Direct Energy Input Research Articles

Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Production in Türkiye

The objective of this study was to determine the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with sesame production. Energy use efficiency indicators and greenhouse gas emission rates were calculated for the 2022-2023 production season. The energy input and output for sesame production were found to be 12079.15 MJ ha-1 and 30052.44 MJ ha-1, respectively. The study found an energy use efficiency of 2.49, with a specific energy of 12.20 MJ kg-1, an energy productivity of 0.08 kg MJ-1, and a net energy value of 17973.29 MJ ha-1. The direct and indirect energy inputs were calculated to be 4584.41 MJ ha-1 (37.95%) and 7494.74 MJ ha-1 (62.05%), while the renewable and non-renewable energy inputs were calculated to be 469.12 MJ ha-1 (3.88%) and 11610.03 MJ ha-1 (98.65%), respectively. The calculation shows that the total greenhouse gas emissions are 380.52 kgCO2-eq ha-1 and the greenhouse gas emission rate is 0.38 kgCO2-eq ha-1. Sesame production is highly profitable for the 2022-2023 production season in terms of energy use efficiency.

Optimized LiFePO4-Based Cathode Production for Lithium-Ion Batteries through Laser- and Convection-Based Hybrid Drying Process

The drying of electrodes for lithium-ion batteries is one of the most energy- and cost-intensive process steps in battery production. Laser-based drying processes have emerged as promising candidates for electrode manufacturing due to their direct energy input, spatial homogeneity within the laser spot, and rapid controllability. However, it is unclear to what extent electrode and cell quality are affected by higher heating and drying rates. Hybrid systems as a combination of laser- and convection-based drying were investigated in an experimental study with water-processed LFP cathodes. The manufactured electrodes were compared with purely laser-dried and purely convection-dried samples in terms of drying times and quality characteristics. The electrodes were characterized with regard to physical properties like adhesion and electronic conductivity, as well as electrochemical performance using the rate capability. Regarding adhesion and electronic conductivity, the LFP-based cathodes dried in the hybrid-drying process by laser and convection showed similar quality characteristics compared to conventionally dried cathodes, while, at the same time, significantly reducing the overall drying time. In terms of electrochemical performance, measured by the rate capability, no significant differences were found between the drying technologies used. These findings demonstrate the great potential of laser- and convection-based hybrid drying of LFP cathodes to enhance the electrode-drying process in terms of energy efficiency and operational costs.

Determining the energy balances of black carrot cultivation in Türkiye

Black carrot (known as Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) production of Turkey is increasing day by day. New production fields are added to existing ones and production are ever increasing. Black carrot is processed as concentrated and used as a natural colorant for the color of purple and tones in food and beverage industries. Black carrot is also consumed as a fermented beverage. However, the studies carried out on black carrot culture in Turkey are highly limited. This study was carried out to determine energy balances in black carrot production since it is a significant source of income. Results revealed that direct and indirect total energy input in black carrot cultivation was 58 014.8 MJ/ha, total energy output was 119 560 MJ/ha, Output/input ratio (OI) was 2.06 and net energy ratio (NER) was 1.06.

Direct microwave energy input on a single cation for outstanding selective catalysis.

Microwave (MW)-driven catalytic systems are attracting attention not only as an aggressive electrification strategy of the chemical industry but also as creating a unique catalytic reaction field that conventional equilibrium heating cannot achieve. This study unlocked direct and selective heating of single alkali metal cations in the pores of aluminosilicate zeolites under MW. Selectively heated Cs+ cations in FAU zeolite exhibited selective CH4 combustion performance, that is, COx generation at the heated Cs+ cations selectively occurred while side reactions in the low-temperature gas phase were suppressed. The Cs-O pair distribution function revealed by synchrotron-based in situ x-ray total scattering gave us direct evidence of peculiar displacement induced by MW, which was consistent with the results of molecular dynamics simulation mimicking MW heating. The concept of selective monoatomic heating by MW is expected to open a next stage in "microwave catalysis" science by providing physicochemical insights into "microwave effects."

