Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Scheme Research Articles

Novel Three-Hierarchy Multiple-Tag-Recognition Technique for Next Generation RFID Systems

In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag-recognition method based on blind source separation (BSS), graph-based automatic modulation classification (AMC), and direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS). In our proposed method, RFID tags can be modulated using different modulation schemes according to different scenarios (e.g., different users or different tag devices). For each modulation scheme, the direct-sequence spread-spectrum strategy is employed to allow simultaneous transmissions of multiple commands. In the signal separation phase, BSS is employed to separate different transmitted signals. Then in the first hierarchy of the recognition phase, different modulation types are adopted to distinguish different users, the graph-based AMC is built upon the periodicity of the modulated signals: the cyclic spectrum of the received signal is established; the graph representation is then constructed according to the cyclic spectrum. Ultimately, robust features are extracted from the graph representation. In the second hierarchy of the recognition phase, the DSSS scheme is utilized to differentiate the control or sensed data carried by individual tags; the signature sequence set with low cross-correlations can be generated from Kasami sequences. In the third hierarchy of the recognition phase, the information data are thus spread by these signature sequences. In our proposed new RFID framework, multiple tags can transmit signals simultaneously in the same frequency band where each tag signal can still be separated and identified and its carried information can be recovered. Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate the promising performance of our proposed new RFID scheme.

A Novel Approach to Signal Encryption: Improved Version of Conventional Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Scheme

A Novel Approach to Signal Encryption: Improved Version of Conventional Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Scheme

A Survey of Security Mechanisms with Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals

Security has long been a challenging problem in wireless networks, mainly due to its broadcast nature of communication. This opens up simple yet effective measures to thwart useful communications between legitimate radios. Spread spectrum technologies, such as direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), have been developed as effective countermeasures against, for example, jamming attacks. This paper surveys previous research on securing a DSSS channel even further, using physical layer attributes—keyless DSSS mechanisms, and watermarked DSSS (WDSSS) schemes. The former has been motivated by the fact that it is still an open question to establish and share the secret spread sequence between the transmitter and the receiver without being noticed by adversaries. The basic idea of the latter is to exploit the redundancy inherent in DSSS’s spreading process to embed watermark information. It can be considered a counter measure (authentication) for an intelligent attacker who obtains the spread sequence to generate fake messages. This paper also presents and evaluates an adaptive DSSS scheme that takes both jam resistance and communication efficiency into account. Category: Ubiquitous computing

Direct sequence spread spectrum point-to-point communication scheme in underwater acoustic sparse channels

Owing to multiple access capability, low probability of intercept and immunity against inter symbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation, direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) techniques have been utilised in both underwater acoustic (UWA) communication networks and reliable point-to-point communications. To overcome the severe impact of ISI in the UWA channels, we propose a novel multiple pseudo noise (PN) sequence DSSS scheme and analyse its performance in sparse time varying UWA channels. Analytical and simulation results show that using a few PN sequences can remove most of the multipath induced ISI. To further alleviate the ISI effect, we propose a simple ISI reduction algorithm. Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm along with the proposed DSSS scheme can effectively mitigates the effect of remaining ISI, especially in sparse multipath channels.

Analysis and optimization of direct sequence spread spectrum scheme for an unmanned aerial vehicle PPM control signal

Binary pulse-position modulated (PPM) control signal is widely used in remotely controlled unmanned aerial vehicles. It consists of data frames, which contain a synchronizing pulse followed by a number of shorter pulses equal to the number of channels N. In this paper we present analysis and optimization of direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) scheme for PPM control signal protection. That scheme uses (N+1) pseudonoise (PN) sequences: one of them (PN0) is assigned to the synchronizing pulse while the each of the remaining N sequences (PN1,PN2, . . . ,PNN) corresponds to the appropriate channel. At the receiving side, the set of (N+1) passive correlators is used to detect respective PN sequences and to reconstruct data. Onelevel and two-level detection are considered. Threshold settings optimization is based on the Neyman-Pearson procedure. As an additional performance measure we introduce probability of corruptive false alarms. Numerical results are presented.

Direct sequence spread spectrum scheme for an unmanned aerial vehicle PPM control signal protection

In this letter, a new direct sequence spread spectrum scheme for protection of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) binary pulse-position modulated (PPM)control signal is proposed. The UAV PPM control signal consists of data frames. Each of them contains a synchronizing pulse followed by a number of shorter pulses equal to the number of channels N. At the beginning of any pulse is the pause long 0.3ms. The proposed scheme uses (N + 1) pseudonoise (PN) codes: one of them (PN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ) is assigned to the synchronizing pulse while the each of the remaining N codes (PN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , PN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , ... PN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sub> ) corresponds to the appropriate channel. The same PN code is transmitted during the pause and the pulse which follows the pause. At the receiving side, the set of (N + 1) passive correlators is used to detect respective PN codes. Proposed scheme requires neither PN code tracking process nor data demodulation, so is resistant to timing jitter. Performance measures of the proposed scheme are calculated.

An improved hypothesis-feedback equalization algorithm for multicode direct-sequence spread-spectrum underwater communications

In underwater acoustic communication, because the available bandwidth of the channel is severely limited, the direct-sequence spread-spectrum scheme can only be realized at low bit rates. To improve the transmission speed, a multicode spread-spectrum scheme is considered. However, in this case, due to the rapid time-variability of the underwater channel, and the influence of inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-channel interference (ICI), the conventional rake receiver may fail to function. The hypothesis-feedback equalization algorithm has been proposed for the direct-sequence spread-spectrum system [1]. By updating coefficients at chip rate and feeding back hypothesized chips, it can track time-variability and combat ISI effectively. However, for a multicode system, its performance will be degraded by ICI. An improved algorithm is proposed in this paper, which combines parallel interference cancellation (PIC) with hypothesis-feedback equalization (HFE), with the capabilities of tracking the time-varying channel and suppressing the ISI and ICI at the same time. Simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the performance of a multicode system.

A general scheme for spectral efficiency evaluation of direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems

Typically, spectral efficiency, the throughput in bits/second/hertz, has been evaluated for fixed values of the bit error probability. We introduce a cutoff-rate-based approach to evaluation of the spectral efficiency of direct-sequence spread-spectrum schemes so that the results are independent of specific bit error rates or channel codes. Results are shown for M-ary phase-shift keyed modulation on the slow-fading Rician channel.

Simultaneous broadcasting of analog FM and digital audio signals by means of adaptive precanceling techniques

A method for broadcasting digital audio simultaneously with existing analog frequency modulation (FM) radio is presented. The method is based on precomputing the response of the host analog FM signal at the digital receiver and precanceling it at the transmitter. As a result, the digital transmission is free from interference from analog FM. We select the rate and power level of the digital transmission in a manner that the interference the digital data incur on the analog FM signal remains at acceptably low levels. The digital transmission is based on adaptive orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) (adaptive multicarrier). The frequencies and number of carriers of the digital multicarrier modem are judiciously selected in a time-varying fashion so as to cause a negligible distortion in a standard receiver for analog FM. Simulations based on conservative nonoptimized signal design indicate that data rates up to about 130 kb/s inside the 200-kHz FM channel are achievable for acoustic test signals. We present a number of numerical examples where the average digital data use up to 50% of the 200-kHz power spectrum with digital signal power levels 25-35 dB below the analog signal. Due to the resulting variable-rate digital transmission, a control channel is required. A method of precanceling with multiple orthogonal direct-sequence spread-spectrum schemes is also presented.