Direct Questions Research Articles

Adjusting Self‐Protective and Non‐Response Behaviours in Sensitive Prevalence Estimation by a Two‐Stage Multilevel Randomised Response Technique

SummaryWhen using the customary direct questioning approach to collect sensitive information in a survey, some respondents may have no problem disclosing their true status or opinion, while others may be reluctant to reveal them. The problem of response bias is likely to arise as some responses tend to be more socially desirable than truthful. Hence, the indirect questioning approach can be used to guarantee privacy protection and reduce the influence of social desirability bias. This paper introduces a new technique which combines, both the direct and indirect questioning approaches and allows Bayesian estimates of the prevalence of multisensitive attributes to be obtained by taking into account the estimated proportion of honest respondents under direct questioning. Our proposal stems from a real survey in Taiwan and is illustrated with two motivating examples concerning voting behaviours and sexual identity. The empirical analysis reinforces that the proposed two‐stage multilevel method is satisfactory in mitigating the effects of respondents' self‐protective behaviour, and produces results that are more reliable than those based on the traditional direct questioning approach and better than a previous version of the multilevel randomised response method that ignores the presence of cheating behaviours in the direct questioning stage.

Analysis of the Implementation of PSAK Number 102 Concerning Murabahah Accounting (Problem Research at BMT Al-Hijrah KAN Jabung Malang)

This study aims to determine how the accounting treatment of murabahah at BMT Al-Hijrah KAN Jabung Malang relates to recognition, measurement, provision, and disclosure. The goal is to improve professionalism and increase public confidence that the murabahah business application has met the established accounting standards. This study uses a direct question and answer method with parties who master the murabahah accounting application at BMT Al-Hijrah KAN Jabung Malang as informants to obtain important information. The results of the study indicate that the use of PSAK Number 102 at BMT Al-Hijrah KAN Jabung in terms of profit measurement is valid. However, in terms of presentation, recognition, and disclosure, PSAK 102 does not apply. In terms of presentation, there is no expected record of the purchase of goods by way of wakalah, and in terms of recognition, the existence of murabahah inheritance provisions is not recognized and there are no documents intended to disclose it.

The unique and synergistic effects of social isolation and loneliness on 20-years mortality risks in older men and women.

This study investigates the individual and combined impacts of loneliness and social isolation on 20-year mortality risks among older men and women. Utilizing data from the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing, and Generation study (NorLAG) carried out in 2002, 2007 and 2017, we assessed loneliness via direct and indirect questions, and social isolation through factors like partnership status and contact frequency with family and friends. Yearly information on mortality was derived from the national registries and was available until November 2022. Gender-stratified Cox regression models adjusted for age and other risk factors were employed. Of the 11,028 unique respondents, 9,952 participants were included in the study sample, 1,008 (19.8%) women and 1,295 (26.6%) men died. In the fully adjusted models including indirectly assessed loneliness, social isolation increased the 20-year mortality risk by 16% (HR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.09-1.24) for women and 15% (HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.09-1.21) for men. This effect was primarily driven by the absence of a partner and little contact with children for both genders. Loneliness measured with indirect questions lost its significant association with mortality after adjusting for social isolation and other factors in both genders. However, for men, reporting loneliness via a direct question was associated with a higher mortality risk, even in the fully controlled models (HR = 1.20, 96% CI 1.06-1.36). Interactions between loneliness and social isolation were not, or only borderline significantly, associated with mortality risks in the fully controlled models. Social isolation, but not loneliness measured with indirect questions are associated with a 15-16% higher mortality risk in both men and women. However, loneliness assessed with a direct question is associated with increased mortality in men, even after controlling for social isolation and other relevant factors, which might suggest that men may deny loneliness, unless it is (very) severe. These findings emphasize the importance of methodological precision in the measurement of loneliness and social isolation.

