Director Of Anaesthetics Research Articles

A comparison of pediatric liver transplant anesthesia practices with new organ procurement and transplant network pediatric policy requirements: A report from the society for the advancement of transplant anesthesia and the society for pediatric anesthesia.

Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) pediatric policies on knowledge and skill requirements for key personnel failed to address the Director of Anesthesia for Pediatric Liver Transplantation. A Joint Committee representing the Society for the Advancement of Transplant Anesthesia and Society for Pediatric Anesthesia (SPA) surveyed all pediatric anesthesia liver transplant practices to determine if practices were aligned with policies and what changes would be needed for compliance. A survey of the Director or equivalent at each program collected data about specialized knowledge and skill sets. Questions focused on (1) skill and knowledge of the Director and team, (2) requirements for appointment, (3) experience in pediatrics, and (4) characteristics of the program including the availability of pediatric resources. Response rate was 73% (n = 63). Most responding programs had a Director (67%) with certification, selection committee, and continuing education credits outlined in existing policies. Team members met similar requirements. Alternate pathways for acquiring knowledge and skill sets were identified between programs. Pediatric liver transplant anesthesiologists use knowledge and skill pathways that align with the new pediatric policies. We suggest that collaborative work with oversight agencies is needed to resolve high case volume requirements originally designed for adult programs. Most pediatric liver transplant anesthesiologists in the US have specialized knowledge and skills for expert care consistent with current oversight policies. Differences in pathways to acquire knowledge and skill sets were still aligned with the new policies for pediatric transplant surgeons and bylaws for the Director of Transplant Anesthesia. We conclude that minimal changes in case volume requirements to the existing Pediatric Transplant Anesthesiology Directorship criteria that authenticates the pediatric anesthesia Director's position would improve the safety of care without limiting access to transplantation.

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Anesthesiology was launched in 1988. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of anesthesiology is divided into 15 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Klaus HahnenkampKlaus HahnenkampKlaus Hahnenkamp is an Associate Professor in Anesthesiology in the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive-Care Medicine and Pain Therapy at Münster University Hospital in Germany. He studied medicine at the University of Göttingen, Germany, qualifying as a physician in 1999. He passed his postdoctoral Habilitation degree, qualifying him as an Associate Professor, in 2007. Dr Hahnenkamp's research is focused on the alternative effects of local anesthetics and opioids on glutaminergic excitatory signaling pathways and G proteins. He has received a number of national and international research awards, including the Ben Covino Research Award from the International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS) in 2004, the Clinical Scholar Research Award from the IARS in 2007, and the August Bier Award from the German Anesthesiology Society (DGAI) in 2007. His teaching work has been recognized at the national level by the Thieme Teaching Award, which is presented by a DGAI committee for outstanding projects in the area of medical education and further training. In 2008, he received the IARS's Teaching Recognition Award. He has published a number of journal articles related to alternative effects in anesthetics and on medical education. He is an active member of the German Anesthesiology Society and serves on several committees concerned with education and further training in anesthesiology for medical students and residents. Marc Van de VeldeMarc Van de VeldeDr Marc Van de Velde obtained his medical degree at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium in 1991. He completed his residency in Anaesthesiology in 1996 at the University Hospitals of Louvain. In 2000, he received his PhD degree following research related to metabolic support of the stunned myocardium. He was appointed member of staff in 1997 at the Department of Anesthesiology of the University Hospitals in Louvain, Belgium and is now Full Professor of Anesthesia. Until November 2010 he was Clinical Director of obstetric anesthesia and Clinical Director of anesthesia outside the operating room. Since November 2010, he is Head of the Department Anesthesiology at the Catholic University Leuven and Full Professor at the Leuven University Hospitals. He has given over 270 invited lectures at the international and national level, has published 70 articles in peer reviewed journals, has produced 30 manuscripts for non-peer reviewed journals and has co-authored four book chapters. He is Editor (together with Helen Scholefield and Lauren Plante) of a new, international book on maternal critical care to be published in 2013 and he is Editor (together with Vicki Clark and Roshan Fernando) of a new book on obstetric anesthesia to be published in 2014. He was member of the Committee of the Obstetric Anaesthetists Association from 2003 to 2009 and is currently President of the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA). He is also Chair of the Scientific Subcommittee on Obstetric Anesthesia of the European Society of Anesthesiology (ESA). His primary clinical interest focuses on obstetric anesthesia and anesthesia for children and adults with congenital heart disease undergoing non cardiac surgery. Most of his current research focuses on obstetric anesthesia.

