Direct Financial Support Research Articles

Duke John and Finland’s Church 1556–1563

The short period of John’s duchy (1556–1563) has received significant attention from historians of Finland’s sixteenth century, but relatively little attention has been paid to Duke John’s ecclesiastical policies. This investigation reveals that John sought to maximise control over the church just as he did over other parts of his duchy’s administration. His activities demonstrate that he upheld his father’s conviction that he held the right of ius reformandi, the right of the temporal authorities to regulate religion in their realms. As duke, John grew his power over the clergy and thus the church in three ways. First, he sought clerical loyalty. Second, after first continuing his father’s confiscations of the church’s property, he turned to support the clergy and its parishes with direct financial support. Third, he made pastoral appointments bypassing ecclesiastical and royal administration. This drive to assert control over the church contributed to conflict between John and his brother King Eric XIV. Although John lost his duchy in 1563 to Eric because of this conflict, many of the clergymen whom he appointed and supported still held office when he overthrew Eric in 1568. This cohort of clergymen largely supported the king as he implemented controversial changes in the Swedish kingdom’s church. Keywords: John III, King of Sweden; John, Duke of Finland; Duchy of Finland; reformation; clergy

Can Pilot Free Trade Zones Promote Sustainable Growth in Urban Innovation?

China’s pilot free trade zones play an important role in promoting deep-level reform and high-standard opening up. Based on the panel data of 284 prefecture-level cities in China from 2009 to 2021, the article explores the impact of pilot free trade zones on urban innovation using the multi-period difference-in-differences model, mediation effect model, and spatial difference-in-differences model, treating the pilot free trade zone as a quasi-natural experiment. The study shows the following: the establishment of pilot free trade zones boosts sustained growth in urban innovation, and the results still hold after a series of robustness tests; the enabling effect of pilot free trade zones on urban innovation is most significant in eastern regions and large-scale cities; and the role of pilot free trade zones in promoting innovation varies by stage. The mediation impact study revealed that pilot free trade zones can influence urban innovation via talent concentration, foreign direct investment, market scale, and financial support. The pilot free trade zones enhance the innovation performance of its geographically adjacent cities with economic ties and the innovation level of the region. The analysis offers a policy basis for the sustainable growth of urban innovation.

Оценка динамики собственного капитала агрохолдингов в Российской Федерации

The aim of the work is to assess the dynamics of the equity capital of agricultural holdings in the Russian Federation in order to analyze changes in their financial, economic and investment potential, as well as to identify factors that affect the change in such dynamics. The study was conducted on the basis of balance sheet data from a sample of 50 individual legal entities - mainly management companies related to the country’s leading agricultural holdings. The trend of increasing both the nominal and real value of the equity capital of agricultural holdings during 2009-2021 is revealed. The trend changed in 2022. The main factors influencing the dynamics of the real value of equity capital of agricultural holdings during the analyzed period are the following: state financial and administrative support; withdrawal from the domestic market of foreign companies-competitors starting from 2014. It is proved that as the real value of equity (that is, the base of comparison) increases, the degree of influence of inflation and the key rate of the Bank of Russia has a greater impact on the dynamics of the studied indicators than other factors. This pattern makes anti-inflationary measures and cheaper loans more appropriate in the list of possible tools for state regulation of the agro-industrial complex. As the real value of equity grows, the marginal usefulness of direct financial support for the subjects under study also decreases. The value of return on equity in terms of net profit of the studied subjects in the amount of 17.17% in the economic conditions of the Russian Federation is estimated by us as one that allows the industry to develop, but does not indicate the presence of superprofit and the possibility of rapid accumulation of investment potential for significant activation of investment processes in related and other industries. In such circumstances, state financial and administrative support for the agricultural sector remains relevant, given the continuing need to ensure the country’s food security.

