Frequency-modulated Sweep Direction Research Articles

Auditory identification of frequency-modulated sweeps and reading difficulties in Chinese

BackgroundIn Chinese Mandarin, lexical tones play an important role of providing contrasts in word meaning. They are pitch patterns expressed by frequency-modulated (FM) signals. Yet, few studies have looked at the relationship between low-level auditory processing of frequency signals and Chinese reading skills. AimsThe study aims to identify the role of auditory frequency processing in Chinese lexical tone awareness as well as character recognition in Chinese-speaking children. MethodsChildren with (N = 28) and without (N = 27) developmental dyslexia (DD) were recruited. All participants completed two linguistic tasks, Chinese character recognition and lexical tone awareness, and two auditory frequency processing tasks, frequency discrimination and FM sweep direction identification. ResultsThe results revealed that Chinese-speaking children with DD were significantly poorer at all tasks. Particularly, Chinese character recognition was significantly related to FM sweep identification. Lexical tone awareness was significantly associated with both auditory frequency processing tasks. Regression analyses suggested the influence of FM sweep identification on Chinese character recognition contributed through lexical tone awareness. Conclusions and implicationThis study suggests that poor auditory frequency processing may associate with Chinese developmental dyslexia with phonological deficits. In support of the phonological deficit hypothesis, what underlies phonological deficit is likely to be auditory-basis. A potential clinical implication is to reinforce auditory perception and sensitivity through intervention for phonological processing.

Balance or imbalance: inhibitory circuits for direction selectivity in the auditory system.

The auditory system detects and processes dynamic sound information transmitted in the environment. Other than the basic acoustic parameters, such as frequency, amplitude and phase, the time-varying changes of these parameters must also be encoded in our brain. Frequency-modulated (FM) sound is socially and environmentally significant, and the direction of FM sweeps is essential for animal communication and human speech. Many auditory neurons selectively respond to the directional change of such FM signals. In the past half century, our knowledge of auditory representation and processing has been updated frequently, due to technological advancement. Recently, in vivo whole-cell voltage clamp recordings have been applied to different brain regions in sensory systems. These recordings illustrate the synaptic mechanisms underlying basic sensory information processing and provide profound insights toward our understanding of neural circuits for complex signal analysis. In this review, we summarize the major findings of direction selectivity at several key auditory regions and emphasize on the recent discoveries on the synaptic mechanisms for direction selectivity in the auditory system. We conclude this review by describing promising technical developments in dissecting neural circuits and future directions in the study of complex sound analysis.

Network models of frequency modulated sweep detection.

Frequency modulated (FM) sweeps are common in species-specific vocalizations, including human speech. Auditory neurons selective for the direction and rate of frequency change in FM sweeps are present across species, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying such selectivity are only beginning to be understood. Even less is known about mechanisms of experience-dependent changes in FM sweep selectivity. We present three network models of synaptic mechanisms of FM sweep direction and rate selectivity that explains experimental data: (1) The ‘facilitation’ model contains frequency selective cells operating as coincidence detectors, summing up multiple excitatory inputs with different time delays. (2) The ‘duration tuned’ model depends on interactions between delayed excitation and early inhibition. The strength of delayed excitation determines the preferred duration. Inhibitory rebound can reinforce the delayed excitation. (3) The ‘inhibitory sideband’ model uses frequency selective inputs to a network of excitatory and inhibitory cells. The strength and asymmetry of these connections results in neurons responsive to sweeps in a single direction of sufficient sweep rate. Variations of these properties, can explain the diversity of rate-dependent direction selectivity seen across species. We show that the inhibitory sideband model can be trained using spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) to develop direction selectivity from a non-selective network. These models provide a means to compare the proposed synaptic and spectrotemporal mechanisms of FM sweep processing and can be utilized to explore cellular mechanisms underlying experience- or training-dependent changes in spectrotemporal processing across animal models. Given the analogy between FM sweeps and visual motion, these models can serve a broader function in studying stimulus movement across sensory epithelia.

