Direct Refusal Research Articles

Refusal Politeness Strategies of The Main Characters in ‘It Starts with Us’ A Novel by Colleen Hoover

This study aims to analyze the types of refusal politeness strategies used by or towards the main characters in ‘It Starts with Us’ a novel that was published in late 2022 by Colleen Hoover, which was a sequel for the previous book by the same author titled ‘It Ends with Us’. To reveal the refusal politeness strategies, the researcher decided to use the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987), and the data were then analyzed by using qualitative descriptive. The result of this research were the 9 data , which contained the refusal politeness strategies. All nine of the data mentioned in this study are direct refusal,with predominantly positive politeness strategies, with six of nine data being positive politeness strategies, but the variety employed varied. The remaining three data were negative politeness strategies, which is composed of two indirect strategies and an apology.

“Finding a Way To Say ‘No’”: Library Employees' Responses to Sexual Harassment as Emotional Labour

ABSTRACTPatron‐perpetrated sexual harassment (PPSH) is a form of gender‐based violence and a pervasive problem in libraries. However, contending with PPSH requires the performance of emotional labour by library workers because of workplace cultures and professional values that prioritize patron and institutional comfort. To better understand library workers' emotional labour as they respond to PPSH, we analyzed 510 survey responses where participants shared their experiences of, their responses to, and feelings about, PPSH. Three responsive strategies emerged: acceptance, indirect refusal, or direct refusal. Overwhelmingly, library workers reported negative emotions about the incidents. Despite these negative feelings, library workers consistently responded to PPSH by performing emotional labour that upheld “polite and professional” values. Our findings raise concerning questions for the field of library and information studies about the implicit and explicit expectations placed on library workers to perform emotional labour in response to PPSH, particularly within the context of a feminized profession and with the knowledge that PPSH harms library workers. Our goal is to support library workers and their institutions to “find a way to say ‘no’” to gender‐based violence in the workplace.

English Literature Students’ Pragmatic Knowledge: Analysis of Strategy and Politeness of Refusal

This study investigates and describes English literature students’ pragmatic knowledge in uttering English refusal statements in different situations (request, invitation, suggestion, offering). The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe students’ refusal strategy and politeness strategy while uttering English refusal. The participants in this study consisted of twenty-five undergraduate students, 7 males and 18 females, enrolled in the second and sixth semesters of the English literature department of Diponegoro University. The only instrument used by researchers in this study was a questionnaire based on Beebe et al.’s (1990) work. The result showed that the students use direct and indirect refusal strategies to refuse something. Most students prefer a direct refusal strategy to the interlocutors who are their peers (friends) or subordinates. However, some students (higher semester) prefer indirect strategies with their peers in some situations. It means that the students respect their interlocutor even though they are in a higher position. Moreover, in the politeness strategy, they use two types of strategies which are deference and solidarity politeness strategy. However, the students (higher semester) prefer to use the deference politeness strategy.

REFUSAL APPLIED IN "ALADDIN MOVIE"

This descriptive qualitative research discovered to investigate the types of refusal in Aladdin movie. This movie was modified by the folklore Aladdin in the Walt Disney Pictures, the folklore was made by Terry Rossio. Then, there were the types of refusal, namely indirect refusal, direct refusal, and adjunct refusal. This study was applied the theory by Felix brasdefer, (2008) and Houck, (1999). The most common reason for using indirect refusal than direct and adjunct refusal because it can minimize the negative effect (FTA) of the hearer. This research was using an observational method and a non-participatory method by Sudaryanto's theory. Then, the data was analyzed using the pragmatics identity method. Meanwhile, the finding results of frequently of this research were found 21 data of indirect refusal, 13 data of direct refusal, and 9 data of adjunct refusal. Based on data source, the character of Aladdin mostly used indirect refusal statement.

Refusal Strategies Used by EFL Learners of English Study Program in Riau, Indonesia

This research shed light on the types of refusal strategies employed by the EFL learners of the English Study Program of Universitas Riau. This is using a descriptive qualitative study. The participants of this research involved 35 EFL students of the English Study Program selected by using the cluster random sampling method. The data was acquired using a DCT (Discourse Completion Task) as the instrument that contains some situations in which students were supposed to expressing their refusal. The result showed that the students used three kinds of strategies in giving refusals. Indirect refusal is the most strategy used by the students to interact in their daily life. One strategy which is not used by the students is direct refusal by using a performative statement.