Taking the pain away

Cholawat Pacharinsak, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVAA, Assistant Professor, Director of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Surgery, Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Anesthesiology was launched in 1988. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of anesthesiology is divided into 15 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Klaus HahnenkampKlaus HahnenkampKlaus Hahnenkamp is an Associate Professor in Anesthesiology in the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive-Care Medicine and Pain Therapy at Münster University Hospital in Germany. He studied medicine at the University of Göttingen, Germany, qualifying as a physician in 1999. He passed his postdoctoral Habilitation degree, qualifying him as an Associate Professor in 2007. Dr Hahnenkamp's research is focused on the alternative effects of local anesthetics and opioids on glutaminergic excitatory signaling pathways and G proteins. He has received a number of national and international research awards, including the Ben Covino Research Award from the International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS) in 2004, the Clinical Scholar Research Award from the IARS in 2007, and the August Bier Award from the German Anesthesiology Society (DGAI) in 2007. His teaching work has been recognized at the national level by the Thieme Teaching Award, which is presented by a DGAI committee for outstanding projects in the area of medical education and further training. In 2008, he received the IARS's Teaching Recognition Award. He has published a number of journal articles related to alternative effects in anesthetics and on medical education. He is an active member of the German Anesthesiology Society and serves on several committees concerned with education and further training in anesthesiology for medical students and residents. Marc Van de VeldeMarc Van de VeldeDr Marc Van de Velde obtained his medical degree at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium in 1991. He completed his residency in anaesthesiology in 1996 at the University Hospitals of Louvain. In 2000, he received his PhD degree following research related to metabolic support of the stunned myocardium. He was appointed member of staff in 1997 at the Department of Anesthesiology of the University Hospitals in Louvain, Belgium and is now Full Professor of Anesthesia. Until November 2010 he was Clinical Director of obstetric anesthesia and Clinical Director of anesthesia outside the operating room. Since November 2010, he has been Head of the Department of Anesthesiology at the Catholic University Leuven and Full Professor at the Leuven University Hospitals, Belgium. Dr Van de Velde has given over 240 invited lectures at the international and national level, has published 60 articles in peer reviewed journals, has produced 30 manuscripts for non peer reviewed journals and has co-authored four book chapters. He is Editor (together with Helen Scholefield and Lauren Plante) of a new, international book on maternal critical care to be published in 2013 and he is Editor (together with Vicki Clark and Roshan Fernando) of a new book on obstetric anesthesia to be published in 2014. He was member of the Committee of the Obstetric Anaesthetists Association from 2003 to 2009 and is currently President of the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA). He is also Chair of the Scientific Subcommittee on Obstetric Anesthesia of the European Society of Anesthesiology (ESA). His primary clinical interest focuses on obstetric anesthesia and anesthesia for children and adults with congenital heart disease undergoing non cardiac surgery. Most of his current research focuses on obstetric anesthesia.

