Opposite Direction Research Articles

Posttraumatic stress disorder and its cross-generational familial relationship with drug use disorder and alcohol use disorder: an extended Swedish adoption study

ABSTRACT Objective: Information on how parental risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relates to their children’s risk for drug use disorder (DUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is limited. This study is the first to utilize an extended adoption design which can address questions about the degree of, and sources of, cross-generational and cross-disorder transmission of PTSD and substance use disorders. Method: We examined diagnoses using Swedish National registries for parents and their adult offspring (n = 2,194,171, born 1960–1992) from six types of families (intact (1), not lived with biological father (2) or mother (3), step father (4), step mother (5), and adoptive (6)). Parent–child resemblance was assessed by tetrachoric correlation. Results: PTSD and DUD showed an approximately symmetrical cross-generational cross-disorder relationship. Conversely, AUD in parents was more related to the risk for PTSD in offspring compared to the reverse direction. The cross-disorder cross-generation transmission correlations for PTSD to DUD were higher than those for PTSD to AUD. Genetic and rearing correlations for PTSD-DUD were estimated at + .79 (CI: .66, .91) and + .49 (CI: .33, .65), significantly higher than those for PTSD-AUD + .59 (CI: .48, .71) and + .28 (CI: .12, .44). Conclusions: PTSD and the substance use disorders demonstrated cross-transmission, but more so for DUD. PTSD and DUD demonstrated highly correlated genetic effects, and moderately correlated rearing effects. Correlations of genetic and rearing effects between PTSD and AUD were lower than those for PTSD and DUD.

Experimental determination of lateral sway of a pneumatic spring when passing through a railroad switch in conditions of provision of high-speed trains` safety

Experimental determination of lateral sway of a pneumatic spring when passing through a railroad switch in conditions of provision of high-speed trains` safety

An Underactuated Dexterous Hand with Novel Bidirectional Self-Locking Joints for Multiple Fingertip Active Motion Trajectories

This paper proposes an underactuated dexterous hand with novel bidirectional self-locking joints (BSJs) that enable multiple fingertip motion trajectories. The BSJ design integrates a locking wheel, rack, finger side walls, and a self-holding electromagnetic actuator, combining rack-and-pinion transmission with friction self-locking principles. Building on the BSJ concept, an underactuated dexterous hand is developed. The study begins with an analysis of BSJ’s deviation angle, establishing the minimum deviation angle critical to its operation. A detailed mechanical model of a BSJ is formulated, and its parameters are quantitatively analyzed to determine a safety static friction coefficient (0.177). Five distinct finger motion modes are designed and kinematic analysis focuses on the index finger and the generation of 57 unique fingertip active motion trajectories. Experimental validation included single finger performance tests that confirmed the diversity of fingertip trajectories and the hand’s ability to withstand loading in both forward and reverse directions. Through envelope and precision grasping experiments, the dexterous hand demonstrated its adaptability and ability to grasp objects of various sizes and shapes, such as strawberries, apples, student ID cards, and water bottles. This capability underscores its potential for a wide range of applications, from prosthetic hands for rehabilitation, where precision and adaptability are key, to robotic hands in industrial automation, offering flexibility in diverse tasks.

Bidirectional relationship between olfaction and Parkinson’s disease

Hyposmia (decreased smell function) is a common early symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The shared genetic architecture between hyposmia and PD is unknown. We leveraged genome-wide association study (GWAS) results for self-assessment of ‘ability to smell’ and PD diagnosis to determine shared genetic architecture between the two traits. Linkage disequilibrium score (LDSC) regression found that the sense of smell negatively correlated at a genome-wide level with PD. Local Analysis of [co]Variant Association (LAVA) found negative correlations in four genetic loci near GBA1, ANAPC4, SNCA, and MAPT, indicating shared genetic liability only within a subset of prominent PD risk genes. Using Mendelian randomization, we found evidence for a strong causal relationship between PD and liability towards poorer sense of smell, but weaker evidence for the reverse direction. This work highlights the heritability of olfactory function and its relationship with PD heritability and provides further insight into the association between PD and hyposmia.