A Cross-Cultural Study of Refusal Speech Acts in China, Korea, and America

This study compared refusal strategies used by speakers from three cultural groups whose native languages are Chinese, Korean, and American English respectively, from the perspective of cross-cultural communication based on Discourse Completion Task (DCT). Results show that generally speaking, all groups employed indirect refusal strategy more frequently than direct refusal strategy and adjuncts to refusal strategy, but the American subjects used direct refusals and adjuncts to refusals significantly more frequently than Chinese and Korean subjects. Besides, it was also found that the Korean subjects tended to be more direct than the Chinese subjects and showed a tendency towards the American subjects. Finally, with regard to the refuser’s social status, it was observed that all the three groups employed adjuncts to refusal strategy more frequently to lower status interlocutors than to higher status interlocutors.

Disagreeing in Tunisian Arabic: a Politeness and Pragmatic Study

This research is a pragmatic and politeness study that deals with the speech act of disagreement in Tunisian Arabic, a variety of Arabic spoken in Tunisia. It accounts for disagreement in relation to the contextual factors of Social Distance, Social Power, and Rank of Imposition. Discourse Completion Test (DCT) is used to study the production of disagreement. Data was collected from a group of native speakers of Tunisian Arabic at “Institut Supérieur des Langues de Tunis, Tunisia”. Native speakers of TA used a variety of strategies, which were identified in other languages (e.g., Direct Refusal, Suggestion, Giving Account, and Request…) along with new strategies (e.g., Teasing, Unsympathetic advice, Challenge, and Criticism).The identification and quantification of the strategies of disagreement also helped develop insights into the Tunisian culture.

STRATEGIES OF POLITENESS USED BY THE AMBONESE IN REFUSING INVITATIONS

The aims of this research is to determine the strategies of politeness refusal used by the Ambonese in refusing invitations, and to determine the effects of social relationship towards the strategies of politeness used by the Ambonese in refusing invitations, The research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were collected from direct observation by recording the conversations in any situation between the interlocutors. The data were analyzed based on Yassi’s six models of politeness system, and classifies the strategies of politeness which are formulated by Brown and Levinson, The results show that Ambonese speakers mostly use long refusal sequences, In the interaction between the strangers, Ambonese speakers tend to use bald on record strategy such as direct refusal as a head act of refusals sequence, In intimate relationship, Ambonese speakers tend to combine addressed form, reason, promise, joke or offer new solution as positive politeness strategy. In hierarchal relationship, Ambonese speakers tend to use negative politeness strategies such as give deference and expressing apology by an inferior to a superior person, Culturally, Ambonese people tend to be influenced by Pela gandong to maintain the solidarity in responding and addressing.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ «КОРЕНИЗАЦИИ» ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ И КУЛЬТУРНЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЙ КАБАРДИНО-БАЛКАРИИ В СВЕТЕ НОВЫХ АРХИВНЫХ ДОКУМЕНТОВ

The problems of indigenization in the North Caucasus in domestic historiography are considered in the chronological framework of 1920-1930., although these processes really began in the imperial period. After the end of the Caucasian war, the royal government is looking for ways to adapt the mountain peoples into the Russian socio-cultural space, turning the region that absorbing huge material and human resources to the region enriching the country. The imperial experience of managing the region in the end led to awareness of the need to attract the authorities of representatives of the elite from the number of indigenous people. The Bolsheviks took into account the mistakes of their predecessors, and were able to give acceleration to the pace of integration of the Highlanders to the Soviet social and cultural space. They did not fail to take advantage of the experience of the imperial administration in terms of attracting representatives of the autochthonous population into local governments. At the same time, without becoming his class approach, the Bolsheviks opened access to the social elevators to most Highlanders, which cut off representatives of the pre-revolutionary elite. In modern Russia, against the background of strengthening the challenges of globalization, leveling ethnic cultures, individual events of the Soviet nationality are of interest so far, for example, the practice of indigenization. Kabardino-Balkaria more than once turned out to be in the forefront of the Sovietization of the North Caucasus. Part of the events, of course, found the support of the main part of the population. But, in most of them, the population participated voluntarily forcibly, as a direct refusal would be more expensive. The article is based on new archival sources identified in the Funds of the State Archives of the Russian Federation (which are submitted below in this issue), documents from other archives and the latest research on the issue. In general, this made it possible to understand the origins of the process in the imperial period, its logical continuation and national-regional features of the implementation of the indigenization policy in the Soviet Kabardino-Balkaria. Multi-valued for the purposes and objectives, methods of implementation and specific results, this policy is characterized by unprecedented efforts to strengthen state and cultural institutions by national personnel. But much less researchers talk about the shadow side of the problem, which in modern conditions it is necessary to know for accounting in practical activities both positive and negative lessons to solve the Soviet rule of tasks associated with the national issue.

