Direct Tributary Research Articles

Morphometric Analysis and Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds Located in Heterogeneous Geographical Units—Case Study: The Buzău River Basin

The present study evaluates selected morphometric characteristics of 39 direct tributaries of the Buzău River (area of 4112 km2) to prioritize development actions in these sub-watersheds, which are distributed in three geographical regions within the full Buzău River watershed: the Carpathian, Subcarpathian, and plains regions. By combining a variable number of morphometric parameters, using various mathematical models, we can evaluate the state of balance or imbalance in a watershed and identify sub-watersheds vulnerable to natural processes. Prioritization was achieved using composite (Cp) values by comparing two scenarios. In the first scenario, 11 derived morphometric parameters were used, and in the second scenario, another 7 parameters were added. The obtained values were grouped into five classes (very high, high, medium, low, and very low). Due to the heterogeneity of relief units among geographical regions, there are classification differences for sub-watersheds among those regions. Watersheds classed as very high priority for intervention actions are located in the Carpathian (SW1, SW2, SW15, SW16) and Subcarpathian areas (SW24, SW30), which are characterized by high relief energy and pronounced slope instability, which leads to an increase in the risk of flooding and land degradation. For comparison, all sub-watersheds in the plains region, are classified as very low or low priority. Since the arithmetic mean is sensitive to extreme values, its use in the calculation of composite (Cp) values causes the values to be “eclipsed” and the sub-watersheds to be placed in different prioritization classes (SW18 and SW34), depending on the analyzed scenario, due to the large number of parameters and classified sub-watersheds.

« Un cri noué en forme de langage » : Malemort, ou la naissance du modernisme antillais

Glissant’s novel Malemort triggered in Chamoiseau a lasting fascination for this style of writing that was both negative and almost impenetrable in its language and narration, but paradoxically liberating in terms of what the novelistic form—a form that this article calls Antillean Modernism—can accomplish. Stylistically marked in its form by Faulkner and Joyce, Malemort’s Modernism is at the same time Caribbean and planetary. The political and aesthetic stakes of Malemort cannot really be understood in isolation and must be put in relation with its direct tributaries and other contemporaneous key works of Caribbean modernism. However, the notion of hierarchical influence must be rejected, and that of generations also further interrogated, in keeping with the non-linear history of the Caribbean, with its spiral temporalities and inherent multiplicity. Finally, this article will put forward that Malemort performs an apparently conflicting but truly fertile relationship between Antillean Modernism and key tenets of Adorno’s aesthetic theory.

The Reductions in Phenomenology - A Comparison Across Main Authors

IntroductionPhenomenology is one of the fundamental tools in the clinical practice of psychiatrists, constituting one of the touchstones regarding the diagnostic framework in which clinicians navigate.For Husserl, Phenomenology provided access to the structure of pure consciousness, experience and existence. These are conditions of possibility for the object of Psychiatry, ontologically prior to it. Thus, clarification of the object and method of Phenomenology is preliminary to understanding the object of Psychiatry.Phenomenology, being a direct tributary of Philosophy, evolves dialectically, constantly dialoguing with its predecessors. While it is taken as a philosophical current, it is also considered a method. It is precisely as a method that we can see how the methodology changes in different phenomenological traditions.ObjectivesTo compare how the main phenomenological traditions operate.Methods Comparative analysis between the phenomenological reductions in key figures of the phenomenological tradition, resorting to the corpus of the Husserliana, Being and Time, Phenomenology of Perception and General Psychopathology. Additionally, a non-systematic literature review of papers on the database Philpapers, using the keywords “critical phenomenology”, “eidetic reduction”, “phenomenological reduction”.ResultsWhile there is a multiplicity of ways of taxonomizing phenomenological currents, we divide it in: pure, existential, embodied, jasperian, psychopathological, and critical.Husserl’s pure phenomenology uses the free variation in phantasy and epoché as operators, starting from the natural attitude.Heidegger’s existential phenomenology makes no reference to a reduction of any kind. For him, it is necessary to take a step back, to a more primordial mode of being through which we can access Being, where the world is given and constituted.Embodied phenomenology, of Merleaupontinian provenance, recognizes the reduction, but cannot be fully achieve it.Jasperian phenomenology uses empathy and co-experience as its operators, through which it gains access to the subjective states of the other, with the aim of systematizing and taxonomizing subjective phenomena.Phenomenological psychopathology tentatively uses Husserlian reductions to identify the a priori structures of the human, be it Biswanger’s forms of manifestation of failed human existence or Blakenburg’s anthropological disproportions.Critical phenomenology uses a historical-transcendental analysis of experience as its operator, through which it accesses transcendental intersubjectivity.ConclusionsAt a time when the DSM and ICD are increasingly seen as inadequate, limited and dogmatic, the resurgence of interest in Phenomenology is evident. It is important to avoid falling back on new presuppositions without constant revision and questioning, at the risk of simply mutating dogmas and missing the original legacy of pure phenomenology, the suspension of presuppositions.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddima: Outline on Conflict and Social Cohesion at the Dawn of Sociology or Social Theory