The Influence Of Work Discipline And Financial Compensation On Performance Of Employees In National Private Shipping And Logistics Industry

Human resources and personnel management are crucial for businesses in managing, coordinating, and employing staff so that they can work efficiently to meet organizational goals. A company's human resources must be competently managed to strike a balance between employee needs and the requirements and capabilities of the organization. The key to the business's productive and equitable growth is this equilibrium. The productivity of a company's personnel has a significant impact on the growth of its operations and organizational structure. In this study, the impact of direct cash pays and the use of workplace rules on employee performance is examined. 100 individuals from each employee division's population made up the sample. The impact of direct financial support and the imposition of work discipline on employee performance levels is examined using the multiple regression method. The study's findings demonstrate that among the four independent variables salary, wages, incentives, and work discipline only incentive, with a t-value less than the t-table, has no bearing on the independent variable performance.

Investment Evaluation of CCUS Retrofitting for Coal-to-Liquid Industry in China

Coal-to-oil (CTL) combined with carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) can significantly reduce the CO2 emissions generated in the production process to achieve clean coal utilization. Taking CTL enterprises as sources and deep saline aquifers and oil fields as sinks, this paper establishes a source–sink matching model, which is combined with a trinomial tree real-option model of carbon price fluctuation, and evaluates the investment decisions of CTL. The results show that 36 pipelines with an average transportation distance of 319.13 km and predominantly small diameters must be constructed for CO2 capture and storage combined with enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Under the current carbon price, 83.33% of enterprises can invest immediately when adopting EOR; when utilizing storage in a deep saline aquifer (DSF), even with a 50% subsidy and a decrease in costs due to the learning rate, enterprises still need to execute the deferred option investment. Government subsidies and technological advances can greatly increase the value of investment. The critical carbon price of CTL-CCUS projects is sensitive to government subsidies, technological advances, and CO2 transportation distances. Therefore, China should reasonably guide the development of the carbon market and give play to the role of the carbon market in emission reduction incentives. In addition, the Chinese government can provide direct financial support for the CTL-CCUS project to increase the enthusiasm of CTL enterprises for CCUS transformation and promote technological progress.

Poverty Alleviation Pattern: Top Down or Bottom Up Approach? (Indonesia and Malaysia Benchmarking)

Based on the previous research by Aspiranti et al. (2021), it was found that Indonesia and Malaysia still have impoverished communities that urgently need to improve their welfare. In the poorest areas of Malaysia, the majority of households from each ethnic group (on average, 55%) are vulnerable to poverty, while the core poor group comprises the lowest share (on average, 4%). Among household heads at different education levels, the core poor group represents the lowest share (average 4.5%), while the largest share (average 48%) is vulnerable to poverty. In Indonesia, the percentage of poor people in the poorest areas reached 9.27% in 2018, which is already below the national poverty rate of 9.82%. However, during the period of 2014-2018, the poverty line in Indonesia’s poorest areas continued to increase each year, with a 20.46% increase compared to 2014. The Indonesia Poverty Depth Index (P1) decreased from 1.72 to 1.49, indicating that the average expenditure of the poor is getting closer to the poverty line. Empirical findings from a study conducted in 2021 demonstrate that Indonesia’s poverty rate has shown improvement compared to 20 years ago. However, extreme poverty levels still persist, with income levels below $1.9 per day. In Malaysia, there are no longer people categorized as extremely poor. Based on secondary data published by the ASEAN Secretary Data, Malaysia’s high economic growth is accompanied by high per capita income, reaching $9,000 per year. As a result, Malaysians have a longer life expectancy of 78 years compared to Indonesians (68 years). However, despite Malaysia’s success in bringing prosperity to the population on an aggregate basis, there are still pockets of ethnic Malays experiencing poverty. The Malaysian government has made various efforts to alleviate poverty in these regions, but the poverty rate remains. Both Indonesia and Malaysia continue to implement poverty alleviation measures through top-down and bottom-up approaches. The study aims to benchmark the poverty alleviation models of both countries by conducting surveys in poverty-stricken areas of Indonesia (focused on Garut Regency) and Malaysia (focused on Kelantan). The research findings indicate that Malaysia’s poverty alleviation efforts are more top-down, initiated by the government through macroeconomic instruments. In West Java, the Provincial Government adopts a top-down approach by coordinating with various stakeholders to ensure program and activity synergy. Efforts to accelerate poverty reduction in West Java include the establishment of social protection, public health services, and direct financial support for families, encompassing both non-agricultural and agricultural sectors, to enhance community welfare.
 Keywords: benchmarking, poverty alleviation