Do middle-aged and older people underreport loneliness? experimental evidence from the Netherlands

Despite the growing acknowledgment of the importance of loneliness among older individuals, questionnaire length constraints may hinder the inclusion of common multi-item loneliness scales in surveys. Direct, single-item loneliness measures are a practical alternative, but scholars have expressed concerns that such measures may lead to underreporting. Our aim was to test whether such reservations are justified. We conducted a preregistered list experiment among 2,553 people aged 50 + who participated in the Dutch Longitudinal Internet studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel. The list experiment method has been developed to unobtrusively gather sensitive information. We compared the list experiment estimate of the prevalence of frequent loneliness with the corresponding direct question estimate to assess downward bias in the latter. Next to pooled models, we estimated models stratified by gender to assess whether loneliness underreporting differed between women and men. Relying on the direct question, we estimated that 5.9% of respondents frequently felt lonely. Our list experiment indicated that the prevalence of frequent loneliness was 13.1%. Although substantial in magnitude, the difference between both estimates was only marginally significant (Δb: 0.072, 95% CI: − 0.003;0.148, p = .06). No evidence of gender differences was found. Although we cannot be conclusive that loneliness estimates are biased downward when a direct question is used, our results call for caution with direct, single-item measures of loneliness if researchers want to avoid underreporting. Replications are needed to gain more precise insights into the extent to which direct, single-item loneliness measures are prone to downward reporting bias.

Predicting and Analyzing Electric Bicycle Adoption to Enhance Urban Mobility in Belgrade Using ANN Models

The development of alternative environmentally friendly modes of transportation is becoming an increasingly promising solution in traffic-congested and polluted urban areas. E-bikes, as one of them, are recognized as an ecologically sustainable means of transportation that has significant potential to replace motorized modes of transportation that can improve urban mobility. Relying on artificial intelligence and considering an ecological approach when considering the acceptability of e-bikes by setting a direct question for users influences the development of an innovative way of understanding and evaluating the use of more sustainable modes of transportation. In this regard, this study aims to elucidate the main variables influencing the acceptability of e-bike use using artificial neural network (ANN) models—multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF). For training and testing the models, data from a random sample obtained through an online questionnaire, which was answered by 626 residents of Belgrade (Serbia), were used. A multilayer perceptron with nine and seven neurons in two hidden layers, respectively, hyperbolic tangent activation function in the hidden layer and identity function in the output layer, gave better results than the radial basis function model. With an accuracy of 89%, a precision of 83%, a recall of 79%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.927, the multilayer perceptron model recognized the influential variables in predicting acceptability. The results of the model indicate that the mileage traveled, the frequency of motorcycle use, the respondents’ awareness of the pollution in Belgrade, and the age of the respondents have the greatest influence on the acceptability of using e-bikes. In addition to majority acceptability (69.8%), the results obtained by the model can represent a useful basis for decision-makers when defining strategies for the development and application of e-bikes while reducing traffic congestion and environmental pollution in Belgrade.

Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients using methotrexate: A cross-sectional study in a sample with rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundGastrointestinal intolerance is common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using methotrexate and may lead to treatment discontinuation. AimTo study the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in a sample of RA methotrexate users as well as its possible association with clinical and epidemiological variables. MethodsCross-sectional study of 192 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms using the MISS (methotrexate intolerance severity score). Clinical and epidemiological variables were collected through chart review and direct questioning. Patients’ adherence to methotrexate was evaluated through Moriski–Green–Levin questionnaire. ResultsThe prevalence of gastrointestinal complaints was high with 55.7% of the sample classified as intolerant. Nausea and pain after drug ingestion were the most common reported complaints. This intolerance was associated with afro-descendant background (p=0.02); presence of associated fibromyalgia (p=0.04), concomitant use of glucocorticoids (p=0.03) and Jak inhibitors (0.03). A tendency towards association with leflunomide use was observed (p=0.06). Logistic regression was used to test drug associations with methotrexate intolerance, and showed that glucocorticoid use was independently associated with methotrexate intolerance OR=1.85; 95% CI=1.01–3.44; p=0.04. Route of administration, presence of previous gastric complaints, age and methotrexate dose did not interfere with MISS. MISS results were associated with moderate adherence to the drug. ConclusionsThere is a high rate of methotrexate intolerance that is more common in afro-descendants, those with associated fibromyalgia, glucocorticoid and Jak inhibitors users.

Health-related quality of life assessment in health economic analyses involving type 2 diabetes.