Transition from random self-propulsion to rotational motion in a non-Markovian microswimmer

Abstract We study the motion of an inertial microswimmer in a non-Newtonian environment with a finite memory and present the theoretical realization of an unexpected transition from its random self-propulsion to rotational (circular or elliptical) motion. Further, the rotational motion of the swimmer is followed by spontaneous local direction reversals yet with a steady state angular diffusion. Moreover, the advent of this behaviour is observed in the oscillatory regime of the inertia-memory parameter space of the dynamics. We quantify this unconventional rotational motion of microswimmer by measuring the time evolution of direction of its instantaneous velocity or orientation. By solving the generalized Langevin model of non-Markovian dynamics of an inertial active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle, we show that the emergence of the rotational (circular or elliptical) trajectory is due to the presence of both inertial motion and memory in the environment.

Enhanced Power Extraction via Hybrid Pitching Motion in an Oscillating Wing Energy Harvester with Leading Flap

This study applied a hybrid pitching motion for an oscillating wing with a leading flap aimed at enhancing energy extraction efficiency. In the first half of the cycle, the hybrid pitching motion begins with a non-sinusoidal pitching motion for 0.0 ≤ t/T ≤ 0.25, transitioning to a sinusoidal pitching motion for 0.25 < t/T ≤ 0.50. The latter half of the motion mirrors the first one but moves toward the reverse direction. Hybrid motions combine the benefits of non-sinusoidal and sinusoidal pitching motions, enhancing the optimization of pitch angle variation. The findings show that hybrid motions for the wing fitted with an attached leading flap outperform both the single plate and the wing with an attached flap using sinusoidal pitching motion. The simulation was conducted with flap lengths ranging from 30% to 45% of the chord length and examined maximum pitching angles of the wing and the attached leading flap between 80° to 95° and 25° to 60°, respectively. By setting the pitch angles of the wing and leading flap to 85° and 45°, respectively, with the wing comprising 65% of the total length and the leading flap 35%, the proposed hybrid pitching motion with the leading flap generates a maximum power output of 1.276 that surpasses that of a sinusoidal pitching motion of 0.963 on an oscillating flat plate by 32.50%. This combination of hybrid pitching motion and a wing flap configuration is effective in improving the performance.

A Latency Composition Analysis for Telerobotic Performance Insights Across Various Network Scenarios

Telerobotics involves the operation of robots from a distance, often using advanced communication technologies combining wireless and wired technologies and a variety of protocols. This application domain is crucial because it allows humans to interact with and control robotic systems safely and from a distance, often performing activities in hazardous or inaccessible environments. Thus, by enabling remote operations, telerobotics not only enhances safety but also expands the possibilities for medical and industrial applications. In some use cases, telerobotics bridges the gap between human skill and robotic precision, making the completion of complex tasks requiring high accuracy possible without being physically present. With the growing availability of high-speed networks around the world, especially with the advent of 5G cellular technologies, applications of telerobotics can now span a gamut of scenarios ranging from remote control in the same room to robotic control across the globe. However, there are a variety of factors that can impact the control precision of the robotic platform and user experience of the teleoperator. One such critical factor is latency, especially across large geographical areas or complex network topologies. Consequently, military telerobotics and remote operations, for example, rely on dedicated communications infrastructure for such tasks. However, this creates a barrier to entry for many other applications and domains, as the cost of dedicated infrastructure would be prohibitive. In this paper, we examine the network latency of robotic control over shared network resources in a variety of network settings, such as a local network, access-controlled networks through Wi-Fi and cellular, and a remote transatlantic connection between Finland and the United States. The aim of this study is to quantify and evaluate the constituent latency components that comprise the control feedback loop of this telerobotics experience—of a camera feed for an operator to observe the telerobotic platform’s environment in one direction and the control communications from the operator to the robot in the reverse direction. The results show stable average round-trip latency of 6.6 ms for local network connection, 58.4 ms when connecting over Wi-Fi, 115.4 ms when connecting through cellular, and 240.7 ms when connecting from Finland to the United States over a VPN access-controlled network. 255,235,61. These findings provide a better understanding of the capabilities and performance limitations of conducting telerobotics activities over commodity networks, and lay the foundation of our future work to use these insights for optimizing the overall user experience and the responsiveness of this control loop.

