Direct Victims Research Articles

Experiences and Impact of Domestic Violence on Children: A Qualitative Study in the City of Tshwane, South Africa

South Africa has a high prevalence of domestic violence, and its impact is commonly limited to the partner, and not adequate attention is paid to its consequences on the children who experience such violence in their home. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of children who are raised in homes where there is domestic violence. The participants were 23 male and female children aged 12 to 16 years who were referred to one of the centres of Families South Africa (FAMSA) in the City of Tshwane because of domestic violence in their homes. A descriptive qualitative design, using in-depth interviews, was employed to collect data and NVivo version 12 was used to analyse the data. Three (3) major themes emerged from the data, these being the impact of domestic violence on children, the long-term social impacts of domestic violence, and coping strategies used by the participants to survive domestic violence. Additionally, seven (7) sub-themes emerged from the three major themes. The findings imply the need to acknowledge that children are direct victims of domestic violence that occurs between their parents. It is recommended that the school health programme in South Africa integrate screening for children who witness domestic violence.

Negative effects of casualisation in Sokoto, Nigeria’s banking sector

Contract workers are the direct victims of casualization but beyond that, the effects they suffer transcend to their families and the larger society. The study examined the effects of casualization on the contract workers of banks in Sokoto, Nigeria. The primary methods of gathering data for the study were in-depth and key informant interviews, with sixty individuals who were specifically chosen. Following content analysis, the gathered data were presented narratively with verbatim quotations. According to the study, there are a number of negative effects of casualization, such as low wages that contribute to a low standard of living and the inability of employees and their families to adequately meet their basic needs, the arbitrary termination of casual employees without cause, and the lack of a claim for work-related injuries or diseases in the event of an accident or death. The overall inference is that the temporary employees are working in appallingly subpar conditions. The study suggests that in order to raise the living standards of their temporary employees, banks should provide welfare packages. Additionally, because inflation is on the rise, contract employees’ compensation should be reviewed upward.

Children Born of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence as Direct Victims under International Criminal Law

Abstract This article explores specific cases of children born of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) to ascertain the precise nature of their harm making them a unique category of victims under international criminal law. It will identify and illustrate, inter alia, the nature, intent and impact of their victimhood, detailing precisely how to prosecute crimes against and affecting these children at the International Criminal Court (ICC). The research eschews the conventional approach of regarding these children as secondary victims by surfacing direct crimes under ICC jurisdiction and positioning them firmly within investigative, prosecutorial and judicial attention.

"We had to care about ourselves": Distress and coping among gay, bisexual, and queer (GBQ+) Latinx men after the Pulse Nightclub shooting.

The Pulse Nightclub shooting is the deadliest act of violence against the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community in U.S. After the shooting, communities came together to process the violence and grieve the victims. Conceptualizing the Pulse Nightclub shooting as a cultural trauma, this article examines the impact of the shooting on gay, bisexual, and queer (GBQ+) Latinx men and how these men coped following the Pulse Nightclub shooting. Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with Latinx gay, bisexual, and queer men in the United States. Transcripts were analyzed with thematic analysis. The interviews (n = 10) revealed five main themes related to distress, coping, and belonging. Cultural trauma events impact community members who share identities with the direct victims. Our findings suggest that after experiences of cultural trauma, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Latinx individuals may seek collective-level coping strategies, even when they are not directly targeted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Radio Okapi online newspapers: Between media framing, conflict and peacebuilding

United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) have incorporated a Public Information (PI) component to communicate with the public. This component has shifted from public outreach towards media reports on current events, including violent incidents. Few studies have assessed the contribution of the PI components of UN-led media. This article assesses the framing of Radio Okapi (RO) online newspaper articles to understand RO’s contribution to peacebuilding processes in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), an ethnically highly polarized region where many sites are difficult to access. By analysing how RO reports on violent incidents in this region, the study identifies some shortfalls in RO’s PI role. Its framing of reporting can obscure the causes of conflict, for example, by equating ethnic communities with their armed actors and giving secondary importance to the direct victims of armed violence. Moreover, much RO reporting relies on uncorroborated and questionable sources of information, mostly provided by security services. Its framing is unlikely to contribute to sustainable peacebuilding processes and thus does not meet the PI aspirations of UNPKOs. This article suggests that journalists should be empowered with background skills and knowledge relevant to peace journalism, framing news reports in ways that help tackle the root causes and drivers of violent conflict.