The Refusal Speech Act in "Me Before You" Movie

This study aimed at identifying the strategies in refusal in Me Before You. This movie was adapted by the novel and the writer’s name is Jojo Moyes. Refusal has two types, they are indirect and direct refusal. Indirect refusal is mostly used because it can decrease the negative effect (FTA) of refusal itself. The strategies of indirect refusal are found alternative, reason and explanation, request for aditional information, apology or regret, repetition of part previous discourse, and posponement. The study applied an observational method and non-participatory technique by Sudaryanto. Then, this study applied pragmatics method to analyze the data. The finding showed that there were 5 utterances that contained request for additional information and this strategy was mostly used by the characters in this movie.

Tindak Tutur Penolakan Bahasa Jepang oleh Mantan Kenshuusei (Pekerja Magang di Jepang)

This study is intended to describe the speech act strategy of rejection in Japanese language by former apprentices (kenshuusei). The descriptive qualitative method used in this research is under the approach of interlanguage pragmatic study because the participants are foreign speakers of Japanese. The data were collected using the oral-discourse completion test technique. The findings of this study have shown three types of refusal processes, namely 1) pre-refusal - main refusal - post refusal; 2) pre-refusal - the main refusal; and 3) major refusal - post refusal. In the refusal utterances, there are 2 forms of refusal, namely direct refusal and indirect refusal. The strategies used in refusing are apology strategy, refusal reason strategy, alternative statement strategy, hope statement strategy, future demand strategy, negation form, fukushi, and aizuchi. The refusal strategies mostly used by former apprentices are the excuse strategy for refusal and almost all refusal speeches also use apologies.

THE REFUSAL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PRE-SERVICE EFL TEACHERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN JAVANESE AND SUMATRANS

Refusing is a part of commissive speech acts. Refusing is a face-threatening act (FTA) that needs a good pragmatic competence since it probably gives risk to the interlocutor's positive or negative face. However, it indicates that people from various cultural backgrounds employ dissimilar refusal strategies. This study aimed at providing a comparison of refusal strategies used between Javanese Pre-service English Teachers (JPETs) and Sumatranese Pre-service English Teachers (SPETs) in accordance with different levels of power. The data were elicited from the DCT given to 10 JPETs and 10 SPETs. The participants were asked to fill the DCTs with written responses in which each DCT described different contexts and settings. Based on the analysis, JPETs and SPETs employed similar strategies in refusing to a request. The difference was only on the frequency usage of a certain strategy. Furthermore, all of the indirect strategies were applied to refuse a request meanwhile only a strategy comes from a direct strategy called the negation of proposition that is applied. A direct refusal strategy call bluntness was not applied. This study evoked pre-service awareness of pragmatic competence which could be taught to their future students and larger participants were encouraged for future study.

Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Comparing Refusal Patterns between Native speakers of British English (NS) And Non-native speaker Saudi’s (NNS) who study in the UK

The speech act of refusal is an area that has been considered by a variety of researchers. However, to date a specific comparison of native speakers of British English (NS) with nonnative (NNS) Saudi speakers has not been undertaken. This study fills this gap by exploring the similarities and differences in the refusal strategies of British English (NS) and (NNS) Saudis studying in the United Kingdom (UK). For the study, 33 subjects were asked to respond to 10 different scenarios, where they were required to carry out the speech act of refusal, allowing for data collection through a Discourse Completion Test. The resultant data was analysed in terms of semantic formulas and categorised according to the Beebe et al’s (1990) refusal taxonomy. The results suggested differences between the two groups in refusal performance. Regret or saying “sorry”, accompanied by excuses and explanations were the preferred formula for refusal in both groups, although direct refusal strategies were also relied on by the two groups. This suggests a basis for the application of Brown and Levinson’s, (1987), politeness model in terms of universality. The choice of direct refusals for the NNS Saudi’s also suggests the influence of British culture in respondents’ realizations of refusals in English. From the research, it is suggested that refusal strategies and patterns are greatly influenced by native language and that the amount of time spent by NNS Saudis in the UK has an impact on their refusal strategies. The impact of this is that in order for NNS to develop appropriate pragmatic ability there is a need to recognize the influence of native language on refusal strategies in a second language as well as the experience of speaking with NS speakers. Further work is thus needed to understand the levels of impact of these two areas.

Refusal Strategies in the Movie The Walking Dead

This research discussed refusal strategies used by the characters in the movie The Walking Dead in season 9 featuring 16 episodes. This research aimed to find out type of refusal strategies and the mostly used by the characters in the movie. This research focused on Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss-Weltz’s theory about direct and indirect refusal. Then, the data were analyzed by using qualitative descriptive method. To get the data, it used subtitle itself on the movie by watching all of episodes to find out valid data. The research results show that there are 35 data. There were 18 direct refusal, 13 indirect refusal and four data that used two strategies in one conversation. Therefore, the mostly used is direct refusal, 18 times. Direct refusal used non-performative statement and negative willingness while indirect refusal used as giving reason, explanation, attempt to dissuade interlocutor, statement of regret, avoidance (verbal and non-verbal), unspecific reply, and adjuncts to refusal that is appreciation.

A Comparative Study of Gender Differences in Refusal Strategies from English Majors

Based on Geoffrey Leech's politeness principle (1975), Brown and Levinson's face saving and face threatening theory (1987), this paper is a comparative study of the gender differences in the refusal strategies employed by the English majors. The DCT (Discourse Completing Test) from Tanck Sharyl (2004) is modified in this study. The results of this study show that both male and female students of the English majors use the refusal strategies in a speech act. The differences of refusal strategies between male and female lie in the direct refusal and the indirect refusal. Most of the female students tend to use an indirect refusal politeness strategy to save the others’ face in the communication, avoiding the face threatening, while most of the male students seem to use direct refusal. The achievements of this study make some contribution to the relevant study and provide some indications to English teaching and learning in China. It is of some significance to improve the English pragmatic competence of English majors.

Refusal Strategies Used By Multi-Nationality Students

This descriptive qualitative study was aimed at exploring refusal strategies used by the students of primary level of Gandhi Memorial Intercontinental School (GMIS) Bali in requesting, offering, inviting, and suggesting. The students being involved as the subject of this study were multi nationality (Indonesian, Indian, Russian, and Japanese) male and female students of the third, fourth and fifth grade which were determined using purposive sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through observation, recording, and note taking employing video recorder, camera, and field note as the instruments of the data collection. Data analysis in this study was done through four concurrent activities covering data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The result shows that, in context of request across nationalities, view from the frequency (percentage of refusals) it shows direct refusal is highly used by Russian while it is lowest used by Indonesian students. On the contrary indirect strategy is more often used by Indonesian students. while in context of refusing an offer. it reflects that Indonesian is mostly to refuse it in direct way but this is contrast with Russian who perform direct refusal in less frequent. This condition is in context of refusing in indirect way. the data reveals that Russian are more often to refuse the offering in indirect way while Indonesian is the lowest. In context of refusing invitation, nationality which is the highest used of direct refusal is Indian while nationality which was prefer to perform indirect refusal is Russian. In addition, in context of Suggestion, direct refusal is highly performed by Russian whereas indirect refusal is more often used by Japanese students.

