Direct-sequence Code-division Multiple-access Communication Systems Research Articles

Channel Estimation for DS-CDMA Rake Receiver using Sparse Recovery Approach

In the literature of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA), for issues related to channel estimation, some exclusive architectures have been proposed, which are characterized by known channel noise statistics and noise observation. But in reality, the channel parameters are frequently assessed utilizing training sequences that lead to difficulty in obtaining the channel noise statistics. Channel estimation quality has been proved to play an important role in the performance of rake receiver. This paper addresses the issues of optimizing DS–CDMA rake receiver channel estimation equipped with an Iterative least square sparse recovery (IL2SR) channel estimator. Moreover, the ambient noises corrupt the signal received and multiple-access interference further aggravates it. Because of this observation noises become hard to acquire. Hence this paper proposes as an iterative least square structure for channel estimation algorithm in rake receiver employed in DS-CDMA communication systems. Further, examination of blind channel estimation problem for rake-based DS-CDMA communication framework having multi-path fading channels with time variation is also attempted. The validity of the proposed techniques has been verified through results obtained from simulation for different channel parameters and spreading codes. Further exploration has been carried out with execution of the IL2SR with Rake receiver in DS-CDMA framework for multi-path fading channels. It is found that better performance is obtained with this framework under various channels with different spreading codes. The proposed system is compared with Kalman based techniques and it was found that DS-CDMA framework under additive white gaussian noise (AWGN)channel with IL2SR receiver reveals better outcomes in terms of bit error rate (BER). Also, there has been improvement in video quality while using the proposed IL2SR receiver with increase in the values of ratio of signal to noise ratio.

Robust Blind Multiuser Detection Algorithm Using Fourth-Order Cumulant Matrices

A new blind detection algorithm, based on fourth-order cumulant matrices, is presented and applied to the multiuser symbol estimation problem in direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. The blind detection is to estimate multiple symbol sequences in the downlink of a DS-CDMA communication system using only the received wireless data and without any knowledge of the user spreading codes. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of higher cumulant matrix properties to reduce the computational load and enhance the performance. Bit error rate simulations of this algorithm are performed for different numbers of users, signal-to-noise ratios, and numbers of symbols per user in comparison with the FastICA and RobustICA algorithms. The results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms both ICA-based detectors in estimating the symbol signals from the received mixed signals. Moreover, the proposed blind detector is computationally fast and exhibits high convergence speed in extracting user symbols.

PN CODE ACQUISITION USING SMART ANTENNA AND ADAPTIVE THRESHOLDING CFAR BASED ON ORDERED DATA VARIABILITY FOR CDMA COMMUNICATIONS

Recently, a novel approach for PN code acquisition of direct sequence code division multiple- access (DS-CDMA) systems in Rayleigh fading multipath channel was proposed in (1). The authors considered a combination of adaptive thresholding constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and smart antennas to increase the system capacity and consequently enhance the detection performance. This paper considers still the problem of PN code acquisition for DS-CDMA communication systems over Rayleigh fading channels under the presence of multipath and multiple-access interference (MAI) signals. We propose and analyze an adaptive array acquisition system, which integrates an adaptive thresholding technique based on ordered data variability (ODV) index constant false alarm rate (ODV-CFAR) and digital beamforming where a low complexity least mean square (LMS) algorithm is used to calculate the optimal weighting coe-cients. This approach is expected to mitigate interferences caused by the presence of multiple access interference and multipath. Unlike other approaches based on a flxed censoring point when the number of interferences is assumed known, ODV-CFAR processing does not require prior knowledge about the number of interferences. The simulation results show a robust performance of the proposed system in varying mobile communication channels.