바우처 제도의 이상과 한국적 현실

Early childhood education and care is the only area where a kind of school voucher system works in Korea. Elementary, middle and high schools receive direct financial support from the government, regardless of public or private. This paper examined how early childhood education-care vouchers were created and how they affected early childhood education, and then evaluated whether they fit the ideal of the voucher system. While voucher system has increased the use of kindergarten and nurseries by infants and expanded the market, the diversity creativity of education was severely damaged, contrary to the ideal of vouchers. Finally, the author proposed what is necessary to revive the ideal of the voucher system.

Evaluating Childcare Support in NCI Designated Cancer Centers for Patients with Young Children Undergoing Treatment

The daily nature of radiotherapy treatment can be challenging for parents diagnosed with cancer who have young children. Access to affordable and convenient childcare can be a considerable hurdle to treatment adherence. We aim to determine the breadth of childcare services and support provided by NCI-designated cancer centers to decrease the burden and stress of receiving radiotherapy treatment of patients with children. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of the 70 NCI-designated cancer centers. Centers were originally contacted by phone call utilizing their publicly available website, and the researcher asked to speak with the radiation oncology department social worker. Calls were conducted from June 2022 through February 2023. As a result of low response rate, a second methodological design was developed through a collaboration with Association for Directors of Radiation Oncology Programs (ADROP) whereby their listserv was utilized to connect with social workers. For both query designs, social workers were asked what childcare services are offered by the center, if such services are internal, if patients are referred to external organizations, as well as if such organizations operate charitably or require payment for their services. Centers were stratified by type of childcare support offered and compared across private versus public institutions. Sixty-three of the 70 NCI-designated cancer centers were contacted for data collection, excluding 6 identified as basic laboratories and 1 center serving only pediatric patients. Contact was established with the social work department of 39 cancer centers (62%), of which only 19 (49%) had a radiation oncology departmental social worker. Response data were gathered from 11 (58%) total centers regarding their childcare services. Of the centers surveyed, 10 (91%) indicated the primary form of support offered was via referral to external organizations. Four centers (36%) described offering financial support for childcare, three of which are privately-funded institutions. When queried about the need for childcare support provided by cancer centers, 4 of the 5 surveyed public institutions expressed a need for expansion of these services; the 6 private institutions denied a need for these services among their patient population. Lack of access to childcare presents a significant burden to adherence to radiotherapy among parents undergoing radiotherapy with young children. Our study showed that external community organizations currently play a crucial role in providing childcare support to parents with cancer and demonstrates an inequity between private and public institutions in the perceived need of childcare support for their patients as well as ability to offer direct financial support.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: COVID-19 Forecast and Bank Credit Decision Model Based on BiLSTM-Attention Network