Altered auditory processing in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome

This study provides the first description of auditory cortical processing in a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). FXS is a genetic cause of intellectual impairment and is an autism spectrum disorder. Human studies with auditory evoked potentials indicate that FXS is associated with abnormal auditory processing. The Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mouse is a useful model for studying FXS. The KO mice show acoustic hypersensitivity and propensity for audiogenic seizures, suggesting altered auditory responses. However, the nature of changes at the neuronal level is not known. Here we conducted in vivo single unit extracellular electrophysiology in the auditory cortex of urethane/xylazine-anesthetized Fmr1 KO mice in response to tones and frequency modulated (FM) sweeps. Using tones as stimuli, we report expanded frequency tuning, enhanced response magnitude, and more variable first spike latencies in Fmr1 KO mice compared to wild-type controls. FM sweep stimuli revealed altered sensitivity to the rate of frequency change indicating abnormal spectrotemporal processing. There was no difference in FM sweep direction selectivity. Consistent with studies of the somatosensory cortex, these data point to hyper-responsiveness of auditory neurons as a key processing abnormality in FXS. Auditory neural responses can serve as outcome measures in preclinical trials of therapeutics for FXS as well as serve as physiological probes to study their mechanisms of action.

Pulsed Noise Experience Disrupts Complex Sound Representations

Cortical sound representations are adapted to the acoustic environment. Early exposure to exponential frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps results in more neurons selective to the experienced sounds. Here we examined the influence of pulsed noise experience on the development of sound representations in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of the rat. In naïve animals, FM sweep direction selectivity depends on the characteristic frequency (CF) of the neuron--low CF neurons tend to select for upward sweeps and high CF neurons for downward sweeps. Such a CF dependence was not observed in animals that had received weeklong exposure to pulsed noise in periods from postnatal day 8 (P8) to P15 or from P24 to P39. In addition, AI tonotopicity, tuning bandwidth, intensity threshold, tone-responsiveness, and sweep response magnitude were differentially affected by the noise experience depending on the exposure time windows. These results are consistent with previous findings of feature-dependent multiple sensitive periods. The different effects induced here by pulsed noise and previously by FM sweeps further indicate that plasticity in cortical complex sound representations is specific to the sensory input.

Postnatal development of neuronal responses to frequency-modulated tones in chinchilla auditory cortex

Responses to cortical neurons to frequency-modulated (FM) stimuli have been described in various adult animal models. Here, we ask whether FM coding at the cortical level is innate or if it is influenced by postnatal environmental experience. We report on the FM response properties of neurons in core auditory cortex of newborn (P3), 1-month-old (P28) and adult (> 1-year-old) anesthetized chinchillas ( Chinchilla laniger). Upward and downward linear FM sweeps spanning frequencies from 0.1 to 20 kHz were presented monaurally at speeds of 0.05 to 0.82 kHz/ms. Results indicated that neurons in neonatal pups were responsive to FM stimulation. While we observed a developmental increase in the selectivity of units for FM sweep direction ( p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA), selectivity for sweep speed appeared to be established early in development. Chinchilla pup neurons also demonstrated single-peak (single dominant response during FM sweep presentation) and multi-peak (multiple distinct responses during FM sweep) temporal response patterns to FM stimuli similar to those observed in adults. A developmental increase in the proportion of multi-peak units closely paralleled a previously reported increase in the complexity of pure tone receptive fields. We suggest that units in core auditory cortex of the chinchilla are not uniquely activated by FM sounds but that FM responses are largely predictable based on how changing frequency stimuli interact with the tonal receptive fields of neurons in the auditory cortex.

GABA Shapes Selectivity for the Rate and Direction of Frequency-Modulated Sweeps in the Auditory Cortex

In the pallid bat auditory cortex and inferior colliculus (IC), the majority of neurons tuned in the echolocation range is selective for the direction and rate of frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps used in echolocation. Such selectivity is shaped mainly by spectrotemporal asymmetries in sideband inhibition. An early-arriving, low-frequency inhibition (LFI) shapes direction selectivity. A delayed, high-frequency inhibition (HFI) shapes rate selectivity for downward sweeps. Using iontophoretic blockade of GABAa receptors, we show that cortical FM sweep selectivity is at least partially shaped locally. GABAa receptor antagonists, bicuculline or gabazine, reduced or eliminated direction and rate selectivity in approximately 50% of neurons. Intracortical GABA shapes FM sweep selectivity by either creating the underlying sideband inhibition or by advancing the arrival time of inhibition relative to excitation. Given that FM sweep selectivity and asymmetries in sideband inhibition are already present in the IC, these data suggest a refinement or recreation of similar response properties at the cortical level.

Effects of the task of categorizing FM direction on auditory evoked magnetic fields in the human auditory cortex

We examined effects of the task of categorizing linear frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps into rising and falling on auditory evoked magnetic fields (AEFs) from the human auditory cortex, recorded by means of whole-head magnetoencephalography. AEFs in this task condition were compared with those in a passive condition where subjects had been asked to just passively listen to the same stimulus material. We found that the M100-peak latency was significantly shorter for the task condition than for the passive condition in the left but not in the right hemisphere. Furthermore, the M100-peak latency was significantly shorter in the right than in the left hemisphere for the passive and the task conditions. In contrast, the M100-peak amplitude did not differ significantly between conditions, nor between hemispheres. We also analyzed the activation strength derived from the integral of the absolute magnetic field over constant time windows between stimulus onset and 260 ms. We isolated an early, narrow time range between about 60 ms and 80 ms that showed larger values in the task condition, most prominently in the right hemisphere. These results add to other imaging and lesion studies which suggest a specific role of the right auditory cortex in identifying FM sweep direction and thus in categorizing FM sweeps into rising and falling.

Development of Inhibitory Mechanisms Underlying Selectivity for the Rate and Direction of Frequency-Modulated Sweeps in the Auditory Cortex

Although it is known that neural selectivity for species-specific vocalizations changes during development, the mechanisms underlying such changes are not known. This study followed the development of mechanisms underlying selectivity for the direction and rate of frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps in the auditory cortex of the pallid bat, a species that uses downward FM sweeps to echolocate. In the adult cortex, direction and rate selectivity arise as a result of different spectral and temporal properties of low-frequency inhibition (LFI) and high-frequency inhibition (HFI). A narrow band of delayed HFI shapes rate selectivity for downward FM sweeps. A broader band of early LFI shapes direction selectivity. Here we asked whether these differences in LFI and HFI are present at the onset of hearing in the echolocation range or whether the differences develop slowly. We also studied how the development of properties of inhibitory frequencies influences FM rate and direction selectivity. We found that adult-like FM rate selectivity is present at 2 weeks after birth, whereas direction selectivity matures 12 weeks after birth. The different developmental time course for direction and rate selectivity is attributable to the differences in the development of LFI and HFI. Arrival time and bandwidth of HFI are adult-like at 2 weeks. Average arrival time of LFI gradually becomes faster and bandwidth becomes broader between 2 and 12 weeks. Thus, two properties of FM sweeps that are important for vocalization selectivity follow different developmental time courses attributable to the differences in the development of underlying inhibitory mechanisms.

Neural Mechanisms Underlying Selectivity for the Rate and Direction of Frequency-Modulated Sweeps in the Inferior Colliculus of the Pallid Bat

