Direct Relation Research Articles

Influence of physical fitness and retinal microcirculation on the development of cognitive abilities from childhood to preadolescence

The retinal microcirculation serves a proxy of cerebrovascular function and has been linked with both physical fitness and cognitive function. We investigated the role of physical fitness for the development of executive function in children as well as its mediation by microvascular health. Using a cross-lagged panel design, 365 children aged six to eight years completed a baseline assessment, which was followed up after four years. Retinal vessel analysis was performed on digital retinal images obtained with a fundus camera. Additionally, a computerized Flanker task was administered to assess the inhibitory aspect of executive function. With regard to physical fitness tests, participants completed a shuttle run and 20-m sprints. Path-analyses showed that higher performance on the shuttle run and 20-m sprint at baseline were both associated with lower reaction times on the Flanker task at follow-up, when autoregressive effects were accounted for. Stages achieved on the shuttle run at baseline were further related to narrowing of retinal venular diameters, which in turn predicted performance on the Flanker task. However, the direct relation of physical fitness components to reaction time was higher compared to the indirect relation via retinal venular diameters. High physical fitness contributes to the development of cognitive abilities from childhood to preadolescence. This association is not mediated by retinal vessel diameters, while the microvascular phenotype of narrower retinal venules is independently related to a better development of information processing and inhibitory control.

Compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among Romanian emergency medicine personnel.

Contemporary scientific literature has emphasized two specific aspects of healthcare professionals: compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has placed significant strain on health systems and healthcare workers, the Russian-Ukrainian crisis appears to have a magnifying effect, particularly on mental health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between threat perception, daily worries, and professional quality of life in a sample of Emergency Medicine Personnel during two major events mentioned above. The sample included 372 participants (56.7% nurses and 43.3% physicians) from emergency units in five county hospitals in the Eastern region of Romania. The study revealed that threats related to the pandemic were positively linked to secondary traumatic stress, and daily worries were positively linked to both secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Threats generated by the war did not manifest a direct relation with any of the indicators of professional quality of life, but daily worries generated by war positively predicted both secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Both the pandemic, which involved cumulative exposure, and the war, which involved a lower and more distant level of exposure, had the potential to generate worries and predict a low quality of life. However, our results did not reveal any association between threats, worries, and compassion satisfaction. As a result, this positive indicator of quality of life remained stable despite the presence of threats and worries.

Gas plasma-induced platelet activation corresponds to reactive species profiles and lipid oxidation

Surgical-induced hemostasis is a critical step in the closure of incisions, which is frequently achieved via electrocauterization and subsequent tissue necrotization. The latter is associated with postoperative complications. Recent in vivo work suggested reactive species-producing gas plasma technology as a pro-homeostatic agent acting via platelet activation. However, it remained elusive how platelet activation is linked to lipid and protein oxidation and the reactive species compositions. A direct relation between the reactive species composition and platelet activation was revealed by assessing the production of several reactive species and by using antioxidants. In addition, platelet lipidome and proteome analysis identified significantly regulated key lipids in the platelet activation pathway, such as diacylglycerols and phosphatidylinositol as well as oxylipins like thromboxanes. Lipid oxidation products mainly derived from phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine species were observed at modest levels. In addition, oxidative post-translational modifications were identified on key proteins of the hemostasis machinery. This study provides new insights into oxidation-induced platelet activation in general and suggests a potential role of those processes in gas plasma-mediated hemostasis in particular.

Evaluation of finite high cycle fatigue life of hard steels using the elliptical curve method

AbstractA direct relation where fatigue life can be determined as a function of macroscopic normal and shear stress amplitudes and is established. Using the Carpinteri & Spagnoli (C&S) criterion as a survey tool, elliptical‐level curves in the domain were revealed and further generalized, providing means to determine for any given combination. Predictions obtained through the elliptical curve method (E) were compared with experimental observations, as well as with predictions obtained from adapted versions of popular fatigue criteria, namely, Findley (F), Matake (M), McDiarmid (McD), Susmel & Lazzarin (S&L), C&S, and Papadopoulos (P). The proposed model delivered predictions in fair agreement with experimental observations, and its predictive capability was seen to be the best among all the considered criteria. Finally, a slight bias toward conservativeness was attenuated with the introduction of an adjusting parameter, further improving the predictive capability of the model.

