Direct Sowing Culture Research Articles

Possible involvement of nitric oxide in promoting the initial growth of rice seedlings at low temperature by inoculation of Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT1 spores

ABSTRACT Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT1, a type of plant growth – promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), is used as an ingredient in biofertilizer. Although we confirmed that B. pumilus TUAT1 promotes the growth of rice seedlings at 25°C, this effect has not been shown at lower temperatures. In this study, we confirmed that inoculation of rice seedlings with spores of B. pumilus TUAT1 promoted seedling emergence from soil and subsequent growth at 15°C. Except for the effect on root growth, these effects disappeared when seeds were treated with 2–4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, simultaneously with B. pumilus TUAT1 inoculation. Increased NO accumulation was detected in seed embryos 3 h after inoculation, suggesting that NO plays a role in the effects of B. pumilus TUAT1 inoculation. Transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq suggested the involvement of immune responses and cytochrome respiratory pathways in increasing NO levels in embryos after inoculation with B. pumilus TUAT1. Transcriptome analysis also indicated that transcription of genes involved in cold tolerance was accelerated in embryos following the increase in NO resulting from inoculation with B. pumilus TUAT1. These findings suggest that a novel NO signaling mechanism is involved in PGPR-induced growth promotion in plants. These results also indicate that inoculation with B. pumilus TUAT1 spores may help overcome the initial growth failure of seedlings in direct sowing culture of rice in cold regions.

Effects of the Cultivar of Rice and the Environment in Which the Seeds Were Harvested on the Seedling Establishment after Overwintering in Early-winter Direct-sowing Cultivation

Effects of the Cultivar of Rice and the Environment in Which the Seeds Were Harvested on the Seedling Establishment after Overwintering in Early-winter Direct-sowing Cultivation

Resposta agronômica de melancia em semeadura direta e transplantio de mudas

ABSTRACT Watermelon is traditionally grown under direct sowing system. However, due to high costs of good quality seeds of improved cultivars, seedling transplanting is a promising alternative for watermelon production. This study aimed at evaluating, during two production cycles, the performance of watermelon under direct sowing cultivation system and seedling transplanting. The field trials were carried out from May to September, 2015 and 2016, at Setor de Horticultura da Escola de Agronomia of Universidade Federal de Goiás. In 2015, the experimental design was randomized blocks (DBC) with four replicates in a 2x4 factorial scheme (two hybrids: Manchester and Talisman, and two planting methods: direct sowing and transplanting 15-, 20- and 25-day old seedlings). In 2016, the experimental design was DBC with six replicates. The treatments consisted of three direct sowing dates (0, 5 and 10 days) and three different seedling ages (15, 20 and 25 days). Number of leaves, plant height and dry mass of seedlings of different ages, vine length and virus incidence along the crop cycle were evaluated. Upon significant F-test (5%) for seedling age, regression analysis was performed, and when cultivar effect was significant, Tukey test (5%) was used. Planting methods (direct sowing X seedlings) were compared by orthogonal contrasts. In 2016, the beginning of flowering was evaluated, and in both trials, the average crop cycle for each treatment was determined. Fruit length and width, fruit mass, thickness of the white part of the rind, and soluble solids content were evaluated at harvesting. The 25-day old seedlings had higher number of leaves, as well as, higher dry mass, comparing with seedlings on the transplanting day. Yield and fruit quality were not influenced by treatments. No significant differences for virus disease incidence were detected, in both production cycles. Direct sowing reduced the crop cycle in both field trials, with no differences in production and quality of fruits. Considering the costs of establishing watermelon fields as relevant, the results suggest the importance of direct sowing as the most viable method for watermelon cultivation, due to the ease of the process, as well as, reduction in costs related to seedling production and transplanting operations.

Seed coating by biofertilizer containing spores of Bacillus pumilus TUAT1 strain enhanced initial growth of Oryza sativa L.

AbstractIn rice production, early growth is often slow in direct‐seeded system. Techniques to overcome this barrier are needed. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Kikuichi—a biofertilizer containing Bacillus pumilus TUAT1 spore—in promoting rice growth in a direct‐sowing system. Oxygen, iron, and molybdenum as coating materials were also evaluated to combine with biofertilizer. The seeds were coated with powdered Kikuichi with polyvinyl alcohol followed by a coating with calcium peroxide (CALPER), molybdenum (Benmoly), and iron powder. Double coating with the biofertilizer and Benmoly promoted plant growth. We applied amounts of Kikuichi equivalent to one, two and a half, and five times the weight of the seeds and found that the growth‐promoting effect was dependent on the amount applied. The best timing of application of the coating, specifically during sprouting, was before the coleoptile emerged. Bacillus pumilus TUAT1 can enhance the growth of rice when it exists in high concentration on the spermosphere by coating with molybdenum, but double coating with neither calcium peroxide nor iron powder contributed to the initial growth of the seeds. Kikuichi coating with Benmoly has positive effects on the rice growth. This coating method is suitable to apply biofertilizer for direct sowing cultivation of rice.

Effect of Number of Seedling Establishment and Topdressing on Direct Sowing Culture of Paddy Rice on Well–drained Paddy Field

Effect of Number of Seedling Establishment and Topdressing on Direct Sowing Culture of Paddy Rice on Well–drained Paddy Field

New technique : Early-winter direct-sowing cultivation in rice under cool climates

New technique : Early-winter direct-sowing cultivation in rice under cool climates

Increasing yield, quality and profitability of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) under combinations of nutrient levels in fertiliser and planting density

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is a crucial source of edible oil and livestock feeding, and is a promising biofuel crop. The increasing demand for oilseed rape requires strategies to increase yield while retaining quality. Field experiments were performed in southern China to evaluate the impacts of fertiliser level and planting density on dry matter accumulation, seed oil and protein content (%) and yield (per ha), oil quality, and the profitability of oilseed rape. Fertiliser treatments contained nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and boron (B) at four increasing rates, compared with nil fertiliser, and there were six planting densities (range 7.5–45 × 104 plants ha–1). Dry matter accumulation significantly (P < 0.05) increased in response to increasing plant population and fertiliser level, whereas harvest index decreased, suggesting that increasing the production of oilseed rape is limited to improvement of population quality. Seed oil and protein contents were significantly affected by fertiliser level rather than planting density. Increasing the fertiliser rate increased seed protein content, simultaneously slightly decreasing oil content. Glucosinolate content of rapeseed slightly decreased with increasing fertiliser but erucic and oleic acid contents were not affected, indicating that increasing the fertiliser rate might not reduce oilseed rape quality. Manipulation of fertiliser level was more effective than altering planting density for increasing seed oil and protein yields. Highest seed oil and protein yields resulted from the highest fertiliser application of 240 kg N, 52.4 kg P, 174.3 kg K, 15 kg S and 1.2 kg B ha–1, under a planting density of 22.5 × 104 plants ha–1. Maximum economic gain occurred with the two highest fertiliser levels, whereas planting density has no significant effect on profitability. A balanced application of NPKSB fertilisers should be employed with direct-sowing cultivation of oilseed rape, aimed at building a suitable population structure that balances plant population density and individual growth.

Comparative analysis on seedling growth dynamics and physiological indices of Bupleurum smithii var. parvifolium and B. scorzonerifolium

With Bupleurum smithii var. parvifolium and B. scorzonerifolium as test objects, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the introduction and domestication of B. smithii var. parvifolium, the growth and development dynamics of seedlings, biomass accumulation, the content of malonaldehyde(MDA), the activity of antioxidase such as SOD, POD, CAT and APX between them were comparatively analyzed by direct sowing culture in the open field. The results indicated that the morphological index and the biomass accumulation of B. smithii var. parvifolium such as root diameter, root length, plant height and leaf number were inferior to B. scorzonerifolium, the antioxidase SOD and POD activity of B. smithii var. parvifolium was significantly inferior to B. scorzonerifolium (P<0.05), the antioxidase CAT and APX activity of B. smithii var. parvifolium was inferior to B. scorzonerifolium but the difference wasn't significant, while MDA content was superior to B. scorzonerifolium(P<0.05). Thus, compared with cultivated B. scorzoneri folium, the plant growth velocity of wild B. smithii var. parvifolium was relatively slower and its resistance was relatively weaker after introduction and domestication.

인삼 하우스 직파재배 시 파종밀도 및 솎음처리가 3 년근 인삼의 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향

Background: The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in greenhouses could reduce the use of pesticides and result in higher yield; however, construction costs are problematic. The adaptation of direct-sowing culture in greenhouses could reduce the cost of ginseng production.BRMethods and Results: To improve seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture, effects of sowing density (SD), number of seeds sown per hole (SN), and thinning (TH) treatment on the root yield were investigated after 3 years of seeding. The emergence rate was significantly influenced by SD, but not by SN or TH. Damping-off and rusty roots increased with an increase in SN with diminishing effects of SN on seedling establishment. Root weight and diameter were affected by SD, SN, and TH, however, there were no statistical significances. The total number of roots harvested per unit area increased with increasing SD and SN, and the weight of roots was affected by SD, but not by SN or TH.BRConclusions: Multi-seed sowing per hole and/or thinning might not be an efficient method for the direct-sowing culture of ginseng. The SD for direct seeding culture in greenhouses should be approximately 33 - 42 seeds/㎡ for an optimum yield of 3-year-old inseng.

水稲細葉系統の収量性に関する研究 : 第2報 超密播下における生育中期の施肥反応

水稲細葉系統の収量性に関する研究 : 第2報 超密播下における生育中期の施肥反応

不耕起 V 溝直播栽培の開発と普及(水稲直播栽培のこの 10 年と今後)

不耕起 V 溝直播栽培の開発と普及(水稲直播栽培のこの 10 年と今後)

香川県における良食味水稲品種ヒノヒカリの不耕起乾田直播栽培に関する生育，収量および食味

2013年と2015年に香川県高松市の農家水田において水稲品種ヒノヒカリを供試し，不耕起乾田直播栽培が生育，収量，品質，食味に及ぼす影響を調査した．不耕起乾田直播栽培区（直播区）の収量は，移植栽培区（移植区）に比べて2015年は6％の減収にとどまったが，2013年は37％減収した．2013年の減収原因は播種期前後の降雨不足に伴う苗立ち抑制による穂数の減少にあった．外観品質には処理区間に有意差は認められなかった．食味に関しては，直播区産米は移植区産米よりも最高粘度とブレークダウンが大きく，味が良く，粘りが強くて軟らかいために総合評価が向上する傾向がみられた．

水稲湛水散播直播栽培における「味こだま」の栽培特性 : 第 2 報苗立ち密度が生育, 収量および品質に及ぼす影響

水稲湛水散播直播栽培における「味こだま」の栽培特性 : 第 2 報苗立ち密度が生育, 収量および品質に及ぼす影響

水稲湛水散播直播栽培における「味こだま」の栽培特性 : 第 1 報 施肥量及び気象条件が生育, 収量および品質に及ぼす影響

水稲湛水散播直播栽培における「味こだま」の栽培特性 : 第 1 報 施肥量及び気象条件が生育, 収量および品質に及ぼす影響

産業用無人ヘリコプターを利用した水稲湛水直播栽培における除草剤 1 キロ粒剤の散布技術

産業用無人ヘリコプターを利用した水稲湛水直播栽培における除草剤 1 キロ粒剤の散布技術

OPTIMALISASI KINERJA SDM MELALUI BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN KOMITMEN SERTA MOTIVASI

ABSTRACT This study examined the influence of organizational culture and commitment also motivation to optimize employee performance. From the previous studies there are research gaps where the relationship between organizational culture and commitment to the employee performance is inconsistent. Researcher interested in testing the motivation as an intervening variable between organizational culture and commitment to employee performance where the existing research more studied about commitment as intervening between organizational culture and motivation on the employee performance. Researcher using random sampling with 110 samples. The data analysis technique in this study is used regression and path analysis with SPSS 22. The entirety of the hypothesis is proven significantly. From the research gaps results of this study support the results were positive influence between organizational culture and commitment to employee performance. Organizational culture and the commitment also motivation affecting employee performance of 81.7%, while the rest influenced by other variables. Based on path analysis motivation in this study can not be intervening between organizational culture and commitment to employee performance. Optimizing the performance of CV Perkasa Telkomselindo will be more effective if it is through direct sowing culture of the organization and the commitment also motivation than a third confounding variables. Keywords: Commitment, Employee Performance, Motivation, Organizational Culture

Identification of QTLs controlling low-temperature germination of the East European rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Maratteli

Germinability under low temperature is one of the most important traits in seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture of rice. The objective of this study was the identification of genes responsible for higher and faster germination under low temperature, with the aim of breeding new rice varieties for direct-sowing culture. We identified four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for germination properties under low temperature in an East European rice variety, Maratteli. Maratteli-derived alleles at qLTG3-1 and qLTG3-2 on chromosome 3 and qLTG11-1 on chromosome 11 increased germination rate under low temperature. In contrast, the Maratteli allele at qLTG1-1 on chromosome 1 reduced the rate. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) with the Akitakomachi genetic background harboring qLTG3-1 and qLTG11-1 alleles from Maratteli accelerated germination and a NIL with qLTG1-1 delayed germination under low temperature, resulting in enhanced or suppressed germination rates, respectively. These QTLs altered the germination profile of Akitakomachi. Hence, Maratteli is a better source of genes for the improvement of germination under low temperature. We conclude that the low temperature germinability of various Japanese varieties inferior in this character can be improved by marker-assisted selection without modification of other superior traits. These NILs may also contribute to uncovering the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance at the germination stage.

Effect of Seed Density, Number of Seeds Sown Per Hole and Thinning Treatment on Growth Characteristics and Disease Occurrence in Greenhouse-Cultivated Ginseng

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing density, number of seeds sown per hole, and thinning treatment on growth characteristics and disease occurrence in Panax ginseng under direct sowing cultivation in a blue plastic greenhouse. Seedling were grown from 2 or 3 seeds sown, and the healthiest was only retained, while the rest were thinned out at the foliation stage. NOsub3/sub-N, Psub2/subOsub5/sub, and organic matter content differed significantly between growth conditions in the plastic greenhouse and in conventional shade in the soil. Disease also tended to be higher in the conventional shade than in the plastic greenhouse. Plant height and stem length showed an increasing trend with increasing sowing density and number of seeds sown per hole. However, these measures noticeably decreased when thinning treatment was conducted. Growth of the subterranean part of ginseng was not markedly influenced by sowing density, the number of seeds sown per hole, or thinning treatment. Root weight, which is an important factor in yield, was significantly affected by the number of seeds sown and thinning treatment. Interestingly, root weight tended to be higher in the thinning treatment plot than the untreated control plot. Damping-off and root rot increased noticeably as the number of seeds sown increased. Disease also tended to be substantially higher in the thinning treatment plot than the untreated control. However, physiological disorder of the plants did not vary with sowing density, the number of seeds sown, or thinning treatment.

寒冷地における乾田直播水稲の出芽・苗立ちに関連した形質の評価

寒冷地における乾田直播水稲の出芽・苗立ちに関連した形質の評価

인삼 하우스 직파재배 시 파종입수 및 재식밀도가 입모율 향상에 미치는 영향

*Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea. **Planning and Coordination Division, NIHHS, RDA, Suwon 440-706, Korea.ABSTRACT : This study was performed to investigate the effects of sowing density and number of seeds sown on the emer-gence rate and growth characters of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer under direct sowing cultivation in a blue plastic greenhouse.Ginseng seedlings, derived from seeds sown directly at different densities (90, 108, 135, and 162 seeds per 1.62 ㎡), were cul-tivated in sandy loam soil within a blue plastic greenhouse. In contrast to the emergence rate, which decreased with anincrease of sowing density, number of survival plant showed an increasing trend. Interestingly, the emergence and numberof survival plant were significantly enhanced when 2 or 3 seeds were sown per hole compared with when one seed was sownper hole. Growth of the aerial parts of ginseng were not markedly influenced by sowing density or the number of seeds sown.However, chlorophyll content (SPAD values) increased with an increase in sowing density. Root parameters, such as rootlength, diameter, and weight, and the number of lateral roots decreased with an increase in sowing density, but were notnoticeably influenced by the number of seeds sown. Total saponin content was the highest in the treatment plot containing135 seeds. Similarly, the content of each ginsenoside was also tended to be higher in this treatment than in other treatmentplots. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it was possible to determine the optimal sowing density and seednumber for the direct sowing cultivation of ginseng in blue plastic greenhouse.Key Words : Ginseng, Direct Sowing, Sowing Density, Plastic Greenhouse