STRATEGIES IN THE TRANSLATION OF REFUSAL EXPESSIONS IN JOHN GREEN’S PAPER TOWNS

This article examined about translation from English to Indonesian related to non-equivalence words on expression of refusal either directly or indirectly, and the using of translation strategies in adjusting non-equivalence. This study focused to expression of refusal either directly or indirectly in English on Paper Towns novel by John Green (2008) as a source of data. There are 33 total data, consists of 22 of expression of indirect refusal and 11 expression of direct refusal. Those data are analysed by descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that strategy used for solving non equivalence problem in this translation are seven (7): (1) translation by more general word, (2) translation by more neutral word, (3) translation by cultural substitution, (4) translation using a loan word, (5) translation by paraphrasing using a related word, (6) translation by paraphrasing using an unrelated word, and (7) translation by omission. From all those strategies, strategies five (5) is often used in the translation because there is no suitable expression in Indonesian from English.

남북한 거절 전략 비교 연구

This study aims at investigating the similarities and differences of refusal speech act between Korean speakers from South Korea and North Korea. By analyzing the data which was collected from 74 South Korean participants and 73 North Korean refugees who had been divided into two groups and being asked to fill out a questionnaire and a discourse completion test, the similarities and differences in terms of evaluation of direct and indirect refusal, burden level caused by refusal, and way of expressing refusal between these two groups are compared. Through the analysis, it shows that there is a significant difference of the evaluations of indirect refusal between participants from South Korea and North Korea. While most of the participants from South Korea had regarded indirect refusal as a considerate and courteous act, participants from North Korea had also perceived it negatively. Although the uncomfortable feelings caused by refusal were similar, the North Korean participants` way of expressing refusal was generally more direct than that of South Korean participants, which means that North Koreans use more direct refusals than South Koreans while South Koreans may prefer indirect refusals, and that may make the North Koreans seem to be relatively less polite. In addition, words being used for expressing direct refusals are also different between participants from South Korea and North Korea.

간접거절화행에 나타난 공손표현 양상에 관한 연구 : 태국인 한국어 학습자를 중심으로

A Study on the Indirect Refusal in Speech: Focusing on the Polite Expressions of Thais Learning the Korean Language. The Korean Language and Literature, Vol.138.BR This paper, which considers strategies employed in indirect refusals in speech in both Thai and Korean, aims to reveal the characteristics of polite expression in Korean by examining indirect refusals in speech among Thais who learn Korean. An 8-question survey was administered to 30 Thais learning Korean. Data analysis showed that it is necessary to describe the following in greater detail: what Thai learners think of as politeness in dialogue, their strategies inemploying In direct refusal in speech, and their use of polite expressions. The degree of politeness for these learners is significantly related to their Korean language abilities, their closeness with the listener, the sense of burden they feel, and the power relations between the speaker and listener, among other factors. This study adds additional depth to existing studies. It was reaffirmed that in the study of politeness among learners of a foreign language, situational and socio-linguistic characteristics are highlighted.BR

Alcohol sales to pseudo-intoxicated bar patrons.

Many establishments serve alcoholic beverages to obviously intoxicated patrons despite laws against such sales. To guide the development of interventions to reduce these illegal alcohol sales, this study used actors feigning intoxication to determine whether servers recognized obvious signs of intoxication and to assess the tactics servers used when dealing with intoxicated patrons. Male actors ages 30 to 50 acted out signs of obvious intoxication as they attempted to purchase alcoholic beverages. If served during the first attempt, these pseudo-intoxicated buyers made second purchase attempts during the same visit. Observers accompanied the actors; after each visit, actors and observers recorded the servers' behavior and comments. Alcoholic beverages were served to actors portraying intoxicated patrons at 68% of first purchase attempts and 53% of second purchase attempts (62% of a total of 106 purchase attempts). The most common refusal technique was a direct refusal (68% of refusals), made with either no excuse or with reference to the actors' apparent intoxication level. Servers' second most commonly used refusal technique was offering alcohol-free beverages, such as coffee or water (18% of refusals). Further research is needed to determine why servers who recognize intoxication serve alcoholic beverages and what training, outlet policies, and external pressures are needed to reduce illegal alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons.