Direct Data Collection Research Articles

Estimating the prevalence of child labour in the cocoa industry via indirect elicitation methods: a mixed-methods study

Data from children suggest that the prevalence of child labour in the cocoa industry in Côte d’Ivoire is a worrying 38%. However, while surveying children has the potential to reduce sensitivity biases such as social desirability bias, it presents significant ethical dilemmas and may also be associated with other reporting biases, making accurate estimates of child labour difficult. To address this, we collected data from 1741 cocoa producers to assess whether parents could provide more accurate estimates using indirect survey methods. We compared direct questioning with a list experiment and a novel non-verbal method (‘colorbox’). We found higher prevalence rates of child labour using indirect elicitation methods, but lower than those obtained from children’s surveys. Qualitative in-depth interviews revealed motivations for underreporting, including fear of legal consequences and mistrust of stakeholders. Indirect methods alone are not sufficient to correct for underreporting when child labour is collected from parents. Future research should prioritise direct data collection from children and address ethical concerns to obtain more accurate estimates of child labour.

Analisis Efisiensi Biaya Tenaga Kerja Langsung pada PT. Davincy Airindo

This study was conducted with the aim to determine the efficiency of direct labor costs carried out by the company PT Davincy Airindo. In this study using literature review and observation, namely by conducting research in the field through direct interviews and data collection, related documents from the company through internet media. The data obtained is analyzed using the quantitative descriptive analysis method, namely how to compare labor costs that actually occur (actual). The results of the analysis will show whether direct labor costs are used efficiently to produce a product. This shows that Direct Labor Cost Control is in the efficient and stable category (in control).

The Influence Of Product Quality, Service Quality, Price And Brand Image On Shopee Customer Satisfaction

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the influence of product quality, service quality, price and brand image on shopee customer satisfaction survey in Bengkulu province. Methodology/approach – The data collection method used in this research is the direct or self-administered data collection method, namely the distribution method by distributing online questionnaires to obtain information from respondents. Distribution of questionnaires was carried out by distributing questionnaires online to respondents via social media such as WhatsApp, Instagram and assisted by closest friends in distributing questionnaires. This research collected a sample of 309 respondents.. Findings – It was found that . Good quality, low prices, good brand image and good service quality can increase the satisfaction of customers who shop at Shopee in the community in the city of Bengkulu and have a positive and significant influence. Novelty/value – because product quality, price, brand image and service quality have an influence on customer satisfaction, so it is important for companies to evaluate further the variables that form customer satisfaction to make customers more satisfied. Keywords Because product quality, price, brand image and service quality have an influence on customer satisfaction, it is important for companies to evaluate further the variables that form customer satisfaction to make customers more satisfied. keywords service quality, product quality, price brand image.

“We always remember for whom we make a tandyr”. Ethnoarchaeological research on tandyrs in southern Kyrgyzstan

The article has two informative levels: (a) describes the construction, distribution and use of tandyr cores as a traditional product of the bread-baking culture in southern Kyrgyzstan; compares these processes with the well-documented phenomenon of tandyrs in the Middle East and (b) tries to define the implications for potential archaeological research of tandyrs in this area, where (despite their claimed general distribution and use) these products have not been archaeologically identified to date. The basic method of the work is the direct collection of ethnographic data at four production locations and dozens of consumption locations through direct observation and formalized questionnaires.

Indirect and direct effects of nighttime light on COVID-19 mortality using satellite image mapping approach

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of understanding environmental factors in disease transmission. This study aims to explore the spatial association between nighttime light (NTL) from satellite imagery and COVID-19 mortality. It particularly examines how NTL serves as a pragmatic proxy to estimate human interaction in illuminated nocturnal area, thereby impacting viral transmission dynamics to neighboring areas, which is defined as spillover effect. Analyzing 43,199 COVID-19 deaths from national mortality data during January 2020 and October 2022, satellite-derived NTL data, and various environmental and socio-demographic covariates, we employed the Spatial Durbin Error Model to estimate the direct and indirect effect of NTL on COVID-19 mortality. Higher NTL was initially directly linked to increased COVID-19 mortality but this association diminished over time. The spillover effect also changed: during the early 3rd wave (December 2020 – February 2021), a unit (nanoWatts/sr/cm2) increase in NTL led to a 7.9% increase in neighboring area mortality (p = 0.013). In contrast, in the later 7th wave (July – September 2022), dominated by Omicron, a unit increase in NTL resulted in an 8.9% decrease in mortality in neighboring areas (p = 0.029). The shift from a positive to a negative spillover effect indicates a change in infection dynamics during the pandemic. The study provided a novel approach to assess nighttime human activity and its influence on disease transmission, offering insights for public health strategies utilizing satellite imagery, particularly when direct data collection is impractical while the collection from space is readily available.

Effect of diet on the management of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults from low-income and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two highly prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide, both leading to disability and premature mortality in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). Nutritional interventions towards a healthier dietary pattern or food and nutrients intake have an important role on the management of this disease. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of nutritional interventions on the management of blood pressure and glycaemia in adults with hypertension and T2DM from LMICs. We will conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of nutritional interventions on blood pressure and glycaemia in adult patients with hypertension and T2DM. Literature search will be conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science databases from anytime until April 2024. Nutritional interventions would have been applied in addition to regular or standard treatment, which is prescribed and/or provided by the healthcare system. Studies in English and Spanish will be selected and reviewed by two independent reviewers. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane tool for RCTs. Heterogeneity and publication bias will be estimated using the I2 and Egger's test, respectively. Ethics approval was not required for this systematic review, considering there was no direct data collection or participation of patients. The investigators will write a manuscript of the final detailed report with the study development and main findings to be published in a peer- reviewed journal. The main findings may be shared with academia partners and groups working on similar topics in LMICs, in addition to policymakers and authorities in these countries. CRD42023483847.

Leveraging Administrative Records and Record Linkages to Enhance Health Data at the U.S. Census Bureau

Direct data collection via surveys of patients and health care providers continues to experience declining response rates and increased costs. Alternative data sources such as medical claims or electronic health records hold significant promise to complement direct data collection efforts but these records often suffer from a lack of important sociodemographic, economic, and other critical social determinants of health characteristics. On the heath care provider side, existing records often lack information needed to fully describe complex organizational relationships between providers and their places of work, employment, and service delivery. Through strategic partnerships with external data owners, the Enhancing Health Data (EHealth) program at the U.S. Census Bureau links multiple data sources of restricted administrative records covering patients, providers, and health care businesses and leverages data assets and record linkage capabilities available exclusively at the Census Bureau. This presentation will describe existing EHealth projects and share the vision to build a data infrastructure that empowers researchers, policy makers, and the public to uncover new insights on patients, providers, and population health.

Kasus Ikhtilath di Kabupaten Pidie: Tinjauan Terhadap Strategi Penyelesaian

The research method used to understand the mechanism of resolving cases of ikhtilath in Pidie District is qualitative research with direct data collection in the field. The results of the research show that cases of ikhtilath are not directly handled by the local village or sub-district authorities, but are handed over to the competent authorities because the perpetrators of ikhtilath often come from outside the area. This is done to ensure that the cases are resolved in accordance with the law and to deter the perpetrators and other members of the community. The mechanism for resolving cases of ikhtilath in Pidie District involves a legal process according to Qanun No. 6 of 2014. This process involves several parties, such as investigators, prosecutors, judges, and witnesses at the scene. Despite challenges such as limited resources and minimal budget, efforts are made to prevent ikhtilath through tighter security, family supervision, and community outreach. The sanctions imposed on perpetrators of ikhtilath are in accordance with existing regulations, but the lack of community participation in prevention and the shortage of PPNS investigators are inhibiting factors in handling these cases.

Implementation of Project-Based Learning Model in Islamic Religious Education for Grade X at Muhammadiyah Senior High School 1 Surakarta

<em>A learning model is an approach to change learners' behavior adaptively or generatively, which is strongly related to learners' learning styles and teachers' teaching styles. One prominent learning model is Project-Based Learning (project based learning), where students actively participate in real projects to solve real-world problems independently. This research focuses on the implementation of project based learning in Islamic Religious Education (PAI), which aims to develop learners' religious values and character. This research uses a phenomenological approach to describe the situation in the field and understand individual experiences in the context of everyday life. Through direct data collection in the field, this study reveals how project based learning in Islamic Education affects the development of students' social skills, creativity, and concept understanding. The results show that project based learning not only improves students' academic understanding, but also builds inclusive character and effective communication skills in group collaboration. In conclusion, project based learning in Islamic Religious Education makes a positive contribution to education by combining religious values with project-based learning. By going in-depth, this study hopes to provide useful insights for future educational development, particularly in the context of relevant and empowering religious teaching.</em>

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM TERINTEGRASI BERBASIS IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS) UNTUK MONITORING DAN KONTROL KUALITAS AIR PADA BUDIDAYA TAMBAK UDANG DARATAN

Water quality is very important for the sustainability of a shrimp farm, starting from the quantity and quality of shrimp harvested is very influential on the good quality of the pond water. The water quality in question is parameters such as water turbidity, a lot or clean of dirt in the pool, a pH value that suits your needs and ammonia content in the pond which is usually produced from shrimp manure. This research designed a water quality monitoring and control tool in shrimp ponds that is integrated automatically through an IoT-based system (Internet of Things) using the thingspeak application as a server and telegram bots as controls. Based on the results of tests that have been carried out, the tool has been able to determine the quality of water correctly. The error percentage was 0.01% for turbidity sensors, 0.05% for TDS sensors, 0.01% for pH sensors and 0.12% for ammonia gas sensors. Based on the results of direct data collection on shrimp ponds for 6 hours, the average value of water turbidity was 3.06 NTU, the lowest was 1.07 NTU and the highest was 5.99 NTU, for the average value of TDS content was 170.98 ppm, 150.00 ppm was the lowest and 204.12 ppm was the highest, for the average pH content was 7.80, the lowest was 7.50 and the highest was 8.74, and the average value of ammonia content was 0.004 ppm, 0.0007 ppm is the lowest and 0.0113 is the highest.

The relationship between Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Depression treatment outcomes: A review of literature

Depression or depressive disorder is the common mental disorder. It affects the day-to-day life of the person and impact the outcomes at the workplace. As per WHO data, 3.8% of the world population experience depression. Suicidal attempts are also very high among depressed people. Around 75% of depression suffering population don’t receive any treatment. Due to social stigma, lack of mental health professionals and economical barriers only a few portions of the population receive psychotherapies. The current study reviews the literature related to cognitive behavior therapy outcomes analysis. No direct data collection methods are used in the study, it only reviews the literature to analyze the outcomes of CBT in depression treatment. The qualitative analysis methods were used to compare the data and draw conclusions. It concludes that CBT is efficacious in the acute treatment of depressive disorder.

The Prediction of Road Condition Value during Maintenance Based on Markov Process

The first step in the road handling effort is to survey to get an accurate road condition value to take correct action in implementing maintenance. As pavement performance is known to be probabilistic, various levels of uncertainty must be assumed. Modern pavement management methods are ineffective without an effective model to predict pavement performance. Discrete-time Markov chains are the most widely used probabilistic models, and examples from different countries worldwide can be found in pavement management systems. This research aims to predict the value of road conditions during maintenance and compare road assessments with real conditions during road maintenance using the IRI, SDI, and PCI methods using the Markov process. The analysis method used is to collect secondary data from related departments and carry out direct data collection in the field to obtain condition values based on IRI, SDI, and PCI to forecast by making a pavement condition prediction model based on the Markov process and then assessing road conditions by comparing the three index values with the slightest deviation value. The analysis showed that the average value of road conditions with the IRI indicator is 4.45, which is moderate, and the most negligible difference between the probability distribution of pavement condition prediction modeling and the actual survey results was the IRI (International Roughness Index) method. This model is closest to the actual conditions during implementation, with a difference value of 5.7%.