Bias-Based Cyberaggression Related To Origin, Religion, Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Weight: Systematic Review of Young People's Experiences, Risk and Protective Factors, and the Consequences.

Bias-based cyberaggression-hateful and bias-based content and interactions via information and communication technologies-is a frequent experience for young internet users that can result in detrimental consequences for both individuals and society. Ample research has focused on the factors related to involvement in bias-based cyberaggression. This study systematically reviews the research published in the past decade about the investigations into exposure, vicarious and direct victimization, and aggression among young people (up to age 30). We aimed to provide a complex summarization of the research findings about the risk and protective factors and the consequences of experiences with bias-based cyberaggression-specifically the diverse manifestations of bias-based cyberaggression targeted toward ethnicity, race, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender, weight, and disability. Three academic databases (EBSCO, Scopus, and WoS) were searched and 41 articles were included in the review. The results show a dominant research focus on bias-based cyberaggression victimization and on the bias-based cyberaggression that targets ethnicity, race, nationality, and religion, leaving a gap in the knowledge about the different types of targeted group categories and bias-based cyberaggression perpetration. The identified risk factors for bias-based cyberaggression involvement included being a minority, low psychological well-being, other victimization experiences, higher internet use, and risky internet use. An overlap was found for bias-based cyberaggression involvement with other offline and online victimization experiences. This review showed limited knowledge about protective factors, namely the social-level and contextual factors. The identified factors, as well as the gaps in the knowledge, are discussed in relation to research implications and practice and policy implications.

Still in there—citizens’ well-being and PTSD after Seoul Halloween crowd crush in Korea: a cross-sectional study

The October 29, 2022, Seoul Halloween Crowd Crush (SHCC) caused the loss of 159 lives, making it the deadliest global mass-gathering disaster between 2018 and 2022. Despite the fact that years have passed since the incident, there remains a significant gap in research addressing the mental health of citizens to evaluate their recovery progress. Therefore, in this study, a survey was conducted to assess citizens’ anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and well-being after the SHCC. The data were analyzed using t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlations, a Kruskal–Wallis test, and post hoc tests. The citizens' well-being differed significantly by victimization status, with direct victims showing languishing well-being (p = .036). PTSD severity level was higher in victims and direct witnesses (p < .001). Victims and direct witnesses exhibited worse outcomes in subjective, social, and psychological well-being as well as in PTSD (p < .001). Well-being exhibited a significant negative correlation with PTSD (r = − .247, p < .001). The results of the analysis suggest the SHCC’s psychological impact has endured not only for victims and direct witnesses but also for media-exposed citizens. Offering continuous psychological support and fostering positive self-perceptions and social interactions are crucial for their recovery and well-being enhancement.

Lagged and simultaneous effects of exposure to violence at home on child-to-parent violence: gender differences.

Numerous studies have found that exposure to violence at home is a risk factor for child-to-parent violence. However, most of the available studies do not delimit a time frame for exposure to violence. This aspect is fundamental to differentiating lagged effects (compensation) from simultaneous effects (reciprocal). The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between lagged (before the age of 10) and simultaneous (last year) exposure to violence at home (direct victimization: parent-to-child violence and vicarious victimization: exposure to violence between parents) and child-to-parent violence, the possible differential reactive or instrumental motivation of these relationships and whether they differ based on the gender of children and parents. The sample comprised 1,734 Spanish adolescents who lived with both parents (57.3% girls), aged between 13 and 17 years. The instruments used were the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire and the Violence Exposure Scale. Positive and significant relationships were found between child-to-parent violence and exposure to violence at home both during childhood and during the last year; however, the relationships were stronger in the latter. The most important predictors were direct parental victimization during the last year. Boys exerted more reactive violence toward the father concerning exposure to violence by the father toward the mother during the last year. In the case of girls, violence toward both father and mother is more reactive to most victimization experiences. The findings highlight the need to intervene in family contexts of violence to prevent child-to-parent violence.