How manufacturing firms respond to energy subsidy reforms? An impact assessment of the Iranian Energy Subsidy Reform

Energy prices increased several folds due to the 2010 Iranian Energy Subsidy Reform. This study assesses the impact of the reform on the performance of the manufacturing sector using a detailed micro-panel dataset at the 4-digit ISIC level for the period 2009 to 2013. Since the reform universally affected all firms, the analysis relies on a quasi-experimental framework implementing first an explorative before-after design with structural fixed-effects and second a difference-in-difference analysis exploiting the energy-sensitivity of the studied firm-groups. The subsidy reform reduced output and value-added by 3 and 7%, respectively. Profits decreased by nearly 9%. Heterogeneity analyses show that the manufacturing sector has been affected through three channels: increasing costs of direct energy inputs, pass-through costs for inputs from upstream firms and an energy-price-induced demand contraction. We conclude that for successfully implementing an energy subsidy reform while maintaining growth in the manufacturing sector, direct and indirect costs have to be considered. Importantly, the results can inform expected energy reforms to mitigate climate change.

A Comparison of Energy Use in Conventional and Organic Olive Production in Kaz Mountains, Çanakkale, Türkiye

Agriculture is one of the biggest sectors and energy consumption during agricultural production causes a release of 11 % of greenhouse gasses leading to climate change. Since after the industrialization of agriculture, farming systems shifted towards high-intensity farming, yet in Türkiye, traditional farming methods continue. In this study we compare the energy efficiency of organic vs. conventional olive groves in Kaz Mountains, Türkiye. 71 farmers were interviewed face-to-face in two subsequent years and the energy efficiency of the olive production process was calculated as the ratio of the energy spent during farming to the energy content of the fruit. Fuel use was calculated under the direct energy input, whereas production processes of fertilizer, agricultural machinery, maintenance and repair, human and animal labor were calculated under indirect energy inputs. Here we show that conventional olive production was less energy efficient due to the high indirect energy input during the production of synthetic fertilizers. There was no relationship between the energy input and yield. This study shows that by improving energy efficiency, the technical performance of agricultural systems can be increased and their negative impact on the environment can be reduced.

Assessment of Energy–Economy and Environmental Performance of Perennial Crops in Terms of Biogas Production

Biogas production plays an important role in the clean energy economy and is reducing the problems of the energy crisis. The main objective of the current study is to analyze environmental performance by using perennial energy crops in the agricultural sector. Perennial energy crops are neutral for carbon and can be used for electricity and heating, which may mitigate climate change as well. The purpose of this work was to investigate and compare the energy–economy effectiveness and environmental performance of the suitability of four perennial crops for biogas production. Environmental performance was analyzed using the method of the life cycle assessment. To identify the most environmentally sustainable perennial crops for biogas production, a comparative analysis was conducted on four different crops: Lucerne, Miscanthus, Switchgrass, and Reed canary grass. The results of the analysis showed that Lucerne and Miscanthus, during the first–sixth years period, have lower indirect energy input (from 15.2 to 3.2 GJ/ha and 15.6 to 3.2 GJ/ha) than Switchgrass (from 20.9 to 3.2 GJ/ha) and Reed canary grass (from 16.7 to 3.2 GJ/ha). However, the highest direct energy input was determined by Lucerne (from 15.7 to 1.6 GJ/ha), and Miscanthus (from 11.9 to 0.9 GJ/ha) compared to Switchgrass (from 7.4 to 1.8 GJ/ha) and Reed canary grass (from 8.1 to 1.6 GJ/ha). Additionally, the lowest result of the direct economy and indirect economy costs was determined by Lucerne (from 3.9 to 3.7 kEUR/ha (direct) and 9.9 to 2.1 kEUR/ha (indirect)) and by Miscanthus (from 2.4 to 4.9 kEUR/ha (direct) and 11.8 to 1.9 kEUR/ha (indirect)) compared to Switchgrass (5.9 to 5.7 kEUR/ha (direct) and 17.5 to 2.1 kEUR/ha (indirect)), and reed canary grass (from 5.3 to 4.9 kEUR/ha (direct) and 13.7 to 1.9 kEUR/ha (indirect), respectively. The assessment of environmental performance revealed that Reed canary grass and Miscanthus had a more pronounced impact on Acidification. In contrast, Lucerne and Switchgrass had a more significant impact on Eutrophication indicators. The crop cultivation of four perennial crops impacted the environment in various significant ways. Despite the varying environmental impacts of the four perennial crops, the analysis revealed that all of them have the potential to increase biogas production.

