo simulations. Analysis indicates that one of the FRP decks is life-cycle cost-effective for a particular class of bridges and traffic levels.

Heterogeneous catalyst structure and function: review and implications for the analysis of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in natural waters

It is the purpose of this paper to provide a brief summary of some of the fundamental concepts of the general chemistry of heterogeneous catalysts, several of which have been recently employed in high-temperature flow-through reactor systems for the analysis of dissolved organic matter in seawater. To avoid the application of these high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) techniques in an entirely ‘black box’ manner, it is imperative that the chemical oceanographic community be aware of the structure and function of heterogeneous catalysts, of the advances which have been made in developing such catalysts, and of the inherent limitations to their use as quantitative tools. The information presented herein has been adapted in part from several excellent recent texts and reviews on various aspects of catalyst chemistry, and the interested reader is encouraged to refer to them for greater detail on the subjects touched upon here. Four general topics will be covered in this review. First, the component parts of heterogeneous catalysts will be defined and the relative advantages and disadvantages of different materials for purposes of organic carbon and nitrogen oxidation will be evaluated. Second, the synthesis and subsequent structure-function relationships of catalysts relative to the reactions carried out will be briefly discussed. Third, those factors known to be responsible for the deterioration of catalytic function and for short-and long-term catalyst deactivation will be assessed. Finally, we will discuss and speculate upon numerous aspects of the application of these catalysts for the specific purpose of accurately quantifying the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in seawater. These final two categories will include information obtained from our recent efforts to design and employ different alumina- and aluminosilicate-based catalysts in HTCO systems.