Objective: To examine the foundations that govern human development, seen as an active subject of history, in the causes that motivate social facts and the mechanisms that move the threads of human relations of IBN Jaldun. Theoretical framework: The Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldun is a work where the author addresses topics as varied as the philosophy of history, economics, sociology and other sciences related to human behavior, from a unique perspective for his time. Results and discussion: If we dismiss the Eurocentric vision of the history of thought, it is possible to place Ibn Khaldun as a direct tributary of modern social thought, giving history a scientific character, defining its object of study and specifying the principles that should mark its methodology. Conclusion: In the development of his study, specifically in the Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldun elaborates a primitive theory on the development and origin of civilizations, having as a touchstone the Asabiya, a concept that today is comparable to social cohesion in sociology and an organicist theory about the rise and fall of empires. Research Implications: Ibn Khaldun distinguishes three moments in the development of a civilization, the first at birth where peoples are "humanized" and stand out for their moderation.

Morphological Investigation of the Veins and Bile Vessels of Rabbit Liver

The focus was to investigate the anatomical specifics of v. portae, vv. hepaticae and ductus choledochus by corrosion. We investigated 10 sexually mature, clinically healthy New Zealand White rabbits, 8 months old, weighing 2.8 kg to 3.2 kg. To determine the veins and bile vessels, a cold-curing acrylic-based plastic (Duracryl +) was used. The main portal vessel was an intraorganic continuation of v. portae, after its branching into caudate lobe. The main portal vein was divided into v. portae dextra and v. portae sinistra, when entering lobus hepatis dexter and lobus hepatis sinister. V. portae sinistra caudalis was a branch of v. portae sinistra. The venous drainage of the rabbit liver in was carried out by v. hepatica sinistra caudalis, v. hepatica sinistra, v. hepatica dextra, v. hepatica media and venous vessel in lobus caudatus. V. hepatica sinistra and v. hepatica media had a common origin and took blood from lobus hepatis sinister medialis. V. hepatica dextra drained lobus hepatis dexter. V. hepatica sinistra caudalis was a direct tributary of the caudal vena cava. Ductus hepaticus communis was well developed and collected the bile from the main bile duct. Ductus hepaticus dexter drained lobus hepatis dexter and evacuated the bile into the main bile duct. Ductus hepaticus sinister caudalis flowed directly into ductus hepaticus communis. Ductus hepaticus sinister passed into the main bile duct.

Assembleia de peixes e status atual da planície de inundação da bacia do alto rio São Francisco

Abstract: Aim This study aimed to evaluate whether the upper São Francisco River basin floodplain is still used as a nursery by migratory fish and present the current status of the area’s ichthyofauna after almost 40 years since the only survey was conducted in the region. Methods Sampling occurred in seven perennial lagoons and six temporaries from São Francisco River or its direct tributaries using gillnets and trawls. Temperature, pH, and transparency of each lagoon were measured. The estimated richness was calculated, and the fish assemblage from both perennial and temporary lagoons was compared using NMDS and ANOSIM. Results Forty species were captured, of which four were non-native and three were migratory. Although there was a low abundance of migratory species, most captured individuals were juveniles. Moreover, the perennial lagoons showed higher species richness. Conclusions After almost 40 years, the floodplain lagoons of the upper São Francisco basin remain important for the recruitment of migratory species and harbor an impressive proportion of fish fauna in the upper São Francisco area. However, the reduction of migratory species and the presence of non-natives may be a sign of the degradation of these environments, emphasizing the need for conservation measures in this area.