Process and Material Analysis of Laser- and Convection-Dried Silicon–Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Drying electrodes is very cost-intensive as it is characterized by high energy and space consumption. Laser drying is considered a promising alternative process due to direct energy input and lower operating costs. However, it is unclear whether the same product and process quality can be achieved with laser drying. Silicon–graphite anodes with different silicon contents were processed using either a high-power diode laser or a convection oven. The laser-drying process was investigated using thermography, and the effect of laser drying on the electrode quality was examined using adhesion and residual moisture measurements. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis, SEM images and electrical conductivity were used to analyse the laser- and convection-dried anodes. It was shown that silicon–graphite anodes can also be manufactured using laser drying, with a significant reduction in drying time of over 80%.

Energy use analysis for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in the mechanized rain fed schemes eastern Sudan

The objectives of this study were to analyze energy input-output and to identify the energy use patterns for sunflower production in the mechanized rain fed agricultural schemes eastern Sudan. The results revealed that the total energy input used to produce sunflower was 1671.33 MJ ha-1 and the total energy output was 11882.83 MJ ha-1. Sunflower production was efficient in energy consumption. The result showed that the energy ratio of output to input was greater than seven. The results indicated that the average net energy, the energy productivity and the specific energy was 10211.5 MJ ha-1, 0.28 kg. MJ-1 and 3.52 MJ kg -1, respectively. Fuel energy input was the highest among the energy input items while hand labor energy input was lower. These results indicate the dependence of sunflower production in rain fed agricultural schemes eastern Sudan on machinery. This necessitated the availability and readiness of the relevant and appropriate machineries as well as sufficient amount of fuel. The results also revealed that the energy profitability was 6.11 and human energy profitability was 1165.83 MJ h-1.The direct energy input was greater than the indirect energy input. Similarly, non-renewable energy was much greater than renewable energy. The established information is useful to manage and to sustain the productivity of sunflower crop in the mechanized rain fed schemes eastern Sudan

Analysis of energy and water use in USA farmed catfish: Toward a more resilient and sustainable production system

Catfish is the largest aquaculture sector in the U.S., and there is no peer-reviewed lifecycle analysis characterizing the sector's environmental footprint. This study estimates energy and water demand per kg of catfish, based on analysis of primary data collected from businesses involved in catfish farming, hatcheries, feed mills, and processing. Further, it describes business operator perceptions of potential strategies to reduce usage. We found that direct energy inputs accounted for 49% of energy usage, while feed production, especially crop production to produce feed ingredients, comprised 39% and indirect inputs comprised 12% of usage. The largest direct energy demand came from pond aeration. Among water uses, direct water inputs, particularly for filling ponds after evaporation and harvesting, comprised the largest share (59%). Water for feed production comprised another 40%. Interviewees discussed current and potential strategies to reduce energy and water use, including automatic aerators with sensors, improved equipment, rainwater capture, and alternative harvesting practices. Shifts in crop production could also reduce catfish embodied resources. Incentives to offset costs would increase adoption. In sum, this study provides the most comprehensive exploration to date of the energy and water footprint of the largest U.S. aquaculture sector and identifies multiple opportunities that could improve the industry's resource use.

Energy efficiency of integrated crop-livestock-fish farming system for lowland irrigated ecology of eastern region, India

An integrated farming system (IFS) model was developed and assessed at ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna during 2015–19. The aim of the study was to analyze energy input-output relationship of the IFS model. The IFS model comprised of field crops, vegetables, fruits, green fodder, cattle, fish, duck and vermicomposting components. The analysis revealed total energy input in the IFS model as 112.62 GGJ and total energy output as 211.12 GJ. Energy use efficiency of the IFS model was analyzed to be 1.87, net energy gain recorded as 98.5 GJ. The direct and indirect energy inputs were estimated to be 14.06 GJ and 98.56 GJ, respectively while renewable and non-renewable energy inputs were estimated to be 85.04 and 27.58 GJ, respectively. Further, the total energy input in dairy unit was estimated to be 70.3 GJ of which 68.3 GJ was provided through feed, which accounted for 97% of total energy input in dairy unit, and 60% of the total energy input in IFS model. Furthermore, energy input in the forms of labour, fossil fuel, electricity, fertilizers and machinery was required maximum in the field crops while water energy input was required maximum in fish pond. Results showed that individual farming of fish, duck and cattle is not viable in terms of energy use efficiency. However, the IFS model as a whole was found to be energy efficient and can be adopted in lowland irrigated ecologies of the eastern region of the country.