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused drastic fluctuations in the economies of various countries. Meanwhile, the governments’ ability to save the economy depends on how banks provide credit to troubled companies. Therefore, the impact of the epidemic on bank credit and inclusive finance are worth exploring. However, most of the existing studies focus on the reform of the financial and economic system, only paying attention to the theoretical mechanism analysis and effect adjustment, scant data support, and insufficient scheme landing. At the same time, with the rise and rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in recent years, all walks of life have introduced it into real scenes for multi-source heterogeneous big data analysis and decision-making assistance. Therefore, we first take the Chinese mainland as an example in this paper. By studying the impact of the epidemic on bank credit preference and the mechanism of inclusive finance, we can provide objective decision-making basis for the financial system in the post-epidemic era to better flow credit funds into various entities and form a new perspective for related research. Then, we put forward a model based on Bi-directional Long Short-term Memory Network (BiLSTM) and Attention Mechanism to predict the number of newly diagnosed cases during the COVID-19 pandemic every day. It is not only suitable for COVID-19 pandemic data characterized by time series and nonlinearity, but also can adaptively select the most relevant input data by introducing an Attention Mechanism, which can solve the problems of huge calculation and inaccurate prediction results. Finally, through experiments and empirical research, we draw the following conclusions: (1) The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic will promote enterprises to increase credit. (2) Banks provide more credit to large enterprises. (3) The epidemic has different impacts on credit in different regions, with the most significant one on central China. (4) Banks tend to provide more credit to manufacturing industries under the epidemic. (5) Digital inclusive finance plays a (positive) regulating effect on bank credit in COVID-19 pandemic. Inspired by the research results, policymakers can consider further solving the information asymmetry and strengthening the construction of a credit system, and more direct financial support policies for enterprises should be adopted. (6) By adopting the COVID-19 prediction model based on the BiLSTM-Attention network to accurately predict the epidemic situation in the COVID-19 pandemic, it can provide an important basis for the formulation of epidemic prevention and control policies.

385. HOSPITAL COSTS OF POSTOPERATIVE ADVERSE EVENTS FOLLOWING ESOPHAGECTOMY: RESULTS FROM 10 CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS

Abstract Background Surgical resection plays a central role in the multimodal curative intent management of esophageal cancer. Despite advances in peri-operative care, 60% of patients undergoing esophagectomy experience postoperative adverse events (AEs), if AEs are prospectively collected by surgeons. We recently performed a systematic review documenting the published index hospital costs of AEs, yet the overall costs of AEs in Canadian esophageal centres remains unknown. Methods Between 2017–2021, prospectively collected data from 10 Canadian esophageal centres were included. Volumes of esophagectomy, incidence of postoperative AEs (anastomotic leak (AL), pneumonia, respiratory failure), graded using the Ottawa TM&M system [ottawatmm.org], and obtained from 2 Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons (CATS) National Positive Deviance Seminars were included. Using literature-derived index hospitalization costs of AEs, estimates of annual costs were obtained (2023 Cdn$). Results Data from 795 esophagectomies performed in Canada between 2017–2019 revealed an average AL rate of 15% (8.7–22%). This led to an estimated yearly hospital cost of $6.63 M. Additional data from 863 esophagectomies performed between 2018–2021 revealed an average yearly pneumonia rate of 10.2% (2.4–20.3%)., with an estimated cost of $1.44 M, and respiratory failure (requiring ICU admission) of 7.8% (0–13.8%), with an estimated cost of $1.83 M. When all 10 centres are combined, these 3 AEs equate to over $9.9 M in hospital expenditures/year. A 1% reduction/year in the 3 AEs would lead to a cost-savings of $816,738. Conclusion Our analysis of only 3 post-operative AEs highlights the staggering costs to hospitals across Canada individually, and collectively, and emphasizes the need to support value-based QI research. Direct financial support from hospitals to support value-based QI in esophageal surgery has the potential to simultaneously improve care and provide valuable cost savings.

State familism in action: aging policy and intergenerational support in Singapore

Singapore started to tackle the challenges of an aging society in the 1980s after its fertility declined to sub-replacement levels. A core component of the city-state’s aging policy is to foster intergenerational support, which is based on the value of filial piety, harmonious intergenerational relations, and the elderly as a resource. This paper introduces the concept of state familism to capture Singapore’s comprehensive efforts to strengthen the role of the family in old-age support while promoting mutual assistance across generations. The relevant policies range from the Central Provident Fund, housing, taxation, to old-age support packages. These efforts distinguish Singapore from other Asian countries where the role of the family is sometimes stressed more in rhetoric than in action. State familism in Singapore has drawn criticisms as it is perceived as an attempt to reduce the government’s responsibility. In the recent decade, the Singapore state significantly increased direct financial support for the elderly while keeping the policy of fostering intergenerational support in place. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of Singapore’s state familism for China and other countries.