Multiuser Detection Based on Adaptive LMS and Modified Genetic Algorithm in DS-CDMA Communication Systems

In this paper, we present an efficient evolutionary algorithm for the multi-user detection (MUD) problem in direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communication systems. The optimum detector for MUD is the maximum likelihood (ML) detector, but its complexity is very high and involves an exhaustive search to reach the best fitness of transmitted and received data. Thus, there has been considerable interest in suboptimal multiuser detectors with less complexity and reasonable performance. The proposed algorithm is a combination of adaptive LMS Algorithm and modified genetic algorithm (GA). Indeed the LMS algorithm provides a good initial response for GA, and GA will be applied for this response to reach the best answer. The proposed GA reduces the dimension of the search space and provides a suitable framework for future extension to other optimization algorithms. Our algorithm is compared to ML detector, Matched Filter (MF) detector, conventional detector with GA; and Adaptive LMS detector which have been used for MUD in DS-CDMA. Simulation results show that the performance of this algorithm is close to the optimal detector with very low complexity, and it works better in comparison to other algorithms.

Contribution to Synchronization and Tracking Modelisation in a CDMA Receiver

We propose and analyze a noncoherent receiver with PN code tracking for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communication systems. We employ the delay-lock loop (DLL) architectures for the tracking stage. The choice of DLL parameters is studied with special focus on DS-CDMA communication systems and orthogonality conditions. We described the modeling and simulation of the NCO using hardware description language VHDL. Details of the VHDL implementation are shown.

Statistical solution to the capacity problem in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communication systems

Capacity in the direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) communication system was considered according to the code acquisition performance with the conventional serial-search method, because code acquisition needs a difficult operation. Since capacity in DS/CDMA systems is defined by the maximum number of users that can simultaneously transmit their signals with the same carrier frequencies, assuring a larger capacity is very important in DS/CDMA systems with respect to the economy of frequency source. This paper reconsiders the capacity problem through a statistical approach to code acquisition. First, a DS/CDMA system model is reviewed. Second, properties of the counting method for code acquisition are discussed. It is proved that the method can acquire the target user's code under any number of interference users that simultaneously transmit their signals, and that the method can guarantee a considerable precision in code acquisition. Third, an observation time necessary for code acquisition is given from a statistical discussion, and the original counting method is modified into a simpler one. It is concluded that the capacity of the DS/CDMA communication system can be set by the ‘bit error-rate-based capacity or signal-to-noise ratio-based capacity’, i.e. ‘post-acquisition-based criterion’, rather than the ‘acquisition-based capacity’.

MU-MIMO Channel Adapted Precoding for MAI/ISI-Free Uplink Burst Transmission

This paper considers the uplink of a multiuser direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communication system based on burst transmission over frequency-selective channels. A new precoding method is presented that is able to take benefit from the space diversity introduced at the mobile transmitters and at the common receiver. User-specific spreading codes are designed so that filters matched to the total impulse responses can remove completely the interference and maximize the signal-and-interference-plus-noise ratios. It is analytically proved that an infinite number of solutions is available to orthogonalize the system. Three particular solutions are considered. A progressive solution is firstly proposed to provide orthogonality in a simple way. Then a near-optimum solution is proposed to orthogonalize the system while attempting to reduce the total transmitted power. The minimization of the total transmitted power is a complex problem of nonlinear optimization that can only be solved using an iterative algorithm. The third solution proposed is based on an iterative algorithm. Those three solutions are analyzed in term of their different performance for a varying number of transmit and receive antennas. A comparison is also provided with a system using a conventional set of binary codes and linear or decision-feedback minimum mean-square error joint detection. It is shown that the near-optimum and iterative solutions are the only ones that are able to fully benefit from the space diversity.

Pilot-aided data detection in DS-CDMA communication systems

The paper deals with the performance evaluation of a pilot-aided channel parameter estimation method suitable for applications in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) communication systems. Differently from previous approaches, a suitable selective interference cancellation algorithm is used in order to reduce multipath interference on the channel parameter estimation and the detection of the information-bearing signals due to pilot signal replicas. Simulation results demonstrate the good channel parameter estimation capability of the proposed method in the case of uplink communications and different types of receiving schemes. In order to highlight the good behavior of the proposed approach, performance comparisons are shown with the ideal case of perfect knowledge of the channel parameter values, as well as with the classical implementation of the considered channel parameter estimation algorithm.

Code timing acquisition for DS-CDMA in fading channels by differential correlations

We propose simple and efficient algorithms for the code timing acquisition in the direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communication system. The essential assumption is that a preamble or an unmodulated pilot channel is available for the desired user. Then the correlation matrix R(/spl tau/) of the sampled data, where /spl tau/ is suitably chosen time lag, contains the timing information only of desired user, while the contributions of uncorrelated interferers and noise are suppressed out. Hence, compared to the conventional approach, more interference suppression is achieved. Coarse delay estimates are then obtained by a matched filter (MF) or multiple signal classification-type approaches. In the latter case, only L eigenvectors are computed, where L is the number of resolvable paths. If only one path exists, an additional procedure is proposed to both approaches, by which the estimation accuracy is greatly improved with negligible increase in computation. More precisely, the chip timing offset due to chip-asynchronous sampling can be determined by solving a system of two second-order polynomials for each chip interval. Therefore, only at most 2C hypotheses are needed, where C is the processing gain. All the proposed methods are computationally quite simple, containing mainly MF-operations, or at most computation of only few eigenvectors. Mean acquisition time analysis is carried out semi-analytically. Numerical experiments speaks for the possibility of achieving significant performance gains compared to conventional acquisition, especially in the presence of strong multiple-access interference, making them attractive options to be attached for the next generation mobile receivers.

An overlapping window decorrelating multiuser detector for DS-CDMA radio channels

A new multiuser detector for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communication systems is described. The proposed detector divides the received signal stream into a number of overlapping windows and decorrelates them window by window. This scheme is justified by an analysis of the convergence and decay rate of the impulse response. Based on the results, a signal-adapted criterion is developed which enables one to determine the window length according to the near-far situation of a practical system. A performance analysis and simulation results show that a small to moderate window length is usually sufficient to yield a performance that is close to or even better than that of the ideal decorrelating detector.

DS-CDMA chip waveform design for minimal interference under bandwidth, phase, and envelope constraints

This paper investigates the effect of chip waveform shaping on the error performance, bandwidth confinement, phase continuity, and envelope uniformity in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communication systems employing offset quadrature modulation formats. An optimal design methodology is developed for the problem of minimizing the multiple-access interference power under various desirable signal constraints, including limited 99% and 99.9% power bandwidth occupancies, continuous signal phase, and near-constant envelope. The methodology is based on the use of prolate spheroidal wave functions to obtain a reduced-dimension discrete constrained optimization problem formulation. Numerous design examples are discussed to compare the performance achieved by the optimally-designed chip waveforms with other conventional schemes, such as offset quadrature phase-shift keying, minimum-shift keying (MSK), sinusoidal frequency-shift keying (SFSK), and time-domain raised-cosine pulses. In general, it is found that while the optimized chip pulses achieved substantial gains when no envelope constraints were imposed, these gains vanish when a low envelope fluctuation constraint was introduced. In particular, it is also shown that MSK is quasi-optimal with regard to the 99% bandwidth measure, while the raised-cosine pulse is equally good with both the 99% and 99.9% measures, but at the expense of some envelope variation. On the other hand, SFSK is quasi-optimal with regard to the 99.9% bandwidth occupancy, among the class of constant-to-low envelope variation pulses.

Design and analysis of trellis codes for orthogonal signal sets

This paper studies trellis codes to be used with orthogonal signal constellations. The intended application is in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communication systems. The problem of designing good codes is addressed showing how to construct trellis codes from block codes with good burst-error detecting capabilities. Several examples are given resulting in codes equivalent to those found previously by computer search (Ryan and Wilson, 1991). The procedure presented can be done by hand and is applicable for designing codes with long constraint lengths and large signal sets where a computer search becomes prohibitive. Performance of such coded systems can be determined through transfer functions of the specific codes used. A general transfer function is given which provides a reasonable approximation to the actual transfer function of good codes. Thus, a first-order approximation to the performance of a given system can be determined without actually going through the process of designing and analyzing a specific code. >