Formation of the Psychoanalytic Field

ObjectivesThe purpose of this paper is to situate the emergence of psychoanalysis, its differentiation from clinical psychiatry, and its constitution as a specific field of practice and knowledge in the context of the modern, Cartesian conception of the autonomous subject. MethodThe methods used include textual critique, and the genealogy of concepts and their contextualization in the history of the doctrines and foundational ideas of modernity. ResultsBy its constitutive postulates, in particular organicism, psychiatric practice is deeply rooted in the foundational paradigm of modernity, which opposes a consciousness-centered subject, defined by its liberty, to a geometrized material universe, submitted to a strict mechanical determinism. With the concept of the Unconscious, psychoanalysis has always positioned itself in opposition to psychopathology's objectifying approach, which translates into an interrogation of the organicist postulate. DiscussionFreudian theory, however, borrows its main models from rationalist psychology, whose constitutive principles are a direct tributary of the now partly obsolete paradigm of classical science. Jung will vigorously object to that, but without success, largely because of the regressive and mystical character of his conceptualization. ConclusionsIt is not until the arrival of the post-Freudians, most importantly Lacan, that the foundation for the heteronomous causation of the subject can be laid; thus, the psychoanalytical clinic can find the doctrinal framework that will allow it, with the formulation of structural theory, to address causality in psychopathology.

Constitution du champ psychanalytique

ObjectivesThe purpose of this paper is to situate the emergence of psychoanalysis; its differentiation from clinical psychiatry; and its constitution as a specific field of practice and knowledge in the context of the modern, Cartesian conception of the autonomous subject. MethodThe methods used include textual critic, the genealogy of concepts and their contextualization in the history of the foundational doctrines and ideas of modernity. ResultsBy its constitutive postulates, in particular organicism, psychiatry is deeply rooted in the foundational paradigm of modernity, which opposes a consciousness-centered subject, defined by her/his liberty, to a geometrized material universe, submitted to a strict mechanical determinism. With the concept of the Unconscious, psychoanalysis has always positioned itself in opposition to an objectifying approach of psychopathology, which translatesdirectly into an interrogation of the organicist postulate. DiscussionFreudian theory, however, borrows its main models from rationalist psychology, whose constitutive principles are a direct tributary of the now partly obsolete paradigm of classical science. Jung will vigorously object to that, but without success, largely because of the regressive and mystical character of his conceptualization. ConclusionsIt is not until the arrival of the post-Freudians, most importantly Lacan, that the heteronomous causation of the subject can be laid; thus, psychoanalysis can find the doctrinal framework that will allow it, with the formulation of structural theory, to address causality in psychopathology.

Assessment of Soil Erosion Using the RUSLE Model for the Epworth District of the Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe

Urban development without adequate soil erosion control measures is becoming a major environmental concern in developing urban areas across Africa. These environmental disturbances encompass rampart Land Use and Land Cover changes (LULC) due to a high population growth rate and increased economic activities. To understand the influence of accelerated LULC changes and urban expansion as major drivers in landscape degradation in the Epworth district of the Harare Metropolitan Province, the RUSLE model was employed. This considers land use, soil, climate and topography as input parameters in the assessment of the extent and impact of these drivers on soil erosion. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used to predict the potential erosion between 1984 and 2018 and soil erosion risk for the years 2000 and 2018. The mean rate of the predicted potential soil erosion was 13.2 t ha−1 yr−1 (1984–2018); areas especially vulnerable to erosion were predicted for foot slope areas with direct tributaries to the major streams and steep sloping zones. The average soil erosion risk was estimated at 1.31 t ha−1 yr−1 for the year 2000 and 1.12 t ha−1 yr−1 for 2018. While the overall potential soil loss decreased between 2000 and 2018, the potential soil loss was observed to increase tremendously in residential areas, which doubled in extent between 2000 and 2018. The findings reveal that about 40% of the Epworth district was threatened by unsustainable soil loss resulting from increased soil erosion risk within the built-up areas.