Dual Systems Imbalance as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Exposure to Violence and Violent Offending Risk: Delineating Direct Victimization and Witnessed Violence.

Exposure to violence is a robust risk factor associated with violent offending. Furthermore, exposure to violence can lead to dysfunctional cognitive development, and this may underpin the relationship between exposure to violence and violent offending risk. However, there is a dearth of research that has examined the independent effects of direct victimization and witnessed violence in this regard, particularly as it pertains to dual systems imbalance as a cognitive mediator of either or both forms of exposure to violence. This study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining the effects of direct victimization and witnessed violence on violent offending risk and examining dual systems imbalance as a mediator of these relationships. The Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of interest. The results indicated that only experiencing direct victimization was associated with an increased risk of violent offending at follow-up but not witnessed violence. Furthermore, dual systems imbalance significantly mediated the relationship between direct victimization and violent offending risk. The results indicate that justice-involved youth who have experienced direct victimization should be prioritized for intervention in order to reduce violent recidivism risk and that treatment should focus on improving cognitive processes pertaining to impulse control and risk-seeking.

Indirect victims of violence: Mental health and the close relatives of serious assault victims in England

An extensive body of evidence shows the impact of being the direct victim of a serious assault. However, much less is known about the impact on the family and close relatives of victims, who may be considered indirect victims. Based on analyses of the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, a face-to-face, cross-sectional probability-sample survey of 7519 adults aged 16 and over in England, this article estimates what proportion of the population was closely related to a victim of serious assault, and whether this experience was associated with a higher prevalence of feeling unsafe, depression and anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress, self-harm, and suicidality. Descriptive and multivariable regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for complex survey design and potentially confounding factors. Results show that one in twenty adults (4.5%, n = 345) was closely related to a victim of serious assault (95% confidence interval (CI):4.0–5.2%). Close adult relatives of assault victims were more likely than the rest of the population to have been direct victims of violence and abuse themselves, to have experienced multiple other adversities, and to live in more deprived neighbourhoods. However, even when controlling for these experiences, relatives of victims had adjusted odds of feeling unsafe in the neighbourhood where they lived 2.36 times higher than the rest of the population (CI:1.26–4.44), and their odds of having a depressive or anxiety disorder were 1.37 times higher (0.99–1.90). These analyses indicate that relatives in England may already be vulnerable, with potential to also be further affected by the experiences of family members. To more fully account for the effects of violence in society, research with indirect victims of serious violence in the context of their own experiences of direct victimization and wider adversities is required. This could be factored into a broader remit for victim support services which includes support for victims’ families.

EU Lawlessness Law at the EU-Belarusian Border: Torture and Dehumanisation Excused by ‘Instrumentalisation’

This paper engages with the routine normalisation of mass violations of human rights at the EU–Belarusian border. The direct and indirect victimisation of the racialised ‘other’ on the Eastern border of the Union is a direct extension of the EU-sponsored war on the racialised passport-poor in the Mediterranean. Together, the two form one clear and coherent picture of flagrant mass rights abuse. This EU law approach has claimed more than 27,000 lives over the last eight years and left more than 120,000 innocent people captured and imprisoned, or enslaved and sold for ransom by the criminal proxies enlisted by the EU and its Member States. This dramatic situation has not arisen by chance. An array of legal techniques is deployed by the EU, specifically by FRONTEX, the European Commission and, albeit incidentally and to a lesser extent, the European Court of Justice—to make sure that the full brunt of the denial of the right to life and other vital rights of non-citizens is never presented as a violation of EU law. We call these legal techniques ‘EU lawlessness law’. Focusing on the situation at the EU–Belarusian border allows us to zoom in on the bespoke lawlessness solutions crafted and deployed there by the EU and its Member States. The gross violations of the law are rhetorically justified by the alleged instrumentalisation of migrants by the dictatorial Belarusian regime. Paradoxically, the latter emerges as a de facto partner of the EU and its Member States, in torturing numerous people in complete disregard of any of the legal guarantees that the Union professes to provide.