Association Between Financial Efficiency and Credit Risk of SMEs—A Study Using DEA and Altman Z-score

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have encountered several threats resulting in a high failure rate vis-à-vis unavailability of financial assistance from funding institutions. Financial assistance is triggered through financial efficiency of SMEs and an error-free credit risk assessment. This article attempts to evaluate SMEs’ financial efficiency and credit risk. Data from 2016 to 2020 are collected for 36 listed companies and analysed using the Altman Z-score to predict leeway of bankruptcy and data envelopment analysis to study the financial efficiency. Association between results of both the models shows that there does not exist a direct relation between credit risk and financial efficiency. SMEs can build a comprehensive financial portfolio using the findings of this study The study findings indicated that it lowers the asymmetry of information and leads to deciding on proper interest rates to reduce borrowers’ substantiated credit risk, as this would result in ease of funding to financially distressed SMEs.

All professions can benefit — a mixed-methods study on simulation-based teamwork training for operating room teams

BackgroundOperating rooms have become more technically complex due to new advanced procedures, which has increased demands on teamwork in the operating room. In response, team training has been proposed to improve team performance, workplace culture, and patient safety. We developed and delivered a simulation-based team training course for entire professional surgical teams. This type of intervention has been proposed by researchers but has not been widely published. The aims of this intervention study were to examine participants’ reactions to the course in terms of their motivation for the training and their self-efficacy in relation to their performance, as well as their views on transferring the lessons learned in the course to their workplace.MethodsIn a prospective mixed-methods intervention study, operating room professionals participated in a full-day simulation-based teamwork training course. Learning objectives were nontechnical skills, specifically communication and collaboration across the team.Seventy-one staff members representing 5 operating room professions were included, and the average work experience of participants was 6 years.Quantitative data on self-efficacy and situational motivation were collected by questionnaires before and after training. Qualitative data were collected through 5 focus group interviews that took place in direct relation to the courses and included a total of 31 participants. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsAll occupations showed a similar pattern in terms of increases in self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation after the training. Analysis of the qualitative data showed that training in one’s profession and in authentic multiprofessional teams was important factors for motivation. Participating staff described an awareness of undesirable communication barriers in surgical teams that can lead to risks for patients. Systematic training was definitely perceived as a means to reduce barriers and improve communication and collaboration.ConclusionSimulation-based training was equally well received by all professional groups. Our results confirm the feasibility of this type of training for professional teams and promising opportunities for improving teamwork skills. The qualitative data reveal both opportunities and limitations for transferring the learning experiences to the workplace.

Deammonification Potential of Pig Slurries and Vapor Condensates from Sewage Sludge Drying-Substrate Quality and Inhibition.

Deammonification is a well-established process for sludge liquor treatment and promising for wastewaters with high nitrogen loads because of its low energy demand compared to nitrification/denitrification. Two wastewaters with high NH4-N concentrations and a rising significance in Germany-pig slurry (12 samples) and condensates from sewage sludge drying (6 samples)-were studied for their deammonification potential. Furthermore, a comprehensive quality assessment is presented. Both wastewaters show a wide range in terms of CODt, CODs, TN and NH4-N, whereby condensates show a greater variability with no direct relation to dryer type or temperature. In the slurries, CODt shows a relative standard deviation of 106% (mean 21.1 g/L) and NH4-N of 33% (mean 2.29 g/L), while in condensates it reaches 148% for CODt (mean 2.0 g/L) and 122% for NH4-N (mean 0.7 g/L). No inhibition of ammonium-oxidizing-bacteria was detected in the slurries, while two out of five condensates showed an inhibition of >40%, one of >10% and two showed no inhibition at all. Since the inhibition could be avoided by mixing, deammonification can be recommended for condensate treatment. For slurry treatment, the importance of employing some form of solid-liquid-separation as a pretreatment was noted due to the associated COD.

Do superplasticizers work the way we think? New insights from their effect on the percolation threshold of limestone pastes

Superplasticizers are polymeric dispersants that play a major role in concrete technology. Despite their ubiquity and much research on their working mechanisms, many questions remain about the effects of their molecular structures on their working mechanism, in particular their ability to lower the yield stress of particulate suspensions. It is generally recognized that superplasticizers decrease attractive interparticle forces, thereby reducing or eliminating yield stress. It is also often assumed that changes in yield stress should be proportional to changes in interparticle forces. This paper takes a fresh look at this question, revisiting Yodel (YD) and modified shifting factor (MSF) models that not only incorporate interparticle forces, but also percolation thresholds. This leads us to conclude that a major impact of superplasticizers is to modify the percolation threshold in direct relation to their adsorption.

Paired associated SARS-CoV-2 spike variable positions: a network analysis approach to emerging variants.

Amino acids in variable positions of proteins may be correlated, with potential structural and functional implications. Here, we apply exact tests of independence in R × C contingency tables to examine noise-free associations between variable positions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, using as a paradigm sequences from Greece deposited in GISAID (N = 6,683/1,078 full length) for the period 29 February 2020 to 26 April 2021 that essentially covers the first three pandemic waves. We examine the fate and complexity of these associations by network analysis, using associated positions (exact P ≤ 0.001 and Average Product Correction ≥ 2) as links and the corresponding positions as nodes. We found a temporal linear increase of positional differences and a gradual expansion of the number of position associations over time, represented by a temporally evolving intricate web, resulting in a non-random complex network of 69 nodes and 252 links. Overconnected nodes corresponded to the most adapted variant positions in the population, suggesting a direct relation between network degree and position functional importance. Modular analysis revealed 25 k-cliques comprising 3 to 11 nodes. At different k-clique resolutions, one to four communities were formed, capturing epistatic associations of circulating variants (Alpha, Beta, B.1.1.318), but also Delta, which dominated the evolutionary landscape later in the pandemic. Cliques of aminoacidic positional associations tended to occur in single sequences, enabling the recognition of epistatic positions in real-world virus populations. Our findings provide a novel way of understanding epistatic relationships in viral proteins with potential applications in the design of virus control procedures. IMPORTANCE Paired positional associations of adapted amino acids in virus proteins may provide new insights for understanding virus evolution and variant formation. We investigated potential intramolecular relationships between variable SARS-CoV-2 spike positions by exact tests of independence in R × C contingency tables, having applied Average Product Correction (APC) to eliminate background noise. Associated positions (exact P ≤ 0.001 and APC ≥ 2) formed a non-random, epistatic network of 25 cliques and 1-4 communities at different clique resolutions, revealing evolutionary ties between variable positions of circulating variants and a predictive potential of previously unknown network positions. Cliques of different sizes represented theoretical combinations of changing residues in sequence space, allowing the identification of significant aminoacidic combinations in single sequences of real-world populations. Our analytic approach that links network structural aspects to mutational aminoacidic combinations in the spike sequence population offers a novel way to understand virus epidemiology and evolution.

Self-prediction of relations in GO facilitates its quality auditing

As applications of the gene ontology (GO) increase rapidly in the biomedical field, quality auditing of it is becoming more and more important. Existing auditing methods are mostly based on rules, observed patterns or hypotheses. In this study, we propose a machine-learning-based framework for GO to audit itself: we first predict the IS-A relations among concepts in GO, then use differences between predicted results and existing relations to uncover potential errors. Specifically, we transfer the taxonomy of GO 2020 January release into a dataset with concept pairs as items and relations between them as labels(pairs with no direct IS-A relation are labeled as ndrs). To fully obtain the representation of each pair, we integrate the embeddings for the concept name, concept definition, as well as concept node in a substring-based topological graph. We divide the dataset into 10 parts, and rotate over all the parts by choosing one part as the testing set and the remaining as the training set each time. After 10 rotations, the prediction model predicted 4,640 existing IS-A pairs as ndrs. In the GO 2022 March release, 340 of these predictions were validated, demonstrating significance with a p-value of 1.60e−46 when compared to the results of randomly selected pairs. On the other hand, the model predicted 2,840 out of 17,079 selected ndrs in GO to be IS-A’s relations. After deleting those that caused redundancies and circles, 924 predicted IS-A’s relations remained. Among 200 pairs randomly selected, 30 were validated as missing IS-A’s by domain experts. In conclusion, this study investigates a novel way of auditing biomedical ontologies by predicting the relations in it, which was shown to be useful for discovering potential errors.

Development a Proposed System of Organization Structure to Management Multi Construction Projects

The purpose of this study is aimed to lay down an arranged platform suited to Iraqi constructional associations which in charge to carry out multi constructional projects, as it fulfilled management requirements and supervising, so that low - cost projects will be controlled in due term and quality. Based on primary info and observed data collected, the study thesis has been formulated in this way: Iraqi constructional sector bodies which are in charge to implement simultaneously multi constructional projects in need to reformulate its organized structure so that it will be more fitted to management and control of these projects. This thesis includes a theoretical part contained presenting the most important resources locally and internationally where it has direct relation with this study subject. Also it touches on the arrangement term and the kinds of organized structure of the multi constructional projects and control it. And its field part included in its first section studying the organized structure and functional arrangement practised in one of the Iraqi constructional projects. in charge of implemented simultaneously multi construction and exposing the defection of this arrangement. The second section of this study included reviewing the organized structure used by some of constructed corporations and foreign companies of implementing multi constructional projects .Thus, the deficiency points of the organized structure and the arrangement followed in Iraqi conduction sectors recognized and what it causes of control defections in the limitation of these projects. The deficiency points have been solved by developing a proposed system of the organized structure to administering and controlling of the multi constructional projects. The implementation of these projects have been controlled from its draw phase and passing the design phase and reference and implementation phase till the first deliver.

Does Mentoring Directly Improve Students’ Research Skills? Examining the Role of Information Literacy and Competency Development

This work proposes a structural model highlighting the research skills of undergraduate students. Due to the stages in their research project implementation, mentoring students becomes a crucial initiative in higher education institutions. Despite substantial progress in the literature linking mentoring and skills development, there is a lack of greater emphasis on research skills, especially for undergraduate students facing research work for the first time. Consequently, the direct relation between mentoring and research skills may not be straightforward. Thus, driven by social learning theory, the proposed model highlights the mediating effects of information literacy constructs and competency development on the relationship between mentoring and research skills. An empirical study of 539 participants via Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling supports six of the seven hypothesized paths. Three major theoretical contributions arise from the findings. Firstly, mentoring improves information-seeking skills and information-sharing behaviors and facilitates students’ competency development due to the technical knowledge transfer from the faculty mentor to student mentees. Secondly, information literacy constructs and competency development promote research skills, emphasizing that students with those behaviors and capacities will achieve enhanced research skills. Finally, our findings suggest that mentoring does not directly translate to improved research skills; instead, information-seeking and sharing behaviors and competency development fully mediate such a link. Thus, mentors must shape these behaviors for mentoring to develop students’ research skills. Theoretical and practical insights are outlined from these findings for university leadership to inform the design of mentoring initiatives for undergraduate students.

Scour hole reduction at a diversion channel junction using different entrance edge shapes

In the current study, the effect of the entrance edge shape on the scour hole in the diversion junction region was experimentally investigated. The investigation has considered three entrance models-rounded edge shapes on one or both sides of the diversion channel entrance-with five different inlet edge radius ratios (rr) of 25%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5%, and 75% and five different diversion discharge ratios (Qr) of 7.5%, 12.5%, 17.5%, 22.5%, and 30%. The results have found the direct relation between Qr and the scour depth to the diversion channel water depth ratio (ds/yb). Moreover, the use of a rounded edge shape on one or both sides of the diversion channel entrance instead of a sharp shape results in a reduction in scour depth to diversion channel water depth ratio (ds/yb) when the Qr is greater than 20%. The results also indicated that the largest decrease in the scour coefficient (Kds) for the model with a rounded downstream edge compared with the sharp edge diversion channel entrance shape was 22% at a discharge ratio of 22.5% and an edge radius ratio of 37.5%. In addition, the entrance shape model with a rounded edge at the upstream outperformed other models in scour reduction with an average of all experiments of 5.77%. Finally, empirical relations for estimating scour depth for different rounded edge models in terms of the effective dimensionless parameters were established with coefficients of determination (R2) of not less than 0.853.

IMPACT OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES ON WELL-BEING IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC SITUATION, A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY

Aims Of Study: During COVID-19 people were forced to stay home and this increased the risk of limiting their PA and adaptation of sedentary behaviour hence our objective is to measure the impact of leisure activities on well-being during COVID-19. Methodology: 366 participants were selected, using Non-probability convenient sampling from UOL and PGC. PA and well-being were assessed using IPAQ-short form and WHO-5 well-being questionnaire. Results: IPAQ-short form with well-being Pearson Chi square was 638.012, Spearman correlation was 0.956 and p-value Asymptotic significance (2 sided) was .000 which means there is positive strong correlation between variables. Limitations and Future Implication: Adults having ages 18-40yrs volunteered due to short time period and since our study limited to only 2 settings so to generalize our outcomes for mass population was not feasible. During lockdown gaining past medical history in data collection was impacted, it is suggested to include the role of Physiotherapist in improving health status by PA, create awareness among common population about role of PA and their relation with well-being also including diversity in age groups, ethnicity and localities is suggested. Originality: Strong positive correlation between PA and well-being. Conclusion: This study shows that during Covid-19 pandemic, those individuals who remained physically active had good impact on their health. Being physically active not only improves an individual’s physical fitness level but also helps to cope with psychological problems degrading one’s mental health so our study found out direct relation between physical activity levels and health status.

Influence of the Coriolis Force on Spreading of River Plumes

Wind is the main external force that governs the spreading of river plumes in the sea. Many previous studies demonstrated that the spreading direction of river plumes (especially small plumes) generally coincides with wind direction. At the same time, the majority of river plumes are strongly affected by the Coriolis force, which is also among the baseline knowledge about the plumes. In this study, we focus on the deflection of plumes from wind direction induced by the Coriolis force, which received little attention before. For this purpose, we analyzed an extensive set of Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images of multiple small- and medium-sized river plumes at different parts of the World Ocean and synchronous wind reanalysis data. We demonstrated that the deflection angle is stable for individual river plumes for different wind directions, albeit with certain limitations related to wind speed and coastal morphology. Moreover, the deflection angle is similar for river plumes located at similar latitudes and varies from ~0° near the Equator to 15–25° in temperate zones and ~30° in polar zones. Finally, we derived a direct relation between latitude and the deflection angle. The obtained results contribute to our understanding of universal features of river plume dynamics, which is important for monitoring and forecasting of delivery and fate of fluvial water and river-borne matter in different coastal regions of the World Ocean.

The Impact of Political Exits on Dividend Policy

Abstract The paper addresses the impacts of political exits on the dividend policy, taking the impact of the Brexit deal on UK’s companies listed at FTSE 100 as a practical case. The paper analyzes the political risk and uncertainty of Brexit and links it directly to the dividend policy of UK companies during the period (2010-2021). Data were collected from the annual reports of the companies from the FTSE 100 data base. Moreover, dividend policies were studied through analyzing its determinants such as dividend payout ratio, leverage, profitability, tangibility, liquidity, size and political factor – Brexit. A regression analysis was adopted to analyse and interpret the variables for the UK companies and notice the impact of the Brexit deal on the dividend policies. Therefore, the results show that there is a direct relation between political exits and corporate financial policies, especially dividend policy. Also, the results show that the financial ratios differed between the two periods (before and after) Brexit, where it seems that the dividend policy variables were affected starting from mid of 2016 due to Brexit referendum and then the political negotiations between the two parties during the period (2016-2021). In addition, the correlation matrix shows that DPR has a negative linear correlation with profitability, liquidity and size where it seems that DPR has a positive linear correlation with leverage, tangibility, and political factors. Moreover, our results show that political uncertainty and instability were affecting the FTSE 100 performance starting from 2016 due to Brexit related events.

Internet of Things – one of the Digital Steps that Companies Should Consider towards Circular Economy and Sustainability An Exploratory Case Study Defined by the Sustainable Retrospective of one of the Top Global Retail Groups

Abstract Are digitalisation and Internet of Things (IoT) enablers for the circular economy? This question is based on relatively new concepts, but with a strong foundation applied in the relationship between environment, economy, and society, which, through their roles, determines a sustainable approach towards a future which companies and consumers should share. In order to highlight the attributes of the circular economy in a direct relation with the influence of digitalisation and the IoT component, the theories of various experts prove our ability to perceive sustainability from a circular and digital perspective. Whether we talk about the interconnection between the process of monitoring the life cycle of a product and the adoption of artificial intelligence during the creation process, the circular economy is the solution that comes to support the business models which also use promotion through green marketing. The adoption of the principles of circularity overlapping technological practices supports the idea of creation of a world built on social responsibility, generating long-term social, environmental and governance benefits. Nowadays, society increasingly feels the need to adopt sustainable behaviour, building pressure on the way companies operate, produce, and sell. The case study performed on a global group that has already started to adopt circular business models through digital and especially IoT technologies is proof that this solution could be implemented quite easily by other companies and the race has already started.

Effects of Dead‐End Fractures on Non‐Fickian Transport in Three‐Dimensional Discrete Fracture Networks

AbstractUnderstanding mechanistic causes of non‐Fickian transport in fractured media is important for many hydrogeologic processes and subsurface applications. This study elucidates the effects of dead‐end fractures on non‐Fickian transport in three‐dimensional (3D) fracture networks. Although dead‐end fractures have been identified as low‐velocity regions that could delay solute transport, the direct relation between dead‐end fractures and non‐Fickian transport has been elusive. We systematically generate a large number of 3D discrete fracture networks with different fracture length distributions and fracture densities. We then identify dead‐end fractures using a novel graph‐based method. The effect of dead‐end fractures on solute residence time maximizes at the critical fracture density of the percolation threshold, leading to strong late‐time tailing. As fracture density increases beyond the percolation threshold, the network connectivity increases, and dead‐end fractures diminish. Consequently, the increase in network connectivity leads to a reduction in the degree of late‐time tailing. We also show that dead‐end fractures can inform about main transport paths, such as the mean tortuosity of particle trajectories. This study advances our mechanistic understanding of solute transport in 3D fracture networks.

A Spatial Relation Model of Three-Dimensional Electronic Navigation Charts Based on Point-Set Topology Theory

Spatial relation models are the basis for realising three-dimensional spatial analysis. More researchers are now focusing on models that combine topological relations with distance or directional relations; however, a model that unifies all three relations has not yet been developed. In particular, it is more effective to use different spatial relations between features with different spatial characteristics in three-dimensional electronic navigation charts (3D ENC). Therefore, this paper proposes a 3D ENC feature spatial relation model (3DSRM) based on point-set topology theory, which combines 3D topological relations, distance relations and directional relations, and uses a unified model framework to describe 64 topological relations of 3D ENC features from both horizontal and vertical directions. Through the comparison and derivation of feature topological relations, it is demonstrated that the model can distinguish 3D spatial topological relations more comprehensively, realise the mutual derivation between spatial relations and spatial features, and improve the robustness of spatial relations judgement. The model can be used to judge the topological relations between features, realise 3D topological relation checking and topological creation of complex features, and improve the accuracy and interactivity of 3D ENC.

Uncovering the Morphological and Genetical Heterogeneity of Pyricularia oryzae (cooke) sacc. in Southwestern Region of Bangladesh

Significant yield losses are reported due to blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae across all rice growing areas of the world. Though, management strategies reduce disease significantly but blast epidemics are still common. This research was aimed to determine the variability among the 19 Pyricularia oryzae isolates of South-Western regions of Bangladesh. Morphological variability was determined based on nine morphological components like front mycelial color, reverse mycelial color, growth behavior, conidial length (μm), conidial width (μm), conidial color, radial growth at 12 days (mm), 14 days (mm) and 16 days (mm) after incubation. Cluster analysis considering nine morphological components showed five distinct groups. Front and reverse mycelial color, growth behavior and conidial length played more than 80% role in generating variation among the nine tested components. Higher genetic variation was also detected among the 19 isolates of P. oryzae. Here, larger numbers of amplified DNA fragments was formed by Primers UCB-155 which showed distinct polymorphism. Between two clusters, Cluster II consists of 18 isolates that were originated from different origin but having maximum 94% genetical similarity. Cluster I contain only one isolates PO-16. From pair wise distance matrix, maximum distance (80%) was found between PO-16 and PO-03 isolates and minimum distance (6%) was obtained between the isolates PO-11 and PO-12. Results of this experiment revealed that, higher genetic diversity among isolates of P. oryzae existed in the south western region of Bangladesh but there has no direct relation with genetic diversity and geographical origin.