Incorporating health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures into health economic analyses can help to provide evidence to inform decisions about how to improve patient outcomes in the most cost-effective manner. The aim of this narrative review was to assess which HRQoL instruments have been used in economic evaluations of type 2 diabetes management including in Indigenous communities. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid) and Cochrane were searched from inception to June 2022. Studies included patients with type 2 diabetes; economic evaluations, derived scores from direct questioning of individuals; and were in English. Records were assessed for bias using the JBI critical appraisal tools. A total of 3737 records were identified, with 22 publications meeting the criteria for inclusion. Across those 22 articles, nine HRQoL instruments had been utilised. Generic tools were most frequently used to measure HRQoL, including EQ-5D (-3 L and -5 L) (n = 10, 38%); SF-12 (n = 5, 19%); and SF-36 (n = 4, 15%). Two tools addressing the specific stressors faced by people with type 2 diabetes were utilised: Problem Areas In Diabetes tool (n = 1, 4%) and Diabetes Distress Scale (n = 1, 4%). Two publications reported whether the study population included Indigenous peoples. A wide range of HRQoL instruments are used in economic evaluations of type 2 diabetes management, with the most frequent being varying forms of the EQ-5D. Few economic evaluations noted whether Indigenous peoples were featured in the study population. More research into HRQoL in people living with type 2 diabetes is urgently needed to improve evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions.

ChatGPT and reference success: Do librarians beat the bot?

ChatGPT and other AI models have raised questions about their potential impact on libraries, and reference services. While libraries have adapted in the face of many other technologies, ChatGPT provides a human-like conversational element and ability to answer direct questions that separates it from tools like Google and Wikipedia. This study examines ChatGPT’s ability to provide a “successful” reference transaction using criteria from the RUSA Behavioral Guidelines and from the literature and compares ChatGPT’s answers to those provided by library reference services. The results show that librarians generally outperform the AI model, but the data suggests some areas for improvement.

Was ist der Gegenstand der Sprachwissenschaft? Oder: Worüber soll eine sprachwissenschaftliche Arbeit informieren?

The metaphors in a newspaper commentary about a football match are described and analysed using linguistic methods. The question should not be determined by a theory of metaphors. The metaphors are not only grasped according to their metaphorical concept, but rather their effect on the text and in the text is asked. It turns out that the ‘direct questioning of the text’, which must be theory-based, but not theory-driven, is far more productive than the initial description of the theory with a subsequent collection of confirmatory examples.

Self-reported mental health effects of changing migration policies on immigrant health and allied care professionals in the UK

This study explores the impact of changing migration policies on the mental health of immigrant health professionals in the UK and their access to mental health services. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among ninety-six immigrant health professionals and allied health and care workers in the UK’s health and social care sector. The mental well-being of study participants was measured using the Warwick-Edinburgh Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Mood changes post-migration, use of mental health services and perceived effectiveness of these services were assessed using direct survey questions. The majority of respondents reported average levels of mental well-being. A significant portion of the study participants experienced a decline in mental health post-migration. The study found a strong association between ethnicity and mental well-being, with certain ethnic groups reporting worse outcomes (p=0.003, p<0.05). Despite reported mental health concerns, only a few sought professional help from mental health services or support groups, and even fewer found these effective. This study shows significant mental health challenges and poor service access faced by immigrant health professionals in the UK, exacerbated by changing migration policies. Addressing these challenges is vital for the affected individuals and ensuring a thriving, diverse UK healthcare workforce.

Analyzing Interaction Patterns on Dating Sites: A Generic Structure Potential Approach

Online dating has become a popular stage to find a romantic partner. In such context, interlocutors must employ language carefully to reveal their intentions, attract attention and as well sustain intimacy with their potential partners. While previous studies have explored aspects such as self-disclosure and linguistic strategies in impression formation, there remains a gap in understanding the structured interactions that occur between potential partners on dating sites. This study, therefore, investigated the linguistic elements and interactional structures characterizing online dating discourse, focusing on two popular platforms, Tinder and Tagged. Adopting Halliday and Hasan’s Generic Structure Potential framework, the study examined conversations of thirty participants (potential partners) whose relationship ranges between two weeks to three months. Findings revealed seven key stages: Discourse Initiation (DI), Introduction (INTR), Question and Response (QAR), Request (RQ), Admiration (AD), Declaration of Dating Intention (DDI), and Topic Formation for Conversation (TF). Each stage is marked by specific linguistic features and serves unique functions within the communication process. DI involves friendly greetings and endearments to initiate conversation and signal interest. INTR often includes declarative statements that provide personal information, establishing familiarity and a good first impression. QAR facilitates information exchange through questions and responses. RQ, predominantly by males, involves polite modal verb constructions to move the conversation to more personal platforms or obtain further information. AD includes compliments and positive affirmations to express appreciation and create a positive interaction tone. DDI features direct and indirect questions about relationship status to clarify the intent behind the interaction and define the nature of the potential relationship. Finally, TF sustains conversation with statements and questions about daily activities and interests. This study contributes to the broader understanding of professional discourse by analyzing the structured linguistic strategies and interactional patterns employed in online dating, demonstrating how individuals strategically use language to manage impressions, negotiate intentions, and build relationships – skills also crucial in professional communication.

Prevalence estimates for COVID-19-related health behaviors based on the cheating detection triangular model

BackgroundSurvey studies in medical and health sciences predominantly apply a conventional direct questioning (DQ) format to gather private and highly personal information. If the topic under investigation is sensitive or even stigmatizing, such as COVID-19-related health behaviors and adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions in general, DQ surveys can lead to nonresponse and untruthful answers due to the influence of social desirability bias (SDB). These effects seriously threaten the validity of the results obtained, potentially leading to distorted prevalence estimates for behaviors for which the prevalence in the population is unknown. While this issue cannot be completely avoided, indirect questioning techniques (IQTs) offer a means to mitigate the harmful influence of SDB by guaranteeing the confidentiality of individual responses. The present study aims at assessing the validity of a recently proposed IQT, the Cheating Detection Triangular Model (CDTRM), in estimating the prevalence of COVID-19-related health behaviors while accounting for cheaters who disregard the instructions.MethodsIn an online survey of 1,714 participants in Taiwan, we obtained CDTRM prevalence estimates via an Expectation-Maximization algorithm for three COVID-19-related health behaviors with different levels of sensitivity. The CDTRM estimates were compared to DQ estimates and to available official statistics provided by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. Additionally, the CDTRM allowed us to estimate the share of cheaters who disregarded the instructions and adjust the prevalence estimates for the COVID-19-related health behaviors accordingly.ResultsFor a behavior with low sensitivity, CDTRM and DQ estimates were expectedly comparable and in line with official statistics. However, for behaviors with medium and high sensitivity, CDTRM estimates were higher and thus presumably more valid than DQ estimates. Analogously, the estimated cheating rate increased with higher sensitivity of the behavior under study.ConclusionsOur findings strongly support the assumption that the CDTRM successfully controlled for the validity-threatening influence of SDB in a survey on three COVID-19-related health behaviors. Consequently, the CDTRM appears to be a promising technique to increase estimation validity compared to conventional DQ for health-related behaviors, and sensitive attributes in general, for which a strong influence of SDB is to be expected.

Self-Reported Health and Associated Factors among Nepalese Older Adults

Background: Self-reported health (SRH) is a subjective measurement tool for overall health status that integrates biological, social, mental, and functional aspects of individuals. Objectives: The purpose of this article is to assess the SRH and its correlates among community-living older adults. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of structured interview data collected by the Central Department of Population Studies at Tribhuvan University (TU) via a cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling persons aged 60+ in the Pharping area of Kathmandu. For this study, there were 1320 valid responses. A simple and direct question was used “In general, how do you rate your general health?” Its answer was recorded on the 5-point Likert scale ranging from “Very Good to Very Bad”. Results: The mean age of the participants was 69.92 years. Of the participants, 19.2% reported poor SRH. Results show mental health problems, total number of children still alive, age of respondent, literacy status, physical health problem now, satisfaction with current living arrangements, walking efficiency, adequate income sources, marital status and currently working were correlated with SRH. However, linear regression shows that significant factors of SRH are walking efficiency (β= 0.324, 95% CI= 0.240 to 0.323), physical health problems (β = -0.258, 95% CI= -0.493 to -0.346), currently working (β: 0.197, 95% CI=0.223 to 0.373), having enough income to meet basic needs (β: 0.065, 95% CI= -0.136 to -0.021) and satisfied with living arrangements (β= 0.065, 95% CI= 0.018 to 0.116). Conclusion: Nepal is aging rapidly, and the proportion of older people will increase in the coming days. Walking efficiency, physical health, currently working and having sufficient income are important factors related to SRH. Identifying these determinants through self-rated status can support the planning of actions aimed at improving the health of the community living older adults.

Analysis of Static Archive Storage and Discovery Procedures at ANRI Institution

This research was conducted at the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia (ANRI) with the aim of knowing the procedures for storing and finding static archives properly and correctly. In addition, this research is expected to be a benchmark for other institutions to be more concerned and aware of the importance of managing archives effectively and efficiently so that it will make it easier for employees to find archives. The type of research used is qualitative research using descriptive methods where the results of the research are in the form of sentences or narratives that explain events or phenomena that occur. In collecting data, researchers use three methods, namely observation (observing the situation or phenomenon that occurs), interviews (conducting direct questions and answers with informants who meet the criteria) and documentation (capturing images of continuous documents). In addition to knowing what the procedure for storing and finding static archives is like, the results of this study will also provide an overview of the obstacles felt by employees in storing and finding static archives and the solutions that will be provided so that activities can run more effectively and efficiently.

Factors Associated with Self-Reported Health (SRH) among Nepalese Older Men

Background: Self-reported health (SRH) is a subjective measurement tool of overall health status. It integrates with the biological, social, mental, and functional aspects of individuals. The aim of this article is to assess the SRH and its correlates among community-living older men from Nepal. Methods: This study uses the secondary data collected by the Central Department of Population Studies at Tribhuvan University (TU). This study includes community-dwelling male elderly aged 60+ in the Pharping area of Kathmandu. For this study, there were 657 valid responses. A simple and direct question was used “In general, how do you rate your general health?” Its answer was recorded on the 5-point Likert scale “Very Good to Very Bad”. Results: The mean age of the participants was 69.51 years. The majority of respondents (75.9%) live with family members. People who reported poor SRH were 17.0%. Many of them have physical health problems (73.2%) and mental health problems (57.2%). Mental health problems, age of respondents, physical health problems, satisfaction with current living arrangements, walking efficiency, adequate income sources, Insecurity feelings, Income sufficient to fulfill the basic needs, and current working were correlated with SRH. However, linear regression shows that satisfaction with walking efficiency, physical health, and working situation, were significant predictors of SRH. Conclusion: This analysis suggests that working, walking ability, physical health problems, and financial adequacy are significantly associated with self-rated health. Identifying these variables through self-rated status can support the planning of actions aimed at improving the health of the community living older adult men in Nepal.

Analysis of Evaluation of Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor Levels in RPP Aqidah Moral Class XI MA Muallimat Malang with Revised Bloom's Taxonomy

This research uses Bloom's Taxonomy Theory and analyzes the Learning Implementation Plan (RPP) for Aqidah Akhlak lessons in Class XI Madrasah Aliyah Muallimat Malang City. Systematic data analysis is a descriptive qualitative research method. National Education focuses on cultivating students' talents/potential to become people who are devout/faithful, have good morals, insightful and responsible. In the Revised Method, Bloom's Taxonomy consists of three domains: the cognitive domain focuses on the intellectual aspect, the affective domain contains behavior and activities related to the application of the values of Islamic teachings, for example the application of behavior or customs, and the psychomotor domain focuses on the function of motor skills. or physical skills. and learning media such as direct learning, questions and answers, discussions etc. For research results related to implementation, deviant attitudes and actions, such as lying and lack of discipline. Based on data analysis of the results of the formulation of the RPP MA Muallimat Malang City, the presentation reached 64.5% at level C4.

Unveiling the burden of COPD: perspectives on a patient-reported outcome measure to support communication in outpatient consultations-an interview study among patients.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) profoundly affects physical, psychological, and social aspects of life, yet these issues often remain unaddressed. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures (PROM) have the potential to address these issues by promoting person-centered communication. However, their impact in COPD practice remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate how patients with COPD perceive the usefulness of a new holistic PROM for general palliative care (PRO-Pall) before and during outpatient consultations. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with patients diagnosed with moderate to very severe COPD, 2-5 days after consultation at a respiratory outpatient clinic in Denmark. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed inductively using qualitative content analysis. Nine patients (five males; mean age: 66 years) participated in the study with four themes emerging: (1) Unlocking thoughts: Completing PRO-Pall stimulated patients' self-reflection, which revealed previously overlooked COPD-related issues, particularly psychosocial challenges. (2) Unmasking concerns: Patients felt encouraged to be honest, rather than concealing their concerns. (3) Breaking the ice: PRO-Pall responses enabled direct questioning by healthcare professionals during consultations, initiating discussions on patients' sensitive yet vital COPD-related matters. (4) Deepening the dialogue: Healthcare professionals' targeted and attentive approach fostered more holistic and meaningful discussions, providing most patients with a deeper understanding of psychosocial issues affecting their well-being. Completing PRO-Pall prior to outpatient consultations prompted most patients with COPD to unveil previously unacknowledged psychosocial challenges. During consultations, addressing these challenges initiated open discussions on individual concerns, enhancing most patients' understanding of the multifaceted burden of COPD.

Value of lost leisure among sandwich generation women performing caregiving duties for older parents

This study evaluates the extent of leisure time loss experienced by middle-aged women in South Korea who care for their aging parents and quantifies the monetary value of this lost leisure time. By employing an open-ended direct question, we derived respondents' willingness to pay and willingness to accept compensation for leisure time lost due to caregiving duties. Our findings reveal that middle-aged women engaged in regular caregiving are willing to pay an average of 9313 KRW (US$7.74) per hour for leisure time and would require 13,539 KRW (US$11.40) per hour as compensation for their lost leisure. The annual total monetary value of leisure time loss for consistent caregivers was estimated to range between 7403.4 billion KRW (US$6232 million) and 10,127.5 billion KRW (US$8525 million). The study highlights the significant challenges faced by caregivers, particularly middle-aged women, emphasizing the need for social awareness and discussions on gender role distribution to promote gender equality. It underscores the importance of developing effective support policies, including financial compensation and mental health resources, to alleviate caregivers' dual burden of work and home responsibilities. Understanding the economic impact of leisure time loss can help address long-term socioeconomic issues associated with an aging society, crucial for improving the efficiency and sustainability of care services for the older generation. The economic value estimated in this study will provide essential information for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of public services, supporting the economic feasibility of policies and programs, especially because respite services involve significant government expenditure.

Erectile Function and Sexual Activity Are Declining in the Younger Generation: Results from a National Survey in Japan.

Twenty five years have passed since the first national survey on erectile dysfunction (ED) in Japan. The Japanese Society for Sexual Medicine conducted a nationwide survey on the actual status of sexual function targeting men over 20 years old in Japan using validated questionnaires commonly used in clinical practice. Japanese men aged 20 to 79 years participated in our online epidemiological study on sexual dysfunction. Erectile status was assessed by direct questioning and specific questionnaires. Risk factors and frequencies of sexual intercourse, masturbation, nocturnal erections, and feeling sexual desire were assessed. The prevalence of these risk factors was compared between men with and without ED. Prevalence and frequencies were calculated for each 5-year age group. Main outcomes were the prevalence and number of patients with ED and simultaneous evaluation of age-related variations. Direct questioning of the men revealed that 13.0% felt troubled by ED. Although 81.0% of them had at least some ED symptoms based on a Sexual Health Inventory For Men score of ≤21, the prevalence of men with ED by Erection Hardness Score (EHS), the most appropriate questionnaire for Japanese with low sexual activity, was 30.9%, indicating that 14,012,596 men have ED. Most risk factors were related with ED, whereas frequencies of sexual intercourse, masturbation, nocturnal erections, and feeling sexual desire were affected by aging. However, the low frequency of these factors in the young generation was surprising. The EHS-based assessment revealed a prevalence of ED of 30.9%, which affected approximately 14 million men, and that the sexual desire, erection stiffness, orgasms, and satisfaction were lower than expected in young Japanese men, especially those aged 20 to 24 years, although those factors tended to worsen with aging. We believe that these findings actually reveal the current sexual status of men in Japan.

Penyuluhan Bantuan Hukum di Desa Poowo Barat Kecamatan Kabila Kabupaten Bone Bolango

One of the efforts to improve community legal compliance amid social life is to provide understanding and awareness to implement compliance with aspects that apply in the community. In the implementation of this service activity, the community is provided with knowledge, understanding and awareness of legal aspects, namely by providing legal assistance, which is essentially all efforts to provide legal assistance and services to the community so that they obtain and enjoy all their rights granted by law in the judicial process. The method used is giving theory and direct question and answer. The result of this activity is an increase in the knowledge of individuals and community groups about the awareness of the law in social lifeKeywords: Counseling, Legal Aid, Legal Awareness