A Four-Wave Cross-Lagged Study of Exposure to Violent Contexts, Cognitive Distortions, and School Bullying during Adolescence.

School bullying represents a widespread expression of violence in the peer context. Guided by the social-ecological model, this study investigated the longitudinal and transactional pathways linking domestic and neighborhood/community violence exposure (through direct victimization and witnessing), self-serving cognitive distortions (CDs), and school bullying perpetration. Furthermore, consistent with the previous literature, we tested the cognitive desensitization process that could develop in response to chronically violent contexts. Two four-wave cross-lagged panel mediation models were tested in a sample of 778 high school students (28.1% males; Mage [Time 1; T1] = 14.20, SD = 0.58). The results showed differential effects of multiple contexts and forms of violence exposure, with domestic violence victimization and community violence witnessing being associated with self-serving CDs and bullying perpetration over time. Moreover, significant associations between CDs and bullying perpetration over time were found, with bidirectional effects for each of these longitudinal patterns. Finally, self-serving CDs significantly mediated the relationships between both domestic violence victimization and community violence witnessing and school bullying perpetration. These findings highlight the need to consider school bullying as a social phenomenon stemming from a complex and bidirectional interplay between individuals and the environments they inhabit, confirming a basic postulate that "violence breeds violence".

MEMÓRIAS DE UM EX-GUERRILHEIRO: NARRAÇÕES DA GUERRILHA DO ARAGUAIA EM AZUL CORVO (2014)

: In Azul Corvo (2014), Adriana Lisboa portrays the events of the Araguaia Guerrilla War from the perspective of a former guerrilla, Fernando. It is from his accounts that we can revisit the past, since he exposes episodes that are not part of the official history. In this sense, the present study aims to reconstruct the history of the Araguaia Guerrilla War through the exile’s point of view. Furthermore, we also seek to understand how generational memory contributes to the retaking of the historical past, given that it extends to many other generations and brings to light the sufferings experienced by the direct victims of the dictatorship. To this end, we resorted to the studies of Márcio Seligmann-Silva (1999), Paul Ricoeur (2003), Alfredo Bosi (2002), Tânia Sarmento-Pantoja (2010), Augusto Sarmento-Pantoja (2012; 2019), among others. The relationship between the critical-theoretical considerations worked on by the researchers and the narrations, the representations of the past, and the reconstruction of memory about Brazilian history help us realize that the events described by the ex-guerrilla build knowledge about an unknown past and transmit the experience lived in traumatic moments, so that the character’s experiences and perspectives also become part of our memory.

Structural Violence, Gender, and Post 9-11 Terrorism in Pakistan: Examining the Psychological Impact on the Parents of Army Public School attacks in Pakistan