Dynamics of Poisson-Boltzmann equations: “Hidden” mechanisms for Gouy-Chapman layer and beyond

In this work a dynamical system approach is taken to systematically investigate the one-dimensional classical Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation with various boundary conditions. This framework has a unique advantage of a geometric view of the dynamical systems, which allows one to reveal and examine critical features of the PB models. More specifically, we are able to reveal the mechanism of Gouy-Chapman layer: the presence of an equilibrium for the PB equation, including equilibrium-at-infinity for Gouy-Chapman's original setup as the limiting case. Several other critical, somehow counterintuitive, features revealed in this work are the saturation phenomenon of surface charge density, the uniform boundedness of electric pressure (given length) and of length (given electric pressure) in surface charge, and the critical length for a reversal of electric force direction. All have a common mechanism: the presence of an equilibrium for the PB equation. We believe that the critical features presented from the classical PB models persist for modified PB systems up to a certain degree.By all means, these findings are by chance which is probably why the mechanism has been missing after the phenomenon of Gouy-Chapmann layer and alike had been discovered for very long. Only when viewed from the nonlinear dynamical systems theory, these results become rather apparent.

Unpicking Causal Relationships Between Grip Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study.

Understanding the dominant direction of association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and grip strength could help refine physical activity recommendations. We performed a Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to elucidate the bidirectional relationship between CRF and grip strength (GS). Using an inverse-variance weighted (IVW) MR framework, we estimated the strength of the GS (exposure)-CRF (outcome) association using genome-wide association summary data. When examining the CRF (exposure)-GS (outcome) association, the CRF genetic instrument was related to individual-level GS phenotypic data in 367 693 UK Biobank participants. Several sensitivity analyses were performed (e.g., MR-Egger, MR-weighted median estimator and MR-PRESSO) and both measures were scaled by body weight (w). In the direction GS-to-CRF, a 1-unit increase in GSw (i.e., GS/weight) was associated with 1.70 mL/kg/min (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14,2.27) higher CRFw (IVW model). This finding persisted across most sensitivity analyses. In the reverse direction, there was no evidence supporting an effect of CRFw on GSw, e.g., a 1-unit increase in CRFw led to a 0.00 kg/kg (95% CI: -0.01,0.02) higher GSw (IVW model). Our finding of a dominant direction of association from greater GS to higher CRF is relevant when considering how to promote physical activity guidelines. For example, placing too much emphasis on improving/maintaining CRF is unlikely to result in maximum benefits for other fundamental components of physical fitness, particularly muscle strength.

Coalescence performance of Janus filter for the removal of oil mist

The wettability has an important effect on coalescence performance of filter. In this paper, we utilized a commercial glass fiber filter as the substrate to prepared the Janus filter through dip-coating and electrospraying. The Janus filter exhibited a remarkable reduction in pressure drop, with only 2.8 kPa of wet pressure drop compared to 6.1 kPa for the original filter and 5.4 kPa for the oleophilic filter. Notably, the coating depth played a critical role in enhancing the coalescence performance of the Janus filter. Furthermore, when placing the Janus filter in reverse direction, its quality factor increased by 2.87 times, highlighting that orientation is an essential factor for coalescence performance of Janus filters. The results indicate great potential in the application of Janus filters for coalescence filtration.

Simulations on perturbation growth and mixing of a shocked light fluid layer with two different interfaces

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of a light fluid layer with two different interface modes is studied numerically. By fixing the wavelength of the second interface (I2) while varying that of the first interface (I1), we examine distinct cases with identical wavelengths at both interfaces, as well as smaller or larger wavelengths at I1, to explore the effects of initial layer configurations on instability development. The larger wavelength interface significantly transmits modes to the smaller wavelength interface, whereas mode transmission in the reverse direction is limited. This results in two primary consequences: (i) the smaller wavelength interface and the overall mixing layer evolve periodically with the larger wavelength; (ii) compared to the identical wavelength case, the linear amplitude growth duration of I2 is slightly extended for the smaller I1 wavelength case, but significantly prolonged for the larger I1 wavelength case. The linear amplitude growth rate of I2 for all cases can be predicted by the model of Jacobs et al. [J. Fluid Mech., vol. 195, 23–42 (1995)]. For cases with identical wavelengths and larger I1 wavelengths, the collisions of finger structures at both interfaces occur earlier, suppressing the growth of mixing width at early times while enhancing the mixed mass. In the later stages, the overall mixing efficiency in these cases significantly declines, despite continuous increases in both mixing width and mixed mass. This decline is attributed to severe deformation of the mixing layer due to interactions between finger structures, confining intense mixing to localized regions.