The Capillary Waves’ Contribution to Wind-Wave Generation

Published theories and observations have shown that dissipation of gravity waves implies frequency downshifting of wave energy. Hence, for wind-waves, the wind energy input to the highest frequencies is of special interest. Here it is shown that this input is vital, because the direct wind energy input obtained by the air-pressure’s work on most gravity waves is slightly less than what the waves need to grow. Further, the wind’s input of the angular momentum that waves need to grow is found to be absent at most gravity wave frequencies. The capillary waves that appear at the surface of the sea when the wind is blowing solve these problems. To demonstrate this, an extension of linear wave theory is established to study possibilities and limitations for transfer of energy and angular momentum from the wind to waves through these frequencies. The theory describes regular, gravity–capillary waves with constant amplitude under laminar conditions. It includes surface tensions, viscosity, gravity and a wind-generated shear current, and shows that these waves—contrary to most gravity waves—receive more energy from the wind than they dissipate and angular momentum they cannot keep. Hence, the problem of the missing input of energy and angular momentum from wind to gravity waves is solved by transfers through the capillary waves. This implies that capillary waves are vital to obtain growing gravity waves.

CARBON EMISSION EQUIVALENT OF NET ENERGY USE TO PRODUCE WHITE CORN IN ZAMBOANGA CITY, PHILIPPINES

White corn is source of caloric energy, but to produce such energy also requires enormous energy in the form of direct energy input (DEI), indirect energy input (IEI) and embedded energy input (EEI) or call this the total energy input (TEI) calculated from the major farm activities such as pre-land operation (PLO), crop establishment (CE), crop care and maintenance (CCM), harvest and postharvest (HPH). The energy coefficients, calculations and its carbon emission equivalent were based from various literatures. All Mcal energy units were converted to liter diesel oil equivalent or LDOE, where 14.414 Mcal = 1.0 LDOE = 3.36 kg CO2e emission equivalent. A total of 20 white corn growers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The relationships of predictors such as the DEI, IEI and EEI ha-1 were tabulated and analyzed using a descriptive statistic. Means, percentages and sums were compared. The TEI to produce white corn grown in the upland-rainfed conditions of Barangay Vitali, Zamboanga City, Philippines was calculated at 2,398.6 Mcal ha-1 or this is equal to 210.1 LDOE ha-1 or a total of 0.83 tCO2e ha-1 emission equivalent, of this amount, the DEI, IEI and EEI contributed 8.4, 90.4 and 1.2% or this is 0.07, 0.75 and 0.01 tCO2e ha-1 emission equivalent, respectively. The high IEI was attributed largely to high inorganic fertilizer usage (32.2%), chemical pesticides (18.5%), animal and man labor (44.3%) or call these the ‘energy hotspots’. Despite the application of high dosage of inorganic fertilizers, yields are low (1.82 t ha-1 ).

Geometrical study of 5356 aluminium alloy by means of a concentric wire laser metal deposition

Additive manufacturing of aluminium using laser metal deposition (LMD) is mainly focused on repairing damaged components and producing parts in small batches with geometries that cannot be manufactured using other technologies. Wire laser metal deposition offers several advantages, the most important of which is controlled energy input, which is not possible with other direct energy input technologies, and therefore better control over part deformation. However, aluminium is a very difficult material to process with lasers because it is highly reflective, which makes it a challenge. In this study, a 1.2-mm-thick Al-5356 wire was deposited on an Al-5083 substrate using a coaxial laser metal deposition (LMD) head, which adds important multidirectionality to the process for fabricating more complex components. The main advantage was that structures could be fabricated without preheating the substrate at a speed of 0.7 kg/hr and a laser power of 3500 W. With the help of speed and height control, parts with a porosity of less than 0.04% could be produced.