This study seeks to explore the gender – specific impact of post-9/11 terrorismacts inPakistan, with a particular focus on the parents of the children killed in the terrorist attacks on Army Public School in Peshawar, in 2014. The paper dwells deep intoexploring how the parents have been impacted and examines the many ways by whichthe victims have devised coping strategies in response to traumatic events. This studyuses Galtung’s structural violence theory as a theoretical framework to examine the psychological impact on the parents, with structural violence in this context referring topost-9/11 terrorism acts in Pakistan. This study adopted a sequential exploratory design. By using a stratified random sampling technique, a total of 216 participants were selected, comprising 133 Direct Victims and 83 Indirect Victims. Data collectioninvolved a mixed method approach - both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Primarydata was collected through structured interviews and a standardized questionnaire called Lieber’s scale of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to measure the level of post-traumatic stress. Subsequent processing and tabulation followed by statistical examination to assess the psychological impact of post-9/11 terrorism in Peshawar. Finding indicates that the symptoms of PTSD were still evident among all participants even after nine years of terrorist attack. Participants who were directly exposed totrauma displayed more symptoms of psychological distress as compared to those whowere indirectly exposed. The results also indicate a surprising and rather significant development in gender focused research with male parents exhibiting significantly highlevel of PTSD in comparison to women victims. Observations from the primary data showing men demonstrating higher level of PTSD, brings interesting propositions togender research, where explorations around the social and psychological aspects of masculinity, and the multifaceted roles played by men around gender empowerment may prompt intriguing inquiries into gender research. Furthermore, it is recommendedthat future research must focus on factors that should not only identify the optimal timing for PTSD treatment, but also explore factors that can bring natural recovery. Moreover, the research also facilitates the policy recommendation for development work as well as those agencies including, the government, local and international aidorganizations working in the areas affected by violence.

VICTIMOLOGICAL PREVENTION: EFFECTIVE PRACTICES OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Victimological prevention is defined as a system of measures and strategies aimed at preventing and reducing violence, as well as at protecting potential and direct victims. In today’s world, this topic is becoming more and more relevant, as socio-cultural, technological and political changes create new challenges and opportunities in the field of victimology. Current challenges are characterized by low public awareness, lack of funding and resources, and cultural relativism. Politicization of problems, ethnic conflicts and deficiencies in legislation are serious tasks for victimological prevention. The rapid development of technology is giving rise to new forms of violence, such as digital violence and cybercrime. Underestimation of these risks can lead to incorrect use of technologies in the framework of victimology prevention. The article notes the need to strengthen public participation and develop culturally sensitive strategies. Ensuring privacy and safety for those seeking care is essential to the success of this field. Inclusive and gender-balanced strategies are also identified as key elements for further improvement. Analysis of international experience indicates the importance of joint work of various sectors of society and global coordination to solve victimological problems. Victimological prevention requires constant improvement of strategies and methods aimed at adapting to changes in the world. Successful victimization prevention relies on broad partnerships, cultural sensitivity, and the innovative use of technology to achieve the global goals of reducing violence and protecting victims’ rights. Successful victimology prevention requires the joint action of all sectors of society and global coordination. The analysis of international experience shows that the cooperation of various sectors, such as law enforcement agencies, public organizations, government structures, as well as the active participation of international organizations, is a decisive factor in the fight against victimological problems. In addition, the use of innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence, data analytics and information visualization can significantly increase the effectiveness of victimology interventions and help achieve the global goals of reducing violence and protecting victims’ rights.

Predicting Post-Disaster Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Trajectories: The Role of Pre-Disaster Traumatic Experiences.

The mental health impact of disasters is substantial, with 30-40% of direct disaster victims developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is not yet clear why some people cope well with disaster-related trauma while others experience chronic dysfunction. Prior research on non-disaster trauma suggests that an individual's history of traumatic experiences earlier in the life course, prior to the disaster, may be a key factor in explaining variability in psychological responses to disasters. This study evaluated the extent to which pre-disaster trauma predicts PTSD trajectories in a sample of Hurricane Katrina survivors followed for 12 years after the storm. Four PTSD trajectories were identified using latent class growth analysis: Resistant (49.0%), Recovery (29.3%), Delayed-Onset (8.0%), and Chronic-High (13.7%). After adjusting for covariates, pre-Katrina trauma had only a small, positive impact on the probability of long-term, chronic Katrina-specific PTSD, and little effect on the probability of the Resistant and Delayed-Onset trajectories. Higher pre-Katrina trauma exposure moderately decreased the probability of being in the Recovery trajectory, in which Katrina-specific PTSD symptoms are initially high before declining over time. When covariates were added to the model one at a time, the association between pre-Katrina trauma and Chronic-High PTSD was attenuated most by the addition of Katrina-related trauma. Our findings suggest that while pre-disaster trauma exposure does not have a strong direct effect on chronic Katrina-specific PTSD, pre-Katrina trauma may impact PTSD through other factors that affect Katrina-related PTSD, such as by increasing the severity of Katrina-related trauma. These findings have important implications for the development of disaster preparedness strategies to diminish the long-term burden of disaster-related PTSD.