First records of two freshwater mussel Species at Risk, Mapleleaf (<i>Quadrula quadrula</i>) and Lilliput (<i>Toxolasma parvum</i>), in the Canard River, Ontario, with implications for freshwater mussel recovery in the Detroit River

Freshwater mussels of the family Unionidae are among the world’s most imperilled animals. A third of Canadian species have been assessed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as Extirpated, Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern, with losses attributed to natural system modifications such as damming, pollution, exploitation for buttons and pearls, urbanization, and the introduction and subsequent effects of aquatic invasive species. In the Great Lakes basin, the introduction of dreissenid mussels in the 1980s caused catastrophic declines, with remnant populations restricted to lotic riverine habitats. In southwestern Ontario, the Canard River is the largest remaining direct tributary of the Detroit River that could provide a source of mussels to aid natural recovery. In 2019, nine sites in the Canard River were sampled using a timed-search approach (4.5 person-hours/site) with a combination of tactile searching by hand and mussel scoops (7-mm mesh) or underwater viewers. The search yielded 362 individuals of eight species, including two Species at Risk, Mapleleaf (Quadrula quadrula) and Lilliput (Toxolasma parvum), which had never been previously recorded in the Canard River.

A new species of Characidium Reinhardt (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) with a unique mid-water behavior from the upper rio Madeira basin, Brazil

A new species of Characidium is described from headwater tributaries of the upper rio Guaporé, Rio Madeira basin, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed from all congeners, except Characidium summus, for lacking the preorbital and postorbital stripes. It can be diagnosed from the latter species by having 12 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 14), by an adipose fin present (vs. adipose fin absent), and 10-12 bars along the body (vs. absence of bars), among other characters. The new species is so far only known from direct tributaries of the Rio Guaporé at the Serra da Borda, an isolated plateau 300-800 meters above sea level, and possess a behavior very uncommon within the genus, being a mid-water pelagic fish, instead of the benthic behavior of most congeners. Comments on the putative phylogenetic relationships of the new species, as well as some remarks on its unusual behavior within the genus, are presented.

Notes on the occurrence and gender-based morphological aspects of Potamotrygon motoro (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) in the complex of the Viana lake system- Maranhão, Brazil

The Brazilian Amazonian coast, extending from Amapá to Maranhão states, is drained by a series of small to medium sized rivers of the Amazon basin. The Pindaré-Mearim is an isolated basin formed by the junction of the Pindaré and Mearim rivers at its lower portion. Along the Pindaré and Mearim rivers there is a single reported species of freshwater stingray identified as Potamotrygon motoro. Although specimens have been deposited in research institutions, most of these specimens have been captured on the Amazon basin and its direct tributaries or along the Panará-Paraguay river basin. Hence, there is a severe lack of information on the P. motoro of the Pindaré- Mearim river basin. Here we present new data regarding P. motoro general morphology, emphasizing the color variation, sexual dimorphism and notes on its biological aspects.

Individual variations of the superior petrosal vein complex and their microsurgical relevance in 50 cases of trigeminal microvascular decompression

BackgroundWe investigated the understudied anatomical variations of the superior petrosal vein (SPV) complex (SPVC), which may play some role in dictating the individual complication risk following SPVC injury.MethodsMicrovascular decompressions of the trigeminal nerve between September 2012 and July 2016. All operations utilized an SPVC preserving technique. Preoperative balanced fast field echo (bFFE) magnetic resonance imaging, or equivalent sequences, and operative videos were studied for individual SPVC anatomical features.ResultsApplied imaging and operative SPVC anatomy were described for fifty patients (mean age, 67.18 years; female sex and right-sided operations, 58% each). An SPVC component was sacrificed intentionally in 6 and unintentionally in only 7 cases. Twenty-nine different individual variations were observed; 80% of SPVCs had either 2 SPVs with 3 or 1 SPV with 2, 3, or 4 direct tributaries. Most SPVCs had 1 SPV (64%) and 2 SPVs (32%). The SPV drainage point into the superior petrosal sinus was predominantly between the internal auditory meatus and Meckel cave (85.7% of cases). The vein of the cerebellopontine fissure was the most frequent direct tributary (86%), followed by the pontotrigeminal vein in 80% of SPVCs. Petrosal-galenic anastomosis was detected in at least 38% of cases. At least 1 SPV in 54% of the cases and at least 1 direct tributary in 90% disturbed the operative field. The tributaries were more commonly sacrificed.ConclusionsThe extensive anatomical variation of SPVC is depicted. Most SPVCs fall into 4 common general configurations and can usually be preserved. BFFE or equivalent sequences remarkably facilitated the intraoperative understanding of the individual SPVC in most cases.

Cumulative changes in water quality caused by six cascading hydroelectric dams on the Jauru River, tributary of the Pantanal floodplain

ABSTRACT The present study examines the individual and cumulative environmental effects of the six cascading hydroelectric dams currently in operation on in the Jauru River, a direct tributary of the Paraguay River, the main river in the Pantanal, as well as presenting a general characterization of water quality in the Jauru River. Water quality was evaluated at eight sites along the longitudinal gradient of the Jauru River. A total of 339 water quality samples from between 1990 and 2013 were considered, including 72 samples collected prior to the installation of Hydropower plants, treated as natural, and 267 samples, treated as altered . Statistica 7 software was used for statistical treatment and for the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test; squared Pearson correlation (coefficient of determination, R 2) was also applied to evaluated the relationship between the morphological and hydraulic parameters of each reservoir and cumulatively, with the rate of change of water quality parameters in three stretches of the Jauru River. The water quality of the Jauru River in general was characterized by low concentrations of electrolytes and slightly acidic pH, oligotrophy, reduced values of color, turbidity and solids and good oxygenation. While these general conditions were maintained over the two phases studied, we verified the occurrence of change in the pattern of variation of the physical and chemical conditions evaluated, mainly between the second and the fifth hydroelectric reservoir. This change, which implies discontinuity in the longitudinal gradient, was indicated by nine out of the twelve parameters measured in this stretch of the Jauru River, downstream of each individual reservoir and/or cumulatively. The constructive characteristics of the hydropower plants, especially water inlet height, water retention time and flooded area, as well as the proximity between two or more impoundments, are factors that influenced the observed changes, which are important aspects in the processes of environmental licensing for these future plants, or even, in some cases, to avoid them from being built at all as planned. This research also indicated the need for studies that consider the basin in an integrated way, and for the collection of more consistent data before these impoundments are implemented.

Comparison of growth and survival of sea-run and landlocked strains of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the Lake Ontario watershed

Abstract In managing Atlantic salmon Salmo salar , New York fisheries agencies have historically stocked both landlocked and sea-run strains. The objective of this study was to compare young-of-year survival and growth among a variety of strains in both the laboratory and in streams. Atlantic salmon fry of four strains (sea-run: Merrimack River and Penobscot River; landlocked: West Grand Lake and Lake Memphremagog) were stocked for four years in five central New York streams. Laboratory experiments compared growth rates at six temperatures (12, 15, 18, 20, 23, and 25 °C) experienced in New York streams during the summer. Comparisons among monthly survival and specific growth rates at all stream sites and years resulted in no obvious trends; survival ranged from 0 to 81% and growth rates were between 0.02 and 0.04 g·g − 1 ·d − 1 . There were no significant differences in growth or survival observed between sea-run versus landlocked strains. Within the five study streams, the Lake Memphremagog strain had the highest growth rates, while growth rates were similar in the laboratory between Lake Memphremagog and Merrimack River strains. Based on laboratory and field assessments, Atlantic salmon specific growth rate was greatest at approximately 18 °C during the summer months. Future research in Lake Ontario should include further assessment of the Lake Memphremagog strain, especially on direct tributaries with access for returning adults, as well as continuing to establish a Lake Ontario specific strain.

Length-weight relationships of fish species from Lower Paranapanema River Basin, Upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil

Length–weight relationships were estimated for six fish species occurring in direct tributaries of the Lower Paranapanema River Basin. Data is described for the first time for five species and new measurements are provided for one species in the FishBase database. Studies of fish diversity are critical for species management and conservation, especially in this basin, which has suffered from many anthropical impacts.

Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and cosmogenic-isotope burial ages of fossil-bearing strata within Riverbluff Cave, Greene County, Missouri

AbstractRiverbluff Cave, in Greene County, Missouri, is a short single passage between the James River and its direct tributary, Ward Branch. Before stream incision the cave functioned as a spillway/piracy between the two streams during high-discharge events and accumulated a sequence of stratified fluvial sediments within the cave. Five cosmogenic-nuclide burial ages for these sediments range from 0.984 to 0.570 Ma. These ages are consistent with both the stratigraphic order of the samples and the inferred position of the Matuyama/Brunhes paleomagnetic boundary. These ages indicate that sandy channel-facies deposits derived from Ward Branch entrances began to accumulate within the cave as early as 0.984±0.065 Ma. This facies is capped by highly fossiliferous gravel beds dated at 0.658±0.065 Ma, which contain abundant mammoth bones (possibly Mammuthus trogontherii) and other vertebrates. The high concentration implies that this deposit may record some type of mass-mortality event. By 0.570±0.072 Ma, all Ward Branch entrances had been abandoned because of incision, and a laminated red clay derived from backflow from flooding along the James River capped the older channel sediments.

Statistical Characterisation of Grain-Size Distribution in Fluvial Sediment of Kelantan Rivers

The characteristic of sediment, in particular the particle size distribution is important to be correctly determined for an accurate representation in sediment transport. This article reports the grain size distributions of soil samples taken from seven tropical rivers i.e. the Sungai (Rivers) of Sam, Galas, Lata Tunggil, Mei, Rek, Peng Datu and the major Sungai Kelantan catchment area which spanned about 11, 900 km2. The Sungai Galas is a direct tributary, whilst the Sungai Sam, Sungai Rek, Sungai Mei and Sungai Lata Tunggil are the tributaries into Sungai Lebir which subsequently feeds the Sungai Kelantan. Each obtained sample was sieved and the soil type distribution was determined. Statistical analysis of the samples was conducted; including the median grain size , mean grain size, standard deviation (sorting), skewness and kurtosis. Most of the samples have insignificant fractions of finer grains, where coarse sand and gravel were the dominant. All sediment samples are negatively skewed towards coarse sand, have very platykurtic kurtosis suggesting that the sediment has single provenance.

Haemorrhoids are associated with internal iliac vein reflux in up to one-third of women presenting with varicose veins associated with pelvic vein reflux.

To determine the prevalence of haemorrhoids in women with pelvic vein reflux, identify which pelvic veins are associated with haemorrhoids and assess if extent of pelvic vein reflux influences the prevalence of haemorrhoids. Females presenting with leg varicose veins undergo duplex ultrasonography to assess all sources of venous reflux. Those with significant reflux arising from the pelvis are offered transvaginal duplex ultrasound (TVS) to evaluate reflux in the ovarian veins and internal Iliac veins and associated pelvic varices in the adnexa, vulvar/labial veins and haemorrhoids. Patterns and severity of reflux were evaluated. Between January 2010 and December 2012, 419 female patients with leg or vulvar varicose vein patterns arising from the pelvis underwent TVS. Haemorrhoids were identified on TVS via direct tributaries from the internal Iliac veins in 152/419 patients (36.3%) and absent in 267/419 (63.7%). The prevalence of the condition increased with the number of pelvic trunks involved. There is a strong association between haemorrhoids and internal Iliac vein reflux. Untreated reflux may be a cause of subsequent symptomatic haemorrhoids. Treatment with methods proven to work in conditions caused by pelvic vein incompetence, such as pelvic vein embolisation and foam sclerotherapy, could be considered.

Integration of communication technologies in sensor networks to monitor the Amazon environment

Monitoring environmental parameters in the Amazon Rainforest is currently of great significance, as the rainforest actively contributes to the reduction of the climate change impact. The present study demonstrates the integration of various communication technologies based on open source software for monitoring environmental parameters in the Peruvian Amazon. The Napo River is a direct tributary of the Amazon River, connecting 450 km in the region of Loreto, Peru. The WiFi network that runs alongside the river is considered the longest in the world. This network will serve as a transport network over which available measurements, including humidity, temperature, total solar radiation (TSR), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and volumetric water content from the environmental sensors, will be relayed. The linkage between the diverse technologies, from the sensor network to the communication network, and the visualisation on the Internet are explained. The entire project has been planned using low-cost sensors, open source software, and minimal energy consumption.