Towards a Futureproof Zoo

To develop an adequate ethical framework for a futureproof zoo, we have to employ what I would call a 'bifocal' view, in which zoo animals are seen simultaneously as individuals in need of specific care and as members of a species in need of protection. From such a bifocal view, the zoo's policy should aim to strike a fair, morally acceptable balance between its effort to ensure the welfare of individual animals and its obligation to contribute to species conservation. I will argue that the prospects of the zoo to achieve such a balance are promising. Since early 21st century, zoos have made serious and sustained efforts to ensure and enhance animal welfare. The zoo's huge animal welfare concerns are reflected in the development of animal enrichment programs and the increased use of training technics. At the same time, the zoo's contribution to species conservation has also improved considerably. Zoos have found solutions for the problems created by their lack of space, such as innovative enclosure designs, specialization, regional and global cooperation, the interactive exchange of in situ and ex situ populations, and the shift away from large charismatic mammals towards smaller species. Zoos have also improved their conservation performance by broadening their conservationist role to include research, training, education, awareness campaigns, and direct financial and technical support for in situ projects. I will occasionally illustrate certain developments using examples drawn from ARTIS Zoo, the fifth oldest zoo in the world, located in the centre of my hometown Amsterdam.

‘A Defender of Christendom’? The Inner Logic of Hungary’s Humanitarian Aid Policy

The purpose of this article is to introduce the Hungary Helps Programme, a stated purpose of which is to support Christian communities in the Global South. Data and findings indicate that Hungary has provided direct assistance to local Christian churches, communities and faith-based organisations by financing more than 160 projects with a total value of almost €53 million since 2016. The programme, which may be considered an element of the ‘Hungarian model’, mainly benefits local churches. The HHP serves to strengthen Hungary’s autonomous role within the EU, amongst other things, by providing direct financial support to Christian churches.

Impact of government subsidy on diagnostic tests decisions of core products in high-end equipment manufacturing

In the high-end equipment manufacturing industry, diagnostic test is a common procedure for core products. The core component supplier could obtain the true quality of its products by implementing diagnostic test during the R&D (research and development) process and adjusting the efforts to achieve better quality. However, diagnostic test is not well implemented due to its high cost. As China’s favorable policies increase in relevant regard, government subsidy becomes an emerging incentive for core product manufacturing. The core product supplier who receive financial incentives usually contributes extra effort to achieve better quality. However, the extra effort comes with a corresponding cost. In addition to this, the supplier has received government subsidy to fund the implementation of diagnostic test. In turn, conducting diagnostic test can provide a safety plug as to whether the supplier should receive government subsidy. To investigate this interaction between the government subsidy adoption decision and the diagnostic test decision, we use game theory to model a supply chain composed of an upstream supplier and a downstream manufacturer, where the supplier is delegated by the manufacturer to research and development a batch of core products and to maintain them during the warranty period. Our research shows that even though government subsidies can provide the supplier with direct financial support, it may still not be adopted. In essence, government subsidy has a bright side and a downside effect on supplier, wherein the former side is the direct financial support and the downside is the extra effort cost. The supplier does not always accept government subsidy because the bright side not always sufficient to cover the downside. Specifically, when diagnostic test is costly or with high-quality products, the supplier will accept subsidy but not perform diagnostic tests regardless of government subsidy. Counterintuitively, if consumer preferences for the product are high, the supplier will choose not to accept government subsidy but to perform diagnostic test. This research contributes to providing some theoretical insights for managers in the high-end equipment manufacturing industry.