Implementation of Social Media for Marketing of The Jungle Waterpark, Bogor

Social media today is an important part of business, to be used as a medium for marketing their products and also to reach a wider target market. The Jungle Waterpark located in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, is a water park that offers many attractions and adequate facilities. This research aims to explore how The Jungle Waterpark utilizes social media as their marketing strategy. This type of research is qualitative, using qualitative descriptive analysis. Data collection was carried out by direct observation and data collection from social media accounts such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and YouTube owned by The Jungle Waterpark. The results showed The Jungle Waterpark makes excellent use of social media platforms. Their photo and video posts include, product promos, sharing information, interesting content, and much more. However, their YouTube social media account needs a better improvement, because some of the content on their YouTube account is not as updated as their other social media platforms.

Occupational Safety and Health Inspection of Ahmad Dahlan University Main Building Campus IV

This study aims to evaluate the level of occupational safety and health in the Main Building of Campus IV of Ahmad Dahlan University. The methodology used included direct inspection and data collection through questionnaires distributed to officers and building users. The results showed that although most areas in the building have met occupational safety and health standards, there are still some shortcomings that need to be corrected. In particular, the security and safety aspects of officers and equipment require improvement. In addition, regular inspections are needed to ensure the quality of the working environment is maintained. An effective OHS Inspection Program is seen as an important preventive measure to ensure a safe, healthy and secure working environment for all building occupants. The findings are expected to provide recommendations for improving the occupational safety and health system at Campus IV of Ahmad Dahlan University.

Review Papers on Production of Densoshaft-FZM00211

This thesis explores the application of time and motion study techniques to a specific industrial process with the goal of reducing process time while maintaining efficiency and productivity. The study focuses on a detailed examination and analysis of each component i.e. Denso Shaft- FZMOO211of the process to identify inefficiencies and areas for improvement. By utilizing both direct observation and quantitative data collection, the research identifies bottlenecks and unnecessary movements that contribute to prolonged process times. The study employs various methodologies, including process mapping, work sampling, and time measurement, to gather comprehensive data. Key Words: denso shaft, study, productivity, time, measurements

Experimental Study on Using Synthetic Images as a Portion of Training Dataset for Object Recognition in Construction Site

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) across various industries necessitates the acquisition of relevant environmental data and the implementation of AI recognition learning based on this data. However, the data available in real-world environments are limited and difficult to obtain. Construction sites represent dynamic and hazardous environments with a significant workforce, making data acquisition challenging and labor-intensive. To address these issues, this experimental study explored the potential of generating synthetic data to overcome the challenges of obtaining data from hazardous construction sites. Additionally, this research investigated the feasibility of hybrid dataset in securing construction-site data by creating synthetic data for scaffolding, which has a high incidence of falls but low object recognition rates due to its linear object characteristics. We generated a dataset by superimposing scaffolding objects, from which the backgrounds were removed, onto various construction site background images. Using this dataset, we produced a hybrid dataset to assess the feasibility of synthetic data for construction sites and to evaluate improvements in object recognition performance. By finding the optimal composition ratio with real data and conducting model training, the highest accuracy was achieved at an 8:2 ratio, with a construction object recognition accuracy of 0.886. Therefore, this study aims to reduce the risk and labor associated with direct data collection at construction sites through a hybrid dataset, achieving data generation at a low cost and high efficiency. By generating synthetic data to find the optimal ratio and constructing a hybrid dataset, this research demonstrates the potential to address the problems of data scarcity and data quality on construction sites. The improvement in recognition accuracy of the construction safety management system is anticipated, suggesting that the creation of synthetic data for constructing a hybrid dataset can reduce construction safety-accident issues.