The effects of flexibility on the formation and evolution of wake vortices behind a heaving plate

The kinematics of vortical structures behind heaving plates with different flexibility has been investigated using particle image velocimetry. The rectangular plates with different thicknesses undergo a trapezoidal velocity profile (acceleration–steady–deceleration). The Reynolds number Rec based on the chord length and the steady velocity is 5330. The formation and evolution processes of the wake vortices are investigated, with the focus on the comparison between the rigid wing and flexible wings. Wake vortices for the rigid wing initiated near the plate edges, while for flexible wings vortices initiated near the quarter-chord from the edges and slid toward the edges as the plates deform and move forward. During the first half cycle (moving forward), both the vortex trajectories and circulation indicate a global two-stage growth of the starting vortices for all the plates, corresponding to the acceleration and steady motion stages, respectively. The flexible plates have larger wake width and attain higher peak circulation initially; however, the circulation for the rigid plate achieves higher peak value during the steady stage. During the second half cycle (moving backward), the vortex trajectories present a two-stage process; however, the circulation is a single growth and decay process. Besides, detailed study reveals that during the acceleration, the circulation grows rapidly and there is a small decay at the end of the acceleration, thus forming the local peak for the first stage. The vortex trajectories for the flexible plates show greater range transversely, as well as the motion reversal in the streamwise direction.

Knowing How to Plan about Planning: Higher-order and Meta-level Epistemic Planning

Automated planning in AI and the logics of knowing how have close connections. In the recent literature, various planning-based know-how logics have been proposed and studied, making use of several notions of planning in AI. In this paper, we explore the reverse direction by using a multi-agent logic of knowing how to do know-how-based planning via model checking and theorem proving/satisfiability checking. Based on our logical framework, we propose two new classes of related planning problems: higher-order epistemic planning and meta-level epistemic planning, which generalize the current genre of epistemic planning in the literature. The former is for planning about planning, i.e., planning with higher-order goals that are again about epistemic planning, e.g., finding a plan for an agent to make sure p such that the adversary does not know how to make p false in the future. The latter is about planning at the meta-level by abstract reasoning combining knowledge-how from different agents, e.g., given that i knows how to prove a lemma and i knows j knows how to prove the theorem once the lemma is proved, we should derive that i knows how to let j knows how to prove the theorem. To make these possible, our framework features not only the operators of know-that and know-how but also a temporal operator □, which can help in capturing both the local and global knowledge-how. We axiomatize this powerful logic over finite models with perfect recall and show its decidability. We also give a PTIME algorithm for the model checking problem over finite models.

High-performance speed control for three-phase induction motor based on reverse direction algorithm and artificial neural network

High-performance speed control for three-phase induction motor based on reverse direction algorithm and artificial neural network

A deep learning method based on CNN-BiGRU and attention mechanism for proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance degradation prediction

The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) will gradually deteriorate during long-term operation. Accurate performance degradation prediction is crucial for extending the lifespan and improve the durability of fuel cells. This paper proposes a deep learning method (CNN-BiGRU-AM) that incorporates convolutional neural network (CNN), bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) and attention mechanism (AM) for fuel cell degradation prediction. In the proposed method, CNN extracts complex features from the input data through convolutional operations, BiGRU models temporal information by considering both forward and reverse directions of the input sequence, and attention mechanism highlights key information in the input data through weight allocation. The proposed method is validated using long-term experimental data from fuel cells under steady-state and quasi-dynamic conditions. The results indicate that the absolute error of the proposed method is less than 1.2mV for 97.94% of the data samples under steady-state conditions and less than 1.2mV for 94.82% of the data samples under quasi-dynamic conditions. The prediction accuracy and stability of the proposed method are significantly improved compared to other deep learning prediction methods.

PRE-CORRECTION OF PHASE-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL FILTERS

The article is devoted to the synthesis of a digital filter computer model with zero phase-frequency characteristic. A predetermined structural implementation of the digital filter with zero phase-frequency response is based on double filtering of the signal in the forward and reverse directions, as well as on filters with a finite impulse response. This article discusses the implementation of a filter with zero phase-frequency response based on filters with infinite impulse response. The implementation of pre-correction of the phase-frequency response of the filter is achieved due to the use of the two-channel structural diagram with the input signal spectrum transfer. The complexity of using filters with an infinite impulse response is associated with its nonlinearity, which requires pre-correction in order to linearize the phase-frequency response. The article discusses both a mathematical model of signal passage through a block diagram and a computer model in the Matlab-Simulink environment in static and dynamic modes.

Troubleshooting heparin resistance.

