Direct Tire Pressure Monitoring System Research Articles

Application of Machine Learning Technique for Development of Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Tire inflation pressure has a significant impact over vehicle driving dynamics, fuel consumption as well as tire life. Therefore, continuous monitoring of tire pressure becomes imperative for ride comfort, safety and optimum vehicle handling performance. Two types of tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) used by vehicles are - direct and indirect TPMS. Direct systems deploy pressure sensors at each wheel and directly send pressure value to the vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN). Indirect sensors on the other hand use the information from already existing sensors and some physics-based equations to predict the value of tire pressure. Direct TPMS tend to be more accurate but have higher cost of installation while indirect TPMS comes with a minimum cost but compromised accuracy.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A digital proof-of-concept study for indirect TPMS development of a non-ESP vehicle based on machine learning (ML) technique is elaborated in this paper. The study aims to propose a methodology for development of an indirect TPMS having an accuracy equivalent to that of a direct TPMS. A full vehicle model designed in Amesim software is used to extract data to train the machine-learning algorithm for different test cases. Simulation model is validated against the test data of vehicle dynamics parameters to ensure the accuracy of data extracted for ML model training. Multilayered feed forward, back-propagation artificial neural network is trained using three prediction algorithms and sensitivity of different algorithms, network parameters is analyzed against selected driving scenarios.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Proof-of-concept study suggests that the proposed tire pressure prediction algorithm has a potential to predict tire pressure accurately at par with Direct TPMS. It lays a foundation for developing ML based indirect TPMS using physical testing data by providing assistance in test plan preparation, exploring data pre-processing techniques and algorithm selection. Furthermore, the generic methodology mentioned in this paper can be referred for initial development of any ML based project.</div></div>

New Hybrid Wavelet and CNN-Based Indirect Tire-Pressure Monitoring System for Autonomous Vehicles

Since the tire pressure has a significant influence on driving safety, even self-driving vehicles need to be aware of their current tire pressures. Two major types of methods for estimating tire pressures exist: direct and indirect methods. In spite of recent advancements in direct Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMSs), indirect pressure monitoring systems still play a significant role due to their low costs. Indirect systems rely on the processing of signals from wheel speed sensors. In most cases, a transformation is applied to generate a frequency spectrum from which the tire pressure-dependent eigenfrequency can be extracted. The most accurate methods apply the Fourier transform, but these require the highest computational power. After the spectrum of signals from the wheel speed sensor is created, the eigenfrequency must be extracted. Several methods are available to extract significant frequency components. One of the easiest methods is peak searching, however, it is susceptible to noise. On the other hand, more accurate methods that are less sensitive to noise require more computational power. If a transform that consumes less computational power can be applied, then the freed resources can be used by a better eigenfrequency identification method. In this paper, a Hybrid Wavelet-Fourier Transform and Convolutional Neural Network-based method is presented, which exhibits a promising level of noise tolerance.

Design of Automobile Digital Tire Pressure Detector

According to vast statistics, more than half of traffic accidents are related to the failure of car tire pressure. This paper investigated the design scheme of the existing tire pressure monitoring system, then selected the appropriate sensor, converted the tire pressure signal into the corresponding voltage signal and outputed it. Finally displayed the measurement result by the digital display tube. The main problem to be solved is that selecting a suitable pressure sensor requires accurate measurement of the required pressure parameters; completing the conversion of the analog signal and the digital signal; setting an appropriate threshold value. When the value is exceeded, the audible and visual alarm signal is emitted. This design adopted the design scheme of direct tire pressure monitoring system. Firstly, the circuit diagram is designed in the Altium desigener software environment and the corresponding simulation experiment is completed. Then, according to a successful experimental scheme, the PCB circuit board is processed to complete the welding of the physical object. At the same time, writing the running program in the C language environment and use Keil software to burn the program into the single-chip microcomputer. Finally, the debugging and modification of the physical object of the single-chip microcomputer completed the expected function.

Low thermal conductivity and enhanced zT values of porous and nanostructured Cu1−xNix alloys

Battery is sealed inside the sensor of direct tire-pressure monitoring system (dTPMS) and cannot be replaced separately. Durable thermoelectric generators can convert heat to direct-current (DC) power and is therefore an option for energizing dTPMS. Cu-Ni alloys have good thermoelectric responses to the temperature difference and therefore could be applied to act as temperature sensors as well as power supply for sensors of dTPMS. In this study, two series of Cu1−xNix alloys are synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis followed by consolidation using different methods: evacuating-and-encapsulating techniques and a combination of cold pressing and heat treatment in 550 °C for 6 h in a flowing mixture gas of 20% H2 and 80% Ar gas. The resulting materials are characterized and analyzed by powder x-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and thermoelectric transport measurements. The zT = 0.30 at 563 K is attained for the x = 0.4 alloy consolidated at 550 °C for 6 h in a flowing mixture gas of 20% H2 and 80% Ar gas. By sintering the x = 0.3 alloy in an evacuated-and-encapsulated Pyrex ampoule, zT = 0.47 is attained at 550 K.

Research of the Hybrid Tire Pressure Monitoring System

Direct tire pressure monitoring system (d-TPMS)is easy to be disturbed, and its battery life is not long while the indirect TPMS can’t distinguish the condition that four wheels are low pressure at the same time and there is no way to provide detailed values of the tire pressure for indirect TPMS. This paper proposes a hybrid TPMS to solve these problems. Based on the perfect database of the indirect TPMS, all wheels’ detailed pressure can be got by dealing with the data which only comes from a sensor in one wheel. This method combines the advantages of the two sides, which has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, stable and lasting work. Through the real vehicle road test, the effect is good. The development of hybrid TPMS will have a positive effect on the application of TPMS in China.

Tire Pressure Monitoring System Sensor Radio Frequency Measurements for Privacy Concerns

Since the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration mandated the incorporation of tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMSs) in all newly produced passenger vehicles, most vehicle manufacturers have adopted direct pressure measurement. Direct TPMS sensors embedded in each tire require a wireless radio frequency (RF) communications link that broadcasts tire status to the vehicle once per minute from each tire when at speed. Each TPMS message communicates benign information that includes pressure and temperature as well as a static unique identifier that may be exploited, which raises concerns about privacy and spoofing. To focus on concerns related to the TPMS-RF interface, vehicle motion simulations were integrated with live propagation modeling measurements from three classes of passenger vehicles: subcompact car, full-size sedan, and full-size pickup. The RF link and channel models for this TPMS interface with the vehicle resulted in surprisingly long ranges away from the vehicle for the radiation of the unique identifiers. A TPMS sensor redesign could use the proposed RF channel propagation measurements to change the directions of signal propagation while reducing battery consumption by the TPMS sensor (which is affected primarily by RF transmission).

Study on the giant magnetostrictive vibration-power generation method for battery-less tire pressure monitoring system

At present, the most convenient and effective method for ensuring air pressure inside automobile tires being kept in normal state is using a tire pressure monitoring system to monitor the tire’s interior pressure and temperature in real time. Aiming at the power supply problem of direct tire pressure monitoring system in automobile industry commonly, a new giant magnetostrictive vibration-power generation technology which generates electricity through collecting vibration energy in automobile is proposed. Based on the coupling effect of inverse magnetostrictive effect and Faraday electromagnetic effect, a power generation device prototype which uses giant magnetostrictive material as the core element is developed. It may be a prototype of giant magnetostrictive vibration-power generation module used to provide electricity to tire pressure monitoring system instead of button battery power supply mode. In order to accurately describe the relationship between vibration force (stress) and output voltage in the giant magnetostrictive vibration-power generation process, a mathematical model is established from the essence of inverse magnetostrictive effect. According to energy conversion process generated in the process of power generation using giant magnetostrictive material, the modeling process is divided into two parts. Moreover, in order to derive the energy conversion efficiency of giant magnetostrictive vibration-power generation device, a computing method of power generation efficiency is proposed. Experiment results show that the model can accurately describe the relationship between vibration force (stress) and output voltage. Amplitude of the output voltage generated by giant magnetostrictive vibration-power generator is proportional to the amplitude or frequency of vibration force approximately. For the giant magnetostrictive vibration-power generation prototype developed in this paper, its energy conversion efficiency reaches 32.6%. Research result provides an effective method for solving the power supply issue of tire pressure monitoring system. It plays a certain promoting role for the realization of battery-less tire pressure monitoring system.

New Method for Monitoring Tire Pressure of Cars Based on the Tire Radial Deformation

Monitoring tire pressure of cars and signaling abnormal conditions is an important means to prevent deadly accidents.Large achievements have been gained,especially in direct tire pressure monitoring system(TPMS).But there has been rarely research on indirect TPMS in the world.In China,the research on indirect TPMS is almost lacking.The international research on the indirect monitoring tire pressure method is mainly based on measuring and comparing the rotating speed of wheels.But it is very difficult to measure wheel rotating speed accurately because of the influence of many random factors.In this paper,the authors propose a new method in which the tire pressure can be monitored indirectly.This method can be used for tire calibration,wheel speed frequency standardization,wheel speed frequency comparison,and abnormal tire pressure determination.The pulse frequencies from wheel speed sensors of ABS are used to indicate tire deformation.Because the frequency has a relationship with tire deformation,the tire deformation reflects the tire pressure.Small sample statistics is used in the new method to increase the accuracy,and the experimental samples using the principle of the new method have been made and tested.The result of vehicle tests on road demonstrates that the method is efficient and accurate to monitor tire pressure.The research has positive potential for developing products.

Tire Pressure Monitoring [Applications of Control

Proper tire inflation pressure improves fuel economy, reduces braking distance, improves handling, and increases tire life, while underinflation creates overheating and can lead to accidents. Approximately 3/4 of all automobiles operate with at least one underinflated tire. Beginning with 2006 models, all passenger cars and trucks in the United States are required to have tire-pressure monitoring systems (TPMSs). A TPMS is a driver-assist system that warns the driver when the tire pressure is below or above the prescribed limits. TPMSs are classified into two categories, namely, direct and indirect. In direct TPMSs, the pressure drop is calculated based on actual pressure measurements through sensors. In contrast, measurements such as wheel speed are used in indirect TPMSs.