USED OF WOOD PELLET FOR FUEL PRODUCTION TOFU IN UKM KAB. KEDIRI

Wood pellet is an alternative fuel made from wood waste, is one of the renewable fuels that is environmentally friendly, has a cylindrical shape and is hard, this is one of the energy conversions where the process of changing the energy form of wood waste which is randomly sized is converted into a cylindrical pellet form. This service is carried out to determine the impact of rising fuel prices on the pattern of fuel use in the tofu production process in Kab. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the efficiency of the system analyzed, namely the efficiency of the combustion system in the production of tofu. What is known is the direct energy input in each soybean cooking process and the pattern of energy use in tofu production. From the analysis that has been done to get wood pellet fuel to get maximum results for soybean cooking in a burning time for 1 hour it takes 1/2 kg of wood pellets, if done one day by burning for 8 hours in the soybean porridge cooking process it takes 4 wood pellets kg.

Direct and indirect energy consumption in farming: Impacts from fertilizer use

Indirect energy consumption represents a considerable amount of the energy used in the agricultural sector, but its assessment is not an easy task, due to the several dimensions, including those from dynamic externalities. The direct and indirect energy inputs assume special relevance within the frameworks related to fertilizers used in farming systems. On the other hand, the literature review shows that there is margin for further exploration into these domains for the context in the European Union. From this perspective, the main objective of this study is to quantify the direct impact on energy costs from the use of fertilizers in farming as well as the indirect impact on total energy consumption from the use of fertilizers in the agricultural sector. For this purpose, data were considered for European Union (EU) countries from; the Farm Accountancy Data Network, Eurostat, Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Bank and the International Energy Agency. This statistical information was evaluated through descriptive approaches and panel data econometric methodologies. The results show that the direct impacts on farming energy costs from the use of fertilizers are modest (the energy costs increased by about 0.1% point, when the fertilizer costs grow by 1% point). In turn, the indirect impact on the total energy consumption from fertilizer use in the agricultural sector is null for nitrogen and similar for phosphate and potash (around 0.015% points). The literature review shows that there are few studies addressing direct and indirect energy use in the European Union framework and less so for the farming sector, highlighting the novelty of this research.

Net zero energy barns for industrial egg production: An effective sustainable intensification strategy?

Net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) are energy efficient buildings that incorporate renewable energy generation systems so as to produce sufficient renewable energy to at least offset the total amount of non-renewable energy used by the building on an annual basis. NZEB technologies have widespread commercial and residential application, but their feasibility and efficacy in the livestock sector in support of sustainable intensification have received little attention. This study quantifies the potential for such technologies to improve sustainability outcomes in the livestock sector based on an ISO 14044-compliant life cycle assessment of a pilot net zero energy laying hen facility in Alberta, Canada compared to a conventional facility. It was found that direct energy inputs account for 6.47% and 31.64% of the life cycle cumulative energy use of egg production in NZE and non-NZE hen housing, respectively. Average infrastructure-related contributions to the life cycle impacts of egg production are only 4.34% and 1.94% for the NZE and non-NZE barns, but NZE technologies reduce the net impacts of egg production by 0.89–64.82%. The environmental impact payback time for the NZE barn (30-year lifespan) ranges from 1.38 to 20.66 years, considering the largely fossil fuel-based electricity grid in Alberta, which indicates that non-trivial environmental benefits would accrue across impact categories considered. However, this could vary considerably elsewhere depending on the types and amounts of green energy utilized in regional grid mixes. The type and availability of renewable energy resources that are integrated into NZE barns will similarly be important in determining the potential of such technologies to support sustainable intensification in this sector.

Thermodynamic analysis of partially filled hydrogen tanks in a wide scale range

• Thermodynamic behaviors in liquid hydrogen tanks covering a wide scale range. • The pressurization rate was lower under microgravity for small tanks. • Tank size significantly affects the pressurization rate in small scale range. • An empirical correlation between the pressurization rate and tank diameter. • Weights of the three causes of self-pressurization. The primary challenge for the long-term storage of cryogens in space is evaporation and consequent pressurization due to heat leakage. This study innovatively presents the scale effects on pressurization covering a wide range of tank volume from 6.37 × 10 - 3 to 208 m 3 , under normal gravity and microgravity. A computational fluid dynamic model based on the volume-of-fluid method is constructed to predict the thermodynamic behaviors in partially filled hydrogen tanks. The geometric scale is found to play a significant role in influencing the pressurization rate only for tanks in the small-scale range, especially under normal gravity. The pressurization rate is lower under microgravity than under normal gravity for small tanks. However, the opposite is observed when the tank size exceeds a critical value. An empirical correlation is originally presented to relate the real pressurization rate to the tank diameter and the pressurization rate based on homogeneous model. According to a thermodynamic analysis, the direct sensible energy input of vapor, the mass transfer on the liquid-vapor interface, and the liquid thermal expansion are the three causes of self-pressurization, which are all related to the geometric scale. The conclusions can be used for the pressurization prediction of various emissions in the aerospace applications.