'Wars Have An Overflow on Everything': Interview with Ian R. Mackay and Patricia Mackay

104 Health & History, 2013. 15/1 ‘Wars Have An Overflow on Everything’: Interview with Ian R. Mackay and Patricia Mackay Warwick Anderson and Cecily Hunter On the morning of November 3 2012, at Albert Park, Melbourne, Warwick Anderson (WA) and Cecily Hunter (CH) asked Ian R. Mackay (IRM, b. 1922) and Patricia Mackay (PM, b. 1926) to reflect on the impact of World War II on Australian medicine, surgery, and anaesthetics. Their house is not far from the beach, where Ian swims every morning. Ian continues as an active researcher in immunology, especially autoimmune diseases, at Monash University, after retirement from his post of director of the Clinical Research Unit at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute. Pat was an acting director or director of anaesthetics at the Royal Melbourne Hospital over many years, through to her retirement in 1991. We hoped to get from them a sense of what it was like to make a medical career in postwar Melbourne. WA: We thought it might be best to start with you Pat, because of your emphasis on clinical work. We wonder if you could tell us how the war might have affected your specialty, anaesthetics? PM: Well, I don’t think there’s any doubt the war changed anaesthetic practice. Before the war, here, in Britain, and in the U.S.A., anaesthetists were pretty lowly members of the profession. But when war came they contributed a great deal to the resuscitation of the wounded, and proved to be invaluable in all the camps, and also on home territory. The remarkable work Sir Harry Gillies did for the injured, for example, was absolutely dependent on the anaesthetist keeping his patients alive.1 I think it changed the attitude of surgeons especially. When they went away to the war, surgeons were accustomed to general practitioner anaesthetists; when they came back they wanted to have specialist anaesthetists, they recognised that specialists could give them much more. CH: Why did the surgeons need the specialist anaesthetist? Interview with Ian R. Mackay and Patricia Mackay 105 PM: Basically, specialist anaesthetists allowed them to do more complex surgery and suddenly, we were seeing major new developments. Certainly in Melbourne, for instance, by 1948 it was recognised that the leading surgeons couldn’t move into thoracic and neurosurgery unless they had specialist anaesthetists. That realisation prompted the establishment of the anaesthetics department at the Melbourne Hospital, and I think everywhere else around Australia. So the war changed the image of the anaesthetist from a general practitioner to a specialist. The change was even more pronounced in the United States because there it went from nurse anaesthetist to specialist anaesthetist. The turning point was around 1948, when the country was settling down after the war. WA: Did that mark the beginning of departments of anaesthesia? PM:Well, there were always anaesthetists, often grouped together, but nobody full-time. Among the earliest departments were those at the Alfred Hospital and at the Melbourne Hospital, in 1948. The very first department was, I think, at Newcastle: they beat us [Melbourne] by aboutsixmonths.Atthesametime,itwasrecognisedthatanaesthetists had to be university-trained. The first Australian university to take this up was Sydney, I think. The Diploma of Anaesthesia was offered there in 1947; and at the University of Melbourne in 1948. The people who had come back from the war needed to be properly trained as specialists. Image 1: Ian and Pat Mackay in the 1950s, courtesy of I.R. Mackay. 106 WARWICK ANDERSON & CECILY HUNTER WA: The training was promoted by the surgeons? PM: Yes, most of the surgeons at that time would have served in the war. They’d served in the war and had high expectations. WA: It wasn’t led by anaesthetists themselves? PM: To some extent, but anaesthetists had a very low status at that stage—the war interrupted their development in some ways. The Australian Society of Anaesthetists was formed in 1934 in Hobart. That was done by some very visionary anaesthetists—one in Melbourne and one from South Australia—and then the war came just as they were starting to raise their status. There was a hiatus when nothing happened. CH: What was the...

Reengineering Fast-Track Anesthesia: The Expanding Role of Anesthesiologists in Perioperative Medical Care Meeting in Abano Terme, Padova, Italy, on June 19–20, 2007

