Direct Observation Of Samples Research Articles

Science Opportunities for IMAP-Lo Observations of Interstellar Neutral Hydrogen and Deuterium during a Maximum of Solar Activity

Direct-sampling observations of interstellar neutral gas, including hydrogen and deuterium, have been performed for more than one cycle of solar activity by IBEX. The IBEX viewing is restricted to directions perpendicular to the spacecraft–Sun line, which limits the observations to several months each year. This restriction is removed in the forthcoming mission called Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe. The IMAP-Lo instrument will have the capability of adjusting the angle of its boresight with the spacecraft rotation axis. We continue a series of studies of the resulting science opportunities. We adopt the schedule of adjusting the boresight angle suggested by Kubiak et al. and focus on interstellar hydrogen and deuterium during solar maximum. Based on an extensive set of simulations, we identify the times during the calendar year and the elongation angles of the boresight needed to measure the abundance of D/H at the termination shock and to unambiguously observe interstellar H without a contribution from interstellar He. Furthermore, IMAP-Lo will be able to resolve the primary and secondary populations, in particular, to view the secondary population with little contribution from the primary. We show that the expected signal is sensitive to details of radiation pressure, particularly its dependence on the radial speed of the atoms, and to details of the behavior of the distribution function of the primary and secondary populations at the heliopause. Therefore, IMAP-Lo will be able to provide the observations needed to address compelling questions in heliospheric physics and even in general astrophysics.

Science Opportunities for IMAP-Lo Observations of Interstellar Neutral Helium, Neon, and Oxygen during a Maximum of Solar Activity

Direct-sampling observations of interstellar neutral (ISN) species and their secondary populations give information about the physical state of the local interstellar medium and processes occurring in the outer heliosheath. Such observations are performed from Earth’s orbit by the IBEX-Lo experiment on board the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission. IBEX ISN viewing is restricted to directions close to perpendicular to the Earth–Sun line, which limits the observations of interstellar species to several months during the year. A greatly improved data set will be possible for the upcoming Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission due to a novel concept of putting the IMAP ISN detector, IMAP-Lo, on a pivot platform that varies the angle of observation relative to the Sun–Earth line and the detector boresight. Here, we suggest a 2 yr scenario for varying the viewing angle in such a way that all the necessary atom components can be observed sufficiently well to achieve the science goals of the nominal IMAP mission. This scenario facilitates, among others, removal of the correlation of the inflow parameters of interstellar gas, unambiguous analysis of the primary and secondary populations of interstellar helium (He), neon (Ne), and oxygen (O), and determination of the ionization rates of He and Ne free of possible calibration bias. The scheme is operationally simple, provides good counting statistics, and synergizes observations of interstellar species and heliospheric energetic neutral atoms.

Development of General-purpose Dielectric Constant Imaging Unit for SEM and Direct Observation of Samples in Aqueous Solution.

Electron microscopes can observe samples with a spatial resolution of 10 nm or higher; however, they cannot observe samples in solutions due to the vacuum conditions inside the sample chamber. Recently, we developed a scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM), based on scanning electron microscope, which enables the observation of various specimens in solution. Until now, the SE-ADM system used a custom-made SE-ADM stage with a built-in amplifier and could not be linked to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) operation system. Therefore, it was necessary to manually acquire images from the SE-ADM system after setting the EB focus, astigmatism, and observation field-of-view from the SEM operating console. In this study, we developed a general-purpose dielectric constant imaging unit attached to commercially available SEMs. The new SE-ADM unit can be directly attached to the standard stage of an SEM, and the dielectric signal detected from this unit can be input to the external input terminal of the SEM, enabling simultaneous observation yielding SEM and SE-ADM images. Furthermore, 4.5 nm spatial resolution was achieved using a 10 nm thick silicon nitride film in the sample holder in the observation of aggregated PM2.5. We carried out the observation of cultured cells, PM2.5, and clay samples in solution.

Determining the Ionization Rates of Interstellar Neutral Species Using Direct-sampling Observations of Their Direct and Indirect Beams

A good understanding of the ionization rates of neutral species in the heliosphere is important for studies of the heliosphere and planetary atmospheres. So far, the intensities of the ionization reactions have been studied based on observations of the contributing phenomena, such as the solar spectral flux in the EUV band and the flux of the solar wind protons, alpha particles, and electrons. The results strongly depend on absolute calibration of these measurements, which, especially for the EUV measurements, is challenging. Here, we propose a novel method of determining the ionization rate of neutral species based on direct sampling of interstellar neutral gas from two locations in space distant to each other. In particular, we suggest performing observations from the vicinity of Earth’s orbit and using ratios of fluxes of interstellar neutral He for the direct and indirect orbits of interstellar atoms. We identify the most favorable conditions and observations geometries, suitable for implementation on the forthcoming NASA Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe mission.

Breaking Correlation in the Inflow Parameters of Interstellar Neutral Gas in Direct-sampling Observations

We analyze the reasons for the correlation between the temperature, direction, and speed of the interstellar neutral gas inflow into the heliosphere, obtained in analyses of observations performed by an onboard Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) instrument, IBEX-Lo. We point out that this correlation is the combined result of the inability to measure the speed of the atoms that enter the instrument and the restriction of the observations to a short orbital arc around the Sun performed by the instrument during observation. We demonstrate that without the capability to measure the speed, but with the ability to perform observations along longer orbital arcs, or from at least two distant locations on the orbit around the Sun, it is possible to break the parameter correlation. This, however, requires the capability of adjusting the boresight of the instrument relative to the spacecraft rotation axis, such as that of the planned camera on board the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP), IMAP-Lo.

Macroscopic Diagnosis of Plant Diseases Caused by Pathogenic Microorganism

From a biological point of view, plant diseases are deviations from internal traits that cause plants to not be able to carry out normal growth activities. Plant diseases in the field can be identified based on signs and symptoms of diseases that appear. This study aims to determine how to diagnose macroscopically the symptoms of diseases that arise due to pathogenic microorganisms on plants. This research was conducted in 3 stages which included the location survey, observation, and primary data collection stages. The method for primary data collection is done by direct observation, namely direct observation of samples and documented. Data were analyzed using the formula to calculate the percentage and intensity of disease attacks on plants. The results obtained were as many as 3 plant species (Capsicum sp, Solanum escelentum, Oryza sativa) from 12 plants which were observed to be attacked by pathogenic microorganisms with a percentage amount (22,45 %, 58,97%, 9%). Obtain 4 types of pathogenic microorganisms that attack plants, namely Gemini virus that causes leaf curling in Capsicum sp plant, Pyricularia oryzae fungus which causes leaf blast in Oryza sativa plants, the fungus Alternaria solani causes dry spot and Rhizoctonia solani fungus which causes leaf blast in Oryza sativa plants, the fungus Alternaria solani causes leaf dry spot and Rhizoctonia solani fungi that cause fruit rot in Solanum escelentum.

Phenology and potential reproduction of turi (Sesbania grandiflora) at Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia

Abstract. Syamsuwida D, Aminah A. 2020. Phenology and potential reproduction of turi (Sesbania grandiflora) at Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 13-20. Turi (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) is one of a prospectus energy woody species to be developed in establishing renewable energy base forest plantation. The development of this species cannot be separated from the basic information of its reproductive biology. The study was aimed to evaluate flowering phenology and reproductive potency of S. grandiflora so that information could be elaborated to estimate the fruit production potential produced. The research method was carried out by direct observation of samples of flowering trees. Data were analyzed descriptively. The number of tree samples observed for flower and fruit development and reproductive success of 10 trees, from each tree were observed three flowering branches distinguished from the west and east branches. The results showed that S. grandiflora did not experience generative bud dormancy so that flower initiation was thought to occur throughout the year and could flower and bear fruit throughout the year. S. grandiflora at the observation location has a flowering-fruiting development cycle of about 3-4 months which begins with the emergence of generative bud at the time of the observation in April and developed into flower shoot in the same month. Blooming flower (anthesis) in May, develop into young fruit in June. Mature fruits can be harvested in June-July. The reproductive potency of S. grandiflora was low with a value of fruit set (fruit/flower ratio) at the eastern and western branches were 19% ± 0.07 and 17%±0.06 and seed set (seed/ovule ratio) of 87% ± 0.12 and 83% ± 0.16, respectively. Reproductive success was 18% ± 0.07 for the eastern branches and 17% ± 0.05 for the western branches. Most reproductive variables of S. grandiflora did not show a significant difference between the eastern and western branches (P>0.05), except for fruit number (P<0.05).

Microscopy tools for product innovation

Microscopy tools for product innovation

The Helium Warm Breeze in IBEX Observations As a Result of Charge-exchange Collisions in the Outer Heliosheath

Abstract We simulated the signal due to neutral He atoms, observed by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX), assuming that charge-exchange collisions between neutral He atoms and He+ ions operate everywhere between the heliopause and a distant source region in the local interstellar cloud, where the neutral and charged components are in thermal equilibrium. We simulated several test cases of the plasma flow within the outer heliosheath (OHS) and investigated the signal generation for plasma flows both in the absence and in the presence of the interstellar magnetic field (ISMF). We found that a signal in the portion of IBEX data identified as being due to the Warm Breeze (WB) does not arise when a homogeneous plasma flow in front of the heliopause is assumed, but it appears immediately when any reasonable disturbance in its flow due to the presence of the heliosphere is assumed. We obtained a good qualitative agreement between the data selected for comparison and the simulations for a model flow with the velocity vector of the unperturbed gas and the direction and intensity of magnetic field adopted from recent determinations. We conclude that direct-sampling observations of neutral He atoms at 1 au from the Sun are a sensitive tool for investigating the flow of interstellar matter in the OHS, that the WB is indeed the secondary population of interstellar helium, which was hypothesized earlier, and that the WB signal is consistent with the heliosphere distorted from axial symmetry by the ISMF.

Use of Propolis for Topical Treatment of Dermatophytosis in Dog

Here we present three clinical cases of canine dermatophytosis resolved with topical propolis treatment that involved alopecia and well-demarcated erythematous lesions. These cases were positively identified by direct observation of samples from the affected zones with 10% KOH. Each sample was cultured, leading to the isolation of Microsporum gypseum in one case and Microsporum canis in the other two cases. The animals’ subsequent treatment included bathing using a commercial soap with propolis every seven days for 3 to 8 weeks, as well as the use of a propolis-containing ointment elaborated in our laboratory, which was applied to the lesions once a day for three weeks. From the second week of treatment, all cultures were negative. At the end of treatment, all cases displayed full recovery of the injuries and hair growth in these areas. In these clin-ical cases, treatment with propolis was effective, supporting the use of propolis as a promising natural alternative with no known collateral effects.