Does External and Internal Assistance provide maximum results? A Case Study of MSMEs in Depok, West Java, Indonesia

Micro Small Medium Enterpriser’s actors face problems that hinder their innovation activities. Their needs met by supporting instruments have been investigated in a recent research project in Depok. Authors are searching for journals and books that are included in the range of global Google Scholar and the mainstream media news in Indonesia. Researchers apply Qualitative methods. The results for this area from the outset lead to the conclusion that some support needs to be directed, ignoring certain indicated MSMEs deficiencies: direct financial support neglecting the commercialization of innovation. The MSMEs find it difficult to interact with knowledge providers outside the business sector is not reduced by supporting instruments. In addition, they need to perform an adequate interface function for innovation-related resources and information from outside the region. There needs to be more proactive consulting on necessary strategic, organizational, and technological weaknesses because companies are often of these deficiencies. Researchers hope to convene researchers from other institutions to analyze the mentoring is right on target.

디지털 전환시대에 따른 ICT 제조기업의 혁신생태계 및 혁신성과에 관한 연구

Recently, since the digital transformation waves have impacted the economic system and industry structure, conventional technology and business have been changed via the convergence of manufacturing and service, general business and platform business, etc. In this regard, this paper explores the innovation ecosystem and innovation performance of ICT manufacturing firms with respect to government innovation and R&D policy. This paper attempts to utilize cross-sectional data from 333 ICT manufacturing firms and to build two different types of innovation ecosystem models and the innovation performance model. First, the findings show that in the knowledge spillover channel model, ICT manufacturing firms tend to use IPRs and collaboration channels rather than the public domain channel. Second, in the innovation partnership model, ICT manufacturing firms prefer partnerships with private companies that are their buyers within the supply chain of the high-tech industry rather than utilizing their internal innovation resources and even local universities nearby. Third, the findings also show that in the innovation performance model, the product innovation performance of ICT manufacturing firms is highly associated with patents and R&D spending. Moreover, the product innovation performance of ICT manufacturing firms has a positive relationship with non-financial support of the government such as HR, technique, certifications, etc., but it has a negative relationship with the direct financial support of the government because it is more likely to consider about a moral hazard problem.

Big food and drink sponsorship of conferences and speakers: a case study of one multinational company's influence over knowledge dissemination and professional engagement.

Research identifies that multinational corporations, including The Coca-Cola Company ('Coca-Cola'), seek to influence public health research and policy through scientific events, such as academic and professional conferences. This study aims to understand how different forms of funding and sponsorship impact the relationship between Coca-Cola, academic institutions, public health organisations, academics and researchers. The study was conducted using Freedom of Information (FOI) requests and systematic website searches. Data were collected by twenty-two FOI requests to institutions in the USA and UK, resulting in the disclosure of 11 488 pages, including emails and attachments relating to 239 events between 2009 and 2018. We used the Wayback Machine to review historical website data to evaluate evidence from 151 available official conference websites. N/A. Documents suggest that Coca-Cola provides direct financial support to institutions and organisations hosting events in exchange for benefits, including influence over proceedings. Coca-Cola also provided direct financial support to speakers and researchers, sometimes conditional on media interviews. Also, indirect financial support passed through Coca-Cola-financed non-profits. Often, such financial support was not readily identifiable, and third-party involvement further concealed Coca-Cola funding. Coca-Cola exerts direct influence on academic institutions and organisations that convene major public health conferences and events. These events offer Coca-Cola a vehicle for its messaging and amplifying viewpoints favourable to Coca-Cola's interests. Such corporate-sponsored events should be viewed as instruments of industry marketing. Stronger rules and safeguards are needed to prevent hidden industry influence, such as complete disclosure of all corporate contributions for public health conferences and their speakers.