nesthesiologists are critically involved in patientcare throughout the perioperative period. An intensivedidactic and practical course was organized by Dr.Giovanni Pittoni (Director of Anesthesia and IntensiveCare at Azienda Ospedaliera—Universita, Padova) andDr. Giorgio Davia (Chief of Anesthesia & Intensive Careat Casa di Cura Abano Terme) in Padova, Italy, todiscuss the optimal anesthetic techniques for facilitatingpostoperative recovery and early rehabilitation afterambulatory and inpatient surgical procedures. The for-mal lectures were supplemented by practical tutorials intheoperatingroomswithsurgeonsandnursesatCasadiCura Hospital. Surgical cases being performed concur-rently in the operating rooms at Casa di Cura were usedto facilitate discussions between the faculty and theattendees regarding the advantages and disadvantagesof various anesthetic and analgesic options for the sur-gical procedures.The central role of anesthesiologists as perioperativephysicianswasdiscussedbyDr.PaulF.White(Professor& Holder of the Margaret Milam McDermott Distin-guished Chair of Anesthesiology at the University ofTexas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas), whopresented an evidence-based analysis of anesthetic andanalgesic techniques for common surgical proceduresand also discussed cost-effective approaches to minimiz-ing common side effects after surgery (e.g., incisionalpain, postoperative nausea and vomiting, drowsiness,fatigue, bowel and bladder dysfunction).

Society of Neurosurgical Anesthesia and Critical Care Annual Meeting.

Society of Neurosurgical Anesthesia and Critical Care Annual Meeting.

The Academic Highway between the United States and Japan

The Academic Highway between the United States and Japan

Government Account for Relief in Occupied Area

Government Account for Relief in Occupied Area

Leroy D Vandam, MD: an anesthesia journey

Leroy D Vandam, MD was a remarkable man—an intricate amalgamation of an artist, scientist, and physician. He was a bastion of medical historical knowledge. Dr Vandam became a most influential anesthesiologist, some say, a giant. He was an example of someone who, with resolve, overcame adversity. His artwork is displayed in countless places, and several of his paintings form part of the Wood Library Museum Heritage Series. Dr Vandam was first a surgeon, but he abandoned surgery and pursued a career in anesthesiology under the leadership of Robert Dripps. He completed his residency training at the University of Pennsylvania and joined its staff in 1949. When he arrived at Brigham and Women's Hospital in the 1950s as director of anesthesia, he embarked on one of the most illustrious careers in American anesthesiology. Dr Vandam published more than 250 original articles, chapters, abstracts, and other reports on a wide variety of subjects including history, art, and pharmacology. His classic article on the complications of neuroaxial blocks is a seminal work in anesthesiology. This article describes how an anesthesiologist who shared an interest with Dr Vandam in the history of anesthesiology came to produce a movie based on his career, the evolution of anesthesia equipment, and the transformation of our specialty.

Norman R. James F.F.A.R.A.C.S., a Pioneer of High Quality Anaesthesia in Australia

Dr Norman R. James was a multi-talented, highly accomplished clinician, teacher and innovator broadly recognized on three continents. In the United Kingdom, he served in London's Emergency Medical Service during World War II and was dubbed "England's foremost exponent of regional anaesthesia". In his native land, he was the first Director of Anaesthetics at The Royal Melbourne Hospital with many innovations to his credit including a serious effort to reform anaesthetic practice in Australia. Dr M. T. "Pepper" Jenkins, the charismatic founder of anesthesiology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, recruited him to Dallas in 1960, where he taught the art and science of anesthesiology at Parkland Memorial Hospital until his retirement in 1974. He died in 1987 and is buried in Winnsboro, Texas. A brief story of his life and career follows.

An American contribution to German anesthesia.

An American contribution to German anesthesia.

The American Society of Anesthesiologist's efforts in developing guidelines for sedation and analgesia for nonanesthesiologists: the 40th Rovenstine Lecture.