This study describes mechanisms that underlie neuronal selectivity for the direction and rate of frequency-modulated sweeps in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus). This ICC contains a high percentage of neurons (66%) that respond selectively to the downward sweep direction of the bat's echolocation pulse. Some (19%) are specialists that respond only to downward sweeps. Most neurons (83%) are also tuned to sweep rates. A two-tone inhibition paradigm was used to describe inhibitory mechanisms that shape selectivity for sweep direction and rate. Two different mechanisms can create similar rate tuning. The first is an early on-best frequency inhibition that shapes duration tuning, which in turn determines rate tuning. In most neurons that are not duration tuned, a delayed high-frequency inhibition creates rate tuning. These neurons respond to fast sweep rates, but are inhibited as rate slows, and delayed inhibition overlaps excitation. In these neurons, starting a downward sweep within the excitatory tuning curve eliminates rate tuning. However, if rate tuning is shaped by duration tuning, this manipulation has no effect. Selectivity for the downward sweep direction is created by an early low-frequency inhibition that prevents responses to upward sweeps. In addition to this asymmetry in arrival times of low- and high-frequency inhibitions, the bandwidth of the low-frequency sideband was broader. Bandwidth influences the arrival time of inhibition during an FM sweep because a broader sideband will be encountered sooner. These findings show that similar spectrotemporal filters can be created by different mechanisms.

Neural Mechanisms Underlying Selectivity for the Rate and Direction of Frequency-Modulated Sweeps in the Auditory Cortex of the Pallid Bat

Frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps are common in vocalizations, including human speech. Selectivity for FM sweep rate and direction is present in the auditory cortex of many species. The present study sought to determine the mechanisms underlying FM sweep selectivity in the auditory cortex of pallid bats. In the pallid bat inferior colliculus (IC), two mechanisms underlie selectivity for FM sweep rate. The first mechanism depends on duration tuning for tones that arises as a consequence of early inhibition generated by an excitatory tone. The second mechanism depends on a narrow band of delayed high-frequency inhibition. Direction selectivity depends on a broad band of early low-frequency inhibition. Here, the contributions of these mechanisms to cortical FM sweep selectivity were determined in pentobarbital-anesthetized pallid bats. We show that the majority of cortical neurons tuned to echolocation frequencies are selective for the downward direction and rate of FM sweeps. Unlike in IC neurons tuned in the echolocation range, duration tuning is rare in cortical neurons with similar tuning. As in the IC, consistent spectrotemporal differences exist between low- and high-frequency sidebands. A narrow band of delayed high-frequency inhibition is necessary for FM rate selectivity. Low-frequency inhibition has a broad bandwidth, early arrival time, and creates direction selectivity. Cortical neurons respond better to slower FM rates and exhibit broader rate tuning than IC neurons. Relative arrival time of high-frequency inhibition is slower in the cortex than in the IC. Thus whereas similar mechanisms shape direction selectivity of neurons tuned in the echolocation range in the IC and the cortex, only one of the two mechanisms underlying rate selectivity in the IC is present in the cortex.

Processing of Modulated Sounds in the Zebra Finch Auditory Midbrain: Responses to Noise, Frequency Sweeps, and Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulations

The avian auditory midbrain nucleus, the mesencephalicus lateralis, dorsalis (MLd), is the first auditory processing stage in which multiple parallel inputs converge, and it provides the input to the auditory thalamus. We studied the responses of single MLd neurons to four types of modulated sounds: 1) white noise; 2) band-limited noise; 3) frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and 4) sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tones (SAM) in adult male zebra finches. Responses were compared with the responses of the same neurons to pure tones in terms of temporal response patterns, thresholds, characteristic frequencies, frequency tuning bandwidths, tuning sharpness, and spike rate/intensity relationships. Most neurons responded well to noise. More than one-half of the neurons responded selectively to particular portions of the noise, suggesting that, unlike forebrain neurons, many MLd neurons can encode specific acoustic components of highly modulated sounds such as noise. Selectivity for FM sweep direction was found in only 13% of cells that responded to sweeps. Those cells also showed asymmetric tuning curves, suggesting that asymmetric inhibition plays a role in FM directional selectivity. Responses to SAM showed that MLd neurons code temporal modulation rates using both spike rate and synchronization. Nearly all cells showed low-pass or band-pass filtering properties for SAM. Best modulation frequencies matched the temporal modulations in zebra finch song. Results suggest that auditory midbrain neurons are well suited for encoding a wide range of complex sounds with a high degree of temporal accuracy rather than selectively responding to only some sounds.

Timing in the auditory system of the bat.

Echolocating bats use audition to guide much of their behavior. As in all vertebrates, their lower brainstem contains a number of parallel auditory pathways that provide excitatory or inhibitory outputs differing in their temporal discharge patterns and latencies. These pathways converge in the auditory midbrain, where many neurons are tuned to biologically important parameters of sound, including signal duration, frequency-modulated sweep direction, and the rate of periodic frequency or amplitude modulations. This tuning to biologically relevant temporal patterns of sound is created through the interplay of the time-delayed excitatory and inhibitory inputs to midbrain neurons. Because the tuning process requires integration over a relatively long time period, the rate at which midbrain auditory neurons respond corresponds to the cadence of sounds rather than their fine structure and may provide an output that is closely matched to the rate at which motor systems operate.

Response selectivity for multiple dimensions of frequency sweeps in the pallid bat inferior colliculus

1. While hunting, the pallid bat uses passive sound localization at low frequencies to find terrestrial prey, and echolocation for general orientation. It must therefore process two different types of acoustic input at the same time. The pallid bat's echolocation pulse is a downward frequency-modulated (FM) sweep from 60 to 30 kHz. This study examined the response selectivity of single neurons in the pallid bat's central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) for FM sweeps, comparing the response properties of the high-frequency population, tuned to the biosonar pulse, with the low-frequency population, tuned below the pulse. The working hypothesis was that the high-frequency population would exhibit a response selectivity for downward FM sweeps that was not present in the low-frequency population. 2. Neurons were tested for their selectivity for FM sweep direction, duration, frequency range and bandwidth, and rate of frequency change. The extent to which they responded exclusively to tones, noise, and FM sweeps was also examined. Significant differences in the response properties of neurons in the two populations were found. In the low-frequency population, all neurons responded to tones, but only 50% responded to FM sweeps. Only 23% were selective for sweep direction. In the high-frequency population, all neurons responded to FM sweeps, but 31% did not respond to tones. Over one-half of this population was selective for sweep direction, and of those that were selective, all preferred the downward sweep direction of the biosonar pulse. A large percentage (31%) responded exclusively to downward sweeps, and not to tones or upward sweeps. None of the cells in either population responded to noise, or did so only at very high relative thresholds. 3. Both populations contained neurons that were selective for short stimulus durations that approximated the duration of the biosonar pulse, although the percentage was greater in the high-frequency population (58% vs. 20%). In the high-frequency population, 31% of the neurons tested for duration responded exclusively to both the sweep direction and duration of the biosonar pulse. 4. Downward FM-selective neurons, with one exception, were generally insensitive to the rate of frequency change of the FM sweep, as well as the frequency range and bandwidth of the sweep. They responded similarly to both the full 60- to 30-kHz sweep and to 5-kHz bandwidth portions of the full sweep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Neuronal mechanisms underlying direction sensitivity of somatosensory cortical neurons in awake monkeys.

Neuronal mechanisms underlying direction sensitivity of somatosensory cortical neurons in awake monkeys.E P Gardner, and R M CostanzoE P Gardner, and R M CostanzoPublished Online:01 May 1980https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1980.43.5.1342MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByNeural Basis of Touch and Proprioception in Primate Cortex14 September 2018The Neural Basis of Haptic Perception23 March 2018Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex related to tactile explorationPascal Fortier-Poisson and Allan M. Smith12 January 2016 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 115, No. 1The neural basis of tactile motion perceptionYu-Cheng Pei, and Sliman J. Bensmaia15 December 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 112, No. 12Reversible deactivation of higher-order posterior parietal areas. I. Alterations of receptive field characteristics in early stages of neocortical processingDylan F. Cooke*, Adam B. Goldring*, Mary K. L. Baldwin, Gregg H. Recanzone, Arnold Chen, Tingrui Pan, Scott I. Simon, and Leah Krubitzer15 November 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 112, No. 10Dipole Source Analyses of Early Median Nerve SEP Components Obtained From Subdural Grid RecordingsUlf Baumgärtner, Hagen Vogel, Shinji Ohara, Rolf-Detlef Treede, and Fred A. Lenz1 December 2010 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 104, No. 6Cutaneous Afferents From the Monkeys Fingers: Responses to Tangential and Normal ForcesH. E. Wheat, L. M. Salo, and A. W. Goodwin1 February 2010 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 103, No. 2Afferent Input, Efference Copy, Signal Noise, and Biases in Perception of Joint Angle During Active Versus Passive Elbow MovementsV. Gritsenko, N. I. Krouchev, and J. F. Kalaska1 September 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 98, No. 3Neural Mechanisms Underlying Selectivity for the Rate and Direction of Frequency-Modulated Sweeps in the Auditory Cortex of the Pallid BatKhaleel A. Razak, and Zoltan M. Fuzessery1 September 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 96, No. 3Receptive field structure in cortical area 3b of the alert monkeyBehavioural Brain Research, Vol. 135, No. 1-2Tactile motion activates the human middle temporal/V5 (MT/V5) complex27 September 2002 | European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 16, No. 5Tactile Discrimination of Gaps by Slowly Adapting Afferents: Effects of Population Parameters and Anisotropy in the FingerpadHeather E. Wheat, and Antony W. Goodwin1 September 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 84, No. 3Somatosensory areas in man activated by moving stimuliNeuroReport, Vol. 11, No. 1Topography of excitatory and inhibitory muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the human motor cortexNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 154, No. 1-2Effects of traverse length on human perioral directional sensitivityJournal of the Neurological Sciences, Vol. 93, No. 2-3Changes in premovement activity in primary somatosensory cortex differ when monkeys make hand movements in response to visual vs vibratory cuesBrain Research, Vol. 484, No. 1-2Set related and premovement related activity of primate primary somatosensory cortical neurons depends upon stimulus modality and subsequent movementBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 21, No. 3What the robot's hand should tell the robot's brain: feature detection in a biological neural networkCharacteristics of periodontal mechanosensitive neurons in the first somatosensory cortex of the catBrain Research, Vol. 409, No. 1Somatosensory detection of microgeometry, macrogeometry and kinesthesia in manBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 1Somatosensory detection of microgeometry, macrogeometry and kinesthesia after localized lesions of the cerebral hemispheres in manBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 1The response of single guard and down hair mechanoreceptors to moving air-jet stimulationBrain Research, Vol. 346, No. 2Excitation of dorsal column nucleus neurons by air-jet moving across the skinBrain Research, Vol. 346, No. 2Somatosensory cortex in macaque monkeys: laminar differences in receptive field size in areas 3b and 1Brain Research, Vol. 342, No. 2Mechanoreceptive submodality channel interactions: single unit analysis of afferent inhibition in the primary somatosensory cortex of the catBrain Research, Vol. 327, No. 1-2Parallel processing of somatosensory information: A theoryBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 6, No. 1AgraphesthesiaJournal of the Neurological Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 3Properties of kinesthetic neurons in somatosensory cortex of awake monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 214, No. 2Multiple-joint neurons in somatosensory cortex of awake monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 214, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 43Issue 5May 1980Pages 1342-54 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1980.43.5.1342PubMed6768850History Published online 1 May 1980 Published in print 1 May 1980 Metrics

Excitation and inhibition in cochlear nucleus. II. Frequency-modulated tones.

Excitation and inhibition in cochlear nucleus. II. Frequency-modulated tones.S D Erulkar, R A Butler, and G L GersteinS D Erulkar, R A Butler, and G L GersteinPublished Online:01 Jul 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1968.31.4.537MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByFM velocity selectivity in the inferior colliculus is inherited from velocity-selective inputs and enhanced by spike thresholdJoshua X. Gittelman, and Na Li1 November 2011 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 106, No. 5Facilitatory Mechanisms Shape Selectivity for the Rate and Direction of FM Sweeps in the Inferior Colliculus of the Pallid BatAnthony J. Williams, and Zoltan M. Fuzessery1 September 2010 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 104, No. 3Intracellular Recording Reveals Temporal Integration in Inferior Colliculus Neurons of Awake BatsS. V. Voytenko, and A. V. Galazyuk1 February 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 2Neural Mechanisms Underlying Selectivity for the Rate and Direction of Frequency-Modulated Sweeps in the Inferior Colliculus of the Pallid BatZoltan M. Fuzessery, Marlin D. Richardson, and Michael S. Coburn1 September 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 96, No. 3Neural Processing of Amplitude-Modulated SoundsP. X. JORIS, C. E. SCHREINER, and A. REES1 April 2004 | Physiological Reviews, Vol. 84, No. 2Spectrotemporal Organization of Excitatory and Inhibitory Receptive Fields of Cat Posterior Auditory Field NeuronsWilliam C. Loftus, and Mitchell L. Sutter1 July 2001 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 86, No. 1Functional Specialization in Auditory Cortex: Responses to Frequency-Modulated Stimuli in the Cat's Posterior Auditory FieldPeter Heil, and Dexter R. F. Irvine1 June 1998 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 79, No. 6Processing of Frequency-Modulated Sounds in the Cat's Posterior Auditory FieldBiao Tian, and Josef P. Rauschecker1 May 1998 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 79, No. 5Single neurone models: oversimple, complex and reducedTrends in Neurosciences, Vol. 15, No. 11Sensitivity of neurons in cat primary auditory cortex to tones and frequency-modulated stimuli. I: Effects of variation of stimulus parametersHearing Research, Vol. 63, No. 1-2Encoding of amplitude modulation in the gerbil cochlear nucleus: II. Possible neural mechanismsHearing Research, Vol. 44, No. 2-3Spectral hyperacuity in the cat: neural response to frequency modulated tone pairsHearing Research, Vol. 41, No. 2-3Spectral characteristics of the responses of primary auditory-nerve fibers to frequency-modulated signalsHearing Research, Vol. 39, No. 1-2Sensitivity of cat primary auditory cortex (Al) neurons to the direction and rate of frequency modulationBrain Research, Vol. 327, No. 1-2Organized projection of the goldfish saccular nerve onto the Mauthner cell lateral dendriteBrain Research, Vol. 274, No. 2Responses of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the rat to AM and FM tonesHearing Research, Vol. 10, No. 3Single unit analysis of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus of the decerebrate catNeuroscience, Vol. 7, No. 8Synaptic excitation of the second and third order auditory neurons in the avian brain stemNeuroscience, Vol. 7, No. 6Audibility of short-duration tone-glides as a function of rate of frequency changeHearing Research, Vol. 7, No. 1Early auditory electric responses to fast amplitude and frequency tone glidesElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 51, No. 6Response Characteristics of Cochlear Nucleus Neurons to Vowel Sounds29 June 2016 | Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 86, No. 1Response pattern complexity of auditory cells in the cortex of unanesthetized monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 69, No. 1Unit responses in the inferior colliculus of rat to temporal auditory patterns of tone sweeps and noise burstsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 42, No. 3The physiology of auditory frequency analysisProgress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 28The effects of insular and temporal lesions in cats on two types of auditory pattern discriminationBrain Research, Vol. 62, No. 1Response of cat cochlear nucleus neurons to frequency and amplitude modulated tonesBrain Research, Vol. 45, No. 2Single unit responses to frequency-modulated tones and possible relationship to inhibitory effect of two-tone stimuliBrain Research, Vol. 43, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 31Issue 4July 1968Pages 537-48 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1968.31.4.537PubMed5709870History Published online 1 July 1968 Published in print 1 July 1968 Metrics