Evaluation of energy use and carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels and agricultural chemicals for paste tomato cultivation in the Bursa region of Turkey.

This study was aimed to determine the fossil fuel consumption, energy use, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in per unit production area (ha) considering the petroleum products (PP) directly used and the chemical fertilizers and pesticides for the cultivation of paste tomatoes in open-field conditions in Bursa region of Turkey. The primary data of the study consisted of data collected by making face-to-face surveys with the producers of paste tomatoes in the Bursa region. The direct energy inputs and CO2 emissions related to diesel fuel and lubricant oil consumptions of engines of agricultural tractors for cultivation operations and the indirect energy inputs and CO2 emissions related to the manufacturing of chemical fertilizers and plant growth regulators used for plant nutrition and pesticides used for plant protection were determined for paste tomato cultivation. A total of 288.6 L diesel fuel and 0.067 L lubrication oil are consumed per hectare when using tools and machinery in paste tomato production. A total of 408 kg of chemical fertilizers and 15.5 kg of pesticides are used per hectare in paste tomato production in the Bursa region of Turkey. A total of 2343.45 MJ/ha and 2700.5 MJ/ha indirect energy is used in the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, respectively. A total of 792.43 kg and 0.189 kg CO2 is released as a result of diesel fuel and lubricant oil consumptions. For the production of one kilogram of paste tomato, 2.68 grams (g) diesel fuel and lubricating oil, 175.02 kilojoules (kJ) of energy is consumed, and 15.88 g CO2 is released in the Bursa region of Turkey.

Energy Inputs of Selected Agroforestry Systems in Zamboanga City, Philippines

A study aimed to estimate the energy inputs of selected agroforestry systems (AFSs) within the Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) in Zamboanga City, Philippines was conducted. All Mcal units were converted into Liter Diesel Oil Equivalent (LDOE), where 1.0 LDOE = 11.414 Mcal. Purposive sampling was used in determining the fitted characteristics and the number of respondents required across the 16 CBFM sites, where nine (9) dominant AFSs were identified. A total of 100 respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The relationships of predictors such as the direct, indirect and embedded energy inputs per AFS were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Means, percentages and sums were compared. The rubber+1based AFS obtained the lowest total energy inputs (TEI) at 5,790.5 Mcal ha^-1 or equal to 507.3 LDOE ha^-1, while the rubber+3based AFS obtained the highest TEI at 11,801.3 Mcal ha^-1 (1,034.0 LDOE ha^-1) compared to other AFSs such as the coconut+1based, mango-based, marang-based, lanzones-based, coconut+3based, rubber+2based and coconut+2based with individual TEI that ranged from 6,267.16-11,250.2 Mcal ha^-1 (549.1-985.6 LDOE ha^-1). Of the total TEI across the nine (9) AFSs, the direct energy input (DEI) contributed 1.6-5.4%, indirect energy input (IEI) 94.1-98.0% and embedded energy input (EEI) 0.3-0.5%, respectively. The TEI is the sum total of DEI, IEI and EEI where each was accounted from pre-land preparation (PLP), crop establishment (CE), crop care and maintenance (CCM), harvest and postharvest (HPH) activities. The high imputed cost on IEI was attributed to high usage of agrochemicals and labor which are identified as the ‘energy hotspots’ or the energy-intensive inputs. The high plant density and number of trees present within the system contributed significantly in the overall TEI. Understanding the significant contributions of various energy-intensive systems will guide policy makers and local planners to initiate an integrated farming approach with reduced energy inputs that is climate smart with higher economic potential for the upland environment in the City of Zamboanga.