I am honored to have been selected to deliver the 40th Annual Emery A. Rovenstine Memorial Lecture. At previous Rovenstine lectures, I learned about his pioneering efforts as the Director of the Anesthesia Service at Bellevue Hospital (New York City, New York) where he served from 1935 to 1960; his Presidency of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), 1943–1944; and as the recipient of the ASA’s Distinguished Service Award in 1957. In the past year, however, two outstanding articles have been written that present material I was unaware of. Lucien Morris, M.D. (Professor Emeritus, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio) authored the fascinating article “Ralph M. Waters’ Legacy: The Establishment of Academic Anesthesia Centers by the ‘Aqualumni’.” The ’aqualumni,’ is defined as Waters’ own trainees. The article was written to commemorate the 75th Anniversary of Waters accepting an academic appointment to the medical faculty of the University of Wisconsin (Madison, Wisconsin). I found particularly interesting the section describing Professor Waters’ concern that when Dr. Rovenstine, one of his aqualumni, went to Bellevue Hospital, New York University (NYU, New York City, New York), he might not have sufficient staff to establish a new academic training center for anesthesia. As a result, Waters split his Wisconsin group, sending both staff and residents to New York City to ensure the success of Dr. Rovenstine at NYU. Waters had enough confidence in Dr. Rovenstine to predict that he would succeed. He would not disappoint Dr. Waters. David Waisel, M.D. (Department of Anesthesia, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts) provided a comprehensive review of “The Role of World War II and The European Theater of Operations in the Development of Anesthesiology as a Physician Specialty in the USA.” In 1942, Waters and Rovenstine and others teamed up to train “90-day wonders” in 12-week courses “to prepare medical officers to take charge of the anesthesia sections of the various types of hospitals of the U.S. Army.” Courses were given at several institutions, including Bellevue, and were developed by the Subcommittee on Anesthesia of the National Research Council. The latter was chaired by Dr. Waters. Dr. Rovenstine was the Secretary. Many future anesthesiologists were attracted to the specialty as a result of their initial exposure to the field in World War II and the influence of role models such as Dr. Rovenstine. Although I did not know Dr. Rovenstine personally, I was trained by another aqualumnus of Dr. Waters, Robert D. Dripps, M.D. (Professor and Chair, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Dr. Dripps was interested in attracting medical students into the field of Anesthesiology. One of his efforts led to the establishment of the ASA Preceptorship Program and the Committee on which I first served the ASA. In the 36 yr in which I have been involved in the activities of the ASA, 20 yr have been spent on developing guidelines for sedation for nonanesthesiologists. It has been the most challenging, frustrating, and contentious issue I have had to address. Even though ASA’s efforts have been exemplary, the results have been misunderstood by not only the groups we have attempted to educate but also by our own members. I have decided to set the record straight by discussing the history of “ASA’s Efforts in Developing Guidelines for Sedation and Analgesia for Nonanesthesiologists.” Some of the comments that follow are my own thoughts and interpretations; however, most of the statements are documented in the literature or are part of my own collection of documents. The latter will be donated to the Wood Library Museum (Park Ridge, Illinois) together with the script of this lecture. The formal process of ASA’s evidence-based guideline development for members did not begin until 1990, and for nonanesthesiologists, in 1993. Other specialty groups began setting guidelines earlier and their efforts must be acknowledged before proceeding with ASA’s efforts. It is not intended to provide a comprehensive or complete review of these accomplishments but rather to attempt Professor Emeritus in Pediatrics and Anesthesiology. Received from the Department of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.

Acute Pain Teams in England: current provision and their role in postoperative pain management

This survey describes the current provision of multidisciplinary Acute Pain Teams (APTs) in acute English hospitals performing adult in-patient surgery (excluding maternity). Associations between the presence of an APT and a number of organizational and clinical initiatives for the management of postoperative pain are also explored. Postal questionnaires were sent to the Clinical Director of Anaesthetics or head of the APT at every acute English hospital providing separate anaesthetic services. After written and telephone reminders, the response rate was 86% (n = 226). Eighty-four per cent (n = 190) of respondents had an APT in their hospital. The presence of an APT was associated (P</=0.05) with higher estimates of patient controlled analgesia and epidural use, regular in-service training for nurses and junior doctors, written guidelines/protocols for management of postoperative pain, routine use of postoperative pain measurement systems and audit/research in relation to postoperative pain issues. Acute Pain Teams, in which nurses play a major role, have a pivotal influence not only in relation to postoperative analgesia but also in wider service development. Since 1995, the number of hospitals offering in-patient surgery that are covered by an APT has risen. However, despite repeated endorsements from professional bodies, some acute hospitals still have no APT and recent evidence indicates that some APTs face financial problems and provide a 'token' service only. Recent policy recommendations may have little impact on the current situation.