Potential of Methane (CH4), Nitrogen (N2), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from Eco-Enzyme with the Addition of Cow Feces Starter

Eco-enzyme solutions are generally used in the manufacture of disinfectants, floor cleaners, liquid fertilizers, preservatives and others. In this study, eco-enzyme was used as the main ingredient in the manufacture of biogas fermentation with the addition of cow feces as an additional starter in the fermentation. The aim of this study was to determine the content of CH4, CO2, N2, pH, temperature, and pressure in eco-enzyme fermentation with the addition of cow feces starter. his research is a quantitative research with the type of experimental research as well as direct observation data collection techniques and data analysis techniques using descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that the treatment that produced the highest methane (CH4) gas was the P5 treatment with a concentration of 2.889%. 6,1. The highest volume pressure value was produced in the P5 treatment which was 70 ml. Nitrogen gas (N2) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2), the concentration of nitrogen gas (N2) from reactor P0 - P4 is in the range of 95.875-99.669 % and the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from reactor P0 - P4 is in the range of 0.237 - 4.125 %.

Analisis Sarana Prasarana dan Fasilitas Pendukung untuk Memasarkan Destinasi Wisata di Kabupaten Nias Barat

Infrastructure facilities are everything that supports the ease of participants to take part in tourism activities starting from starting to the completion of the organization of these tourism activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the availability of infrastructure and supporting facilities to market tourist destinations in West Nias Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with direct observation data collection to West Nias Regency. As well as conducting interviews with the Hotel and the Office of Youth Sports Culture and Tourism. The results obtained that the components of infrastructure and supporting facilities have all been fulfilled, only still need improvement from the aspects of accessibility, transportation equipment, security facilities, finance, health, information centers, venues, capacity, layout, atmosphere, service, security, availability. While tourist destinations in West Nias Regency have all been fulfilled, only still need improvement from the aspects of accessibility, attractions, amenity, and human resources (Human Resources). Based on the results of calculations using the SWOT approach, it can be concluded that the infrastructure and supporting facilities for marketing tourist destinations in West Nias Regency are in quadrant I position, thus showing a very favorable situation for West Nias Regency to carry out an aggressive/growth strategy. Keywords: Infrastructure, Tourism Destinations, SWOT.

Совершенствование процесса принятия управленческих решений в сельском хозяйстве с применением систем искусственного интеллекта

Abstract. The problem of the quality of managerial decisions is one of the most acute problems of agriculture. Their quality can be improved with the use of digital technologies, including the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The purpose of the study is to clarify the main stages of managerial decision-making, taking into account the use of AI systems. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a structural model for making a managerial decision, taking into account the use of AI systems, the main components of this process are identified. The research methods were the analysis of publications in the WoS scientific citation network on the topics “agriculture” and “artificial intelligence”, as well as the abstract-logical method in the analysis of the main stages of making a managerial decision. The results of the study were the determination of the composition and content of the stages of the procedural decision invariant, taking into account the use of artificial intelligence systems. The use of artificial intelligence systems allows diagnosing the occurrence of problems in crop production, animal husbandry, and technical systems at an early stage. Data collection and analysis in the process of making a managerial decision using AI systems includes direct data collection using sensors, cameras, scanners, etc., their cleaning and preliminary analysis, exploratory and statistical analysis, data modeling and interpretation of results. The use of AI systems will make it possible to operate with large data sets from agricultural production facilities, which will reduce uncertainty in making managerial decisions. The analysis of alternatives and the development of a management decision using AI systems turns off the forecasting of agricultural development indicators in a given system of constraints, the generation of alternative solutions and the choice of the optimal alternative, the acceptance or ignoring of the proposed alternatives. AI systems can be used to automate and optimize the process of implementing management decisions, monitoring and controlling management decisions. The use of AI systems to automate management decision-making processes in agriculture can help improve management efficiency.

THE ROLE OF SMART CITY POLICY IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN SERANG CITY BANTEN

This research