The term heparin resistance is likely best defined as the failure of an appropriate dose of unfractionated heparin (UFH) to achieve a predetermined level of anticoagulation. Unfortunately, and despite many prior reports, there is no established consensus as to what either the appropriate dose or the predetermined level should be. Traditionally, assays used to monitor anticoagulation with UFH have been clot based, including the activated partial thromboplastin time, used for patients on the ward or intensive care unit, and the activated clotting time, used for patients undergoing vascular interventions and cardiopulmonary bypass. Unfortunately, these tests may be highly influenced by other factors occurring in many patients, especially those with inflammation or acute infection, as noted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many hospitals have thus moved to anti-Xa testing for heparin monitoring. Another important factor in defining heparin resistance includes dosing, whether weight-based or total daily dosing is used, as initial reports of heparin resistance described daily doses independent of body weight. Multiple causes of apparent heparin resistance include hypercoagulability, antithrombin deficiency, andexanet alfa used for direct oral anticoagulant reversal, thrombocytosis, and antiphospholipid antibody syndromes. Treatment options for managing patients with heparin resistance include weight-based dosing and administration of additional UFH, antithrombin supplementation, or the use of an alternative anticoagulant such as the direct thrombin inhibitors bivalirudin or argatroban.

Failure to Drain: Expert Resistance and Environmental Thought in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic

Abstract Historical scholarship has long highlighted the extensive landscape interventions initiated by state agents, early capitalists and experts in the early modern period, and pointed to the fierce, often violent resistance they evoked from local and rural communities. Such an approach risks narrowly aligning expertise with intervention in the service of states or capitalist elites and positioning experts in direct opposition to people. This article uses the history of land reclamation in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic, usually told as a harmonious success story of premodern human intervention in nature, to explore the nature and politics of expertise and environmental thought as different elites clashed. Focusing on the proposed but not executed drainage of the Haarlemmermeer, it demonstrates how experts came to act as agents of resistance who argued for conservation and caution rather than intervention, and shows we can use expert exchanges to gain better insight into the divisive nature of environmental thought in the early modern period.

Diurnal variation in an amplified canopy urban heat island during heat wave periods in the megacity of Beijing: roles of mountain–valley breeze and urban morphology

Abstract. Against the background of global warming and rapid urbanization, heat waves (HWs) have become increasingly prevalent, amplifying canopy urban heat island intensity (CUHII). The megacity of Beijing, characterized by rapid urbanization, frequent high-temperature events, and exceptionally complex terrain, presents a unique case to study the synergies between HWs and canopy urban heat islands (CUHIs). However, research exploring the formation mechanisms of the amplified CUHII (ΔCUHII) during HW periods in the megacity of Beijing from the perspectives of mountain–valley breeze and urban morphology remains scarce. This study found that compared to non-heat-wave (NHW) periods, the average daily CUHII during HW periods significantly increased by 59.33 %. On the urban scale, the wind direction reversal of the mountain–valley breeze might contribute to the north–south asymmetry in the ΔCUHII. On the street scale, wind speed was inversely proportional to the ΔCUHII. In addition, the ΔCUHII was closely related to urban morphology, particularly the three-dimensional indicators of buildings. During the mountain breeze phase, high-rise buildings with lower sky view factors (SVFs) had a more pronounced effect on amplifying CUHII compared to low-rise buildings with higher SVFs. Conversely, during the valley breeze phase, high-rise buildings exerted a dual influence on amplifying CUHII. Our findings provide scientific insights into the driving mechanisms of urban overheating and contribute to mitigating the escalating risks associated with urban excess warming.

Bidirectional DC/DC Converter Based on Interleaved Parallel Buck/Boost Cascades CLLLC

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a two‐stage bidirectional DC/DC converter is suggested to handle the energy transfer for electric vehicles between high‐voltage and low‐voltage batteries. The converter enables bidirectional power transfer, a broad range of input voltage, and a high ratio of voltage. The front stage adopts the bidirectional CLLLC resonant converter, which possesses excellent soft switching characteristics because of its symmetrical structure in both forward and reverse directions. Open‐loop fixed frequency control is used in the forward direction to set the working frequency of the switching transistors near the resonance frequency, and the voltage and current double closed loop control is employed to achieve a constant voltage ratio and efficient power transmission in the reverse direction. The rear stage adopts an interleaved parallel bidirectional Buck/Boost converter, and the interleaved parallel structure helps to lessen the output current ripple. The duty cycle secondary distribution method is used on the basis of the voltage and current double closed loop control to regulate the output voltage and make the converter operate stably. The principle and characteristics of the bidirectional DC/DC converter are analyzed, and by modeling and experimentation, the theoretical analysis's viability and correctness are confirmed.