Pioneer Chinese anesthesiologists: American influences.

Pioneer Chinese anesthesiologists: American influences.

Ernst Trier Mørch: inventor, medical pioneer, heroic freedom fighter.

Ernst Trier Mørch: inventor, medical pioneer, heroic freedom fighter.

Director of anaesthetics

Director of anaesthetics

Effective top teams: luxury or necessity?

At a Medical Advisory Committee meeting in 1987 the consultant in accident and emergency proposed that, in the light of a recent report by the Royal College of Physicians criticising the standard of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in hospitals,1 our district general hospital should review its training and procedures in CPR. The meeting agreed to form a subcommittee under the aegis of the consultant anaesthetist in charge of the intensive therapy unit. Other members were to be the proposer, the consultant responsible for the coronary care unit, that unit's sister in charge, and a junior doctor. Also included was the senior operating department assistant because he and his colleagues were important members of the crash team bringing the crash trolley and performing intubation. The subcommittee chairman obtained advice from a regional cardiac centre that had already revised its CPR training and procedures. The subcommittee duly met. Its members were defensive of their various roles and departments, there was an acrimonious clash of personalities between consultants, and the meeting broke up having achieved nothing. No further attempt was made to pursue the issue until 1991, by which time the district general hospital had become an NHS trust. One of the trust's early decisions was to develop a resuscitation policy to include procedures and training. The task was allocated to the medical director, who delegated it to the clinical director of anaesthetics, whose directorate included operating theatres. This anaesthetist became the chair of a new working party on CPR. He was advised to limit the working party to four consultants, two of whom had been on the previous subcommittee. He was also advised to seek opinions from relevant experts within and, if necessary, outside the hospital. Initially, he approached members and experts individually to indicate those aspects on which they should contribute …

Pediatric anesthesia in perspective. Sixteenth annual Baxter-Travenol Lecture.

*Clinical Professor of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School; Director of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Presented at the 52nd Congress of the International Anesthesia Research Society, San Francisco, March 21, 1978. Accepted for publication: July 28, 1978

PAIN RELIEF IN LABOUR

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 2, Issue 18 p. 610-612 Brush up Your Medicine PAIN RELIEF IN LABOUR* Patrick A. Maplestone M.B., B.S., D.A. (MELB.), F.F.A.R.A.C.S., Patrick A. Maplestone M.B., B.S., D.A. (MELB.), F.F.A.R.A.C.S. Melbourne Director of Anaesthesia, Mercy Maternity Hospital, Melbourne.Address for reprints: Dr P. A. Maplestone, Director of Anaesthetics, Mercy Maternity Hospital, Clarendon Street, East Melbourne, Vic. 3002.Search for more papers by this author Patrick A. Maplestone M.B., B.S., D.A. (MELB.), F.F.A.R.A.C.S., Patrick A. Maplestone M.B., B.S., D.A. (MELB.), F.F.A.R.A.C.S. Melbourne Director of Anaesthesia, Mercy Maternity Hospital, Melbourne.Address for reprints: Dr P. A. Maplestone, Director of Anaesthetics, Mercy Maternity Hospital, Clarendon Street, East Melbourne, Vic. 3002.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1977 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1977.tb107665.xCitations: 2 * Prepared by request. † Director of Anaesthesia, Mercy Maternity Hospital, Melbourne. §Address for reprints: Dr P. A. Maplestone, Director of Anaesthetics, Mercy Maternity Hospital, Clarendon Street, East Melbourne, Vic. 3002. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume2, Issue18October 1977Pages 610-612 RelatedInformation