"Hate has chipped away at my sense of security": A survey study of the impacts of anti-Asian hate on the health of older Asians.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, older Asians have experienced a rise in racism and discrimination based on their race and ethnicity. This study examines how anti-Asian hate impacts older Asians' mental, social, and physical health. From March 18, 2022 to January 24, 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional survey study of community-dwelling Asian/Asian American adults aged ≥50 years from the San Francisco Bay Area. Measures included perceptions of anti-Asian hate; direct encounters with hate incidents; indirect experiences with hate incidents (e.g. knowing a friend who was a victim); reports of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and changes in daily activities; ways to address these issues; and discussions with clinicians about hate incidents. Of the 293 older Asians, 158 (54%) were Vietnamese and 97 (33%) Chinese. Eighty-five (29%) participants were direct victims of anti-Asian hate, 112 (38%) reported anxiety, 105 (36%) reported depression, 161 (55%) reported loneliness, and 142 (48%) reported decreased daily activities. Compared with those who were "not-at-all" to "moderately" worried about hate incidents, participants who were "very" to "extremely" worried experienced heightened anxiety (42% versus 16%), loneliness (30% versus 14%), and changes in daily activities (66% versus 31%), p < 0.01 for all. Most participants (72%) felt comfortable discussing hate incidents with clinicians; however, only 31 (11%) reported that a clinician had talked with them about these incidents. Both directly and indirectly, anti-Asian hate negatively impacts older Asians' mental, social, and physical health. Clinicians have a role in addressing the health impacts of anti-Asian hate.

Success of the strategic litigation for the protection of reproductive rights, triumph of constitutionalism or 'escape into formalism'? Commentary on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 14 December 2023, no. 27617/04 in M.L. v. Poland.

In the judgment of 14th December 2023 the ECHR declared unlawful the interference in the applicant's private life due to the tightening of the abortion law as an outcome of the verdict of an improperly appointed constitutional court. It is the first result of the wave of complaints that the Court received after the so-called embryopathological premise for abortion was repealed by the TK. The powerful positive impact it could potentially have on the situation of Polish women should not be underestimated. On one hand, it opens the way for the direct victims of the 22 October 2020 ruling to pursue financial claims in Strasbourg. In addition, it obliges courts to refuse to take into account faulty judgments of the Constitutional Tribunal when adjudicating. Finally, the resulting obligation to implement the ECtHR judgment may provide an incentive for statutory liberalisation of the Polish abortion law. However, when justifying its decision on the violation of Article 8 ECHR, the panel focused on matters far from the essence of the question of reproductive rights. In this regard, it is natural to feel dissatisfied by the fact that after years of silence, the Court did not take the opportunity to update its position on the margin of appreciation of Member States regarding the way in which abortion is legally regulated. The strong focus on constitutional law issues, nevertheless, means that the M.L. judgment, rather than in the context of the ECtHR's decisions on abortion, should be seen as a continuation of a line of jurisprudence focused on the consequences of defects in the process of judicial appointments. Disappointing – albeit for other reasons – is also the Court's dismissal of a complaint by Ms. M.L. to the extent that she alleged a violation of the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment by Poland. The ruling on this subject was, indeed, not preceded by a detailed analysis of the circumstances of the case, which would have made it possible to determine whether the "minimum level of severity" had been achieved, and therefore cannot be considered truly justified.

Dissociation As a Mechanism of Risk for Interpersonal Victimization Among Adolescent Girls.

Childhood interpersonal violence exposure (IVE) is associated with repeated victimization in adolescence and adulthood. Research suggests dissociation, a psychological phenomenon characterized by alterations and disruptions to consciousness, memory, and perceptions of the environment, and out-of-body experiences, increases the risk of revictimization. Self-report data from a longitudinal study of 92 violence-exposed adolescent girls from a large, urban area were analyzed to assess whether dissociation predicts polyvictimization or exposure to multiple types of interpersonal violence across adolescence. Participants' mental and interpersonal health was assessed at four in-person laboratory visits scheduled across 3.5 years (i.e., T1-T4). IVE included direct or indirect victimization experienced at home, school, the neighborhood, or town, such as child maltreatment, domestic violence, peer victimization, dating aggression, and community violence. Polyvictimization was operationalized as a composite score of the different types of IVE endorsed by the participant or caregiver. A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to test the bidirectional relationships between dissociation and polyvictimization longitudinally. Cross-lagged regressions were analyzed to determine whether dissociation and polyvictimization predicted subsequent dissociation symptoms and polyvictimization. Concurrent and previous dissociation significantly accounted for polyvictimization at T2, T3, and T4. Polyvictimization did not significantly predict future dissociation symptoms. The results from this study provide support for dissociation's unique contribution to polyvictimization among violence-exposed girls, making it an important target for clinical assessment and treatment.

제주도 폭염 직접 피해 원인의 사회적 부검

Due to consistent temperature rise, damages from heatwaves are steadily increasing as time passes. Consequently, national attention towards heatwaves has heightened, leading to a significant rise in preliminary research aimed at analyzing this phenomenon. However, previous research on heatwaves has been limited to topics within climatology, impact variables, risk assessment, and related subjects in meteorology and vulnerability. In this study, the concept and methodology of social autopsy were introduced to analyze the causes of heatwave damage from a sociological perspective through social and environmental analysis. Firstly, the heatwave damage indicator selected for analysis was the number of heat-related illness cases, and the region chosen for the application of social autopsy was Jeju Island, where heat-related illnesses are most pronounced in the country. For the selected area, a control group was identified by contrasting areas with similar environmental conditions but significant differences in the prevalence of heat-related illnesses. Social and environmental factors were then analyzed based on personal social relationships, socioecological structures, and geographical characteristics to analyze heat-related illnesses in different regions. In a quantitative study analyzing the socio-ecological structure using social capital assessments, the results showed that in areas with a high incidence of heat-related illnesses (Hwabuk-dong, Gujo-eup), the probability of experiencing heat-related illnesses increased by 3.2 times when personal organizational trust and residential relationships increased. In contrast, the probabilities decreased by 91.5% and 95.1%, respectively, with an increase in mobile communication and participation in elections. Next, for the analysis of individual temperament and living environment, qualitative research through in-depth interviews was conducted with direct victims who sought medical attention for heat-related illnesses. The results revealed that all subjects exhibited high responsibility, diligence, and proactiveness, with a low level of awareness of the risk of heat-related illnesses. Additionally, growing up in environments with economic difficulties during childhood and youth was associated with a sense of responsibility and diligence, demonstrating a connection to the burden of taking responsibility for family and home, and continuing to work without stopping despite exposure to risks (heat-related illnesses). Finally, an analysis of the geographical characteristics of the region revealed that areas with a higher incidence of anti-Japanese movements and victims of the April 3rd incident had a higher prevalence of heat-related illnesses. This confirmed that the environmental characteristics of Jeju Island were responsible for the majority of heat-related illnesses in the Gujo-eup and Jocheon-eup areas. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the occurrence of direct heatwave victims, namely heat-related illness patients, is influenced not only by meteorological factors but also by a complex interplay of social, environmental, and individual temperament factors. Consequently, it is suggested that instead of a uniform approach to heatwave damage reduction implemented by the government, region-specific and systematic mitigation measures tailored to each locality are necessary.