Economic Analysis and Competitiveness of Cotton Farms in Mali, the Case of Founia District of Kita Province

In this research, it is aimed to investigate the economic performance of cotton farms and to reveal the profitability and competitiveness of cotton production in Founia district of Kita province. The research data were obtained from the questionnaires conducted with 55 farms determined according to the stratified random sampling method. Policy Analysis Matrix was used to determine profitability and competitiveness in cotton production. The results of the research showed that the farms in Founia county have an average of 10.44 da farm land. Gross production value per farm is $3519.89, agricultural income is $2197.42. According to the result obtained from PAM, private profit of cotton production in Founia district was 58.97 $/ton social profit was 1017.38 $/ton. Within the scope of the research, Specific Cost Ratio (PCR) coefficients of 0.77 and Cost Ratio of Domestic Resources (DRC) of 0.19 obtained from PAM were found. However, according to the Nominal Protection Coefficient on Output (NPCO) (0.30), Nominal Protection Coefficient on Tradable Inputs (NPCI) (0.87) and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) (0.20) coefficients, it is seen that the cotton price is lower than the comparable world prices and the producer earns less profit from free trade. Therefore, in the short term, incentive premiums, direct financial support, protection of cotton prices, good communication with farms and extension policies should be implemented. The increase in yield with the introduction of irrigation systems will increase competitiveness.The government and the Compagnie Malienne pour le Développement des Textiles (CMDT) should assist in the leasing and long-term purchase of modern farm machinery, which is one of the fixed capitals, in order to increase productivity.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Non-Governmental Organizations Participating in Garbage Management under the Background of Internet of Things

In the context of the information age, due to the development trend of information technology and the increasingly prominent position of economic activities, Internet of Things technology, as an important part of the new generation of information technology, stands out in the management of municipal solid waste collection and transportation management. At the same time, it has also become an efficient management means to realize waste treatment and construct high-quality urban green infrastructure in the environmental protection industry. Under this reality, environmental non-governmental organizations are becoming increasingly important as an organized social force in limiting national environmental power. It has become a crucial force in municipal solid waste management. Within this context, this study aimed to evaluate the strategic choice relationship among environmental non-governmental organizations, local governments, and garbage disposal enterprises, as well as the impact of environmental non-governmental organizations participating in the supervision of the implementation of information waste classification and management systems. In this study, the game theory method is used to construct the tripartite evolutionary game model of local governments, garbage disposal enterprises, and environmental non-governmental organizations, and the Matlab simulation model is established. The results of model analysis and simulation show that direct supervision, financial support, and punishment from non-governmental organizations, as well as pressure measures by non-governmental organizations, can promote the implementation of Internet of Things technology behavior. High-intensity financial support, low-intensity punishment and pressure measures, and moderate direct supervision have the most significant effect on the implementation of Internet of Things technology.

Investment in CO2 capture and storage combined with enhanced oil recovery in China: A case study of China's first megaton-scale project

In recent years, China has accelerated the development of CCUS (CO2 capture, utilization and storage) technology and started construction of the first megaton-scale CCS-EOR (CO2 capture and storage combined with enhanced oil recovery) project. Taking China's first megaton-scale CCS-EOR project as an example, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation method that integrates the decision rules of the real option approach and net present value approach to evaluate the economics and investment strategies of China's CCS-EOR projects under multiple uncertainties. The results show that the project investment in 2022 can create a profit of 2.94 million USD because of the introduction of a tax credit policy that will begin in 2030 with an initial amount of 10 USD/ton of CERs (certified emission reductions) and an annual increment of 2 USD/ton of CERs, but the optimal time to invest should be 2025. Without this incentive policy, the profit opportunity and ability of the case project will be greatly reduced. In addition, the decision-making of CCS-EOR project investment is extremely sensitive to capital cost, oil production, incentive policy start time, and incentive intensity. Therefore, China should formulate and implement tax credit incentives or similar policies with a high incentive intensity as soon as possible to improve the confidence of potential CCUS investors. Direct financial support for early CCS-EOR projects through government financial allocations should be an important addition. In addition, enterprises should strive to accurately calculate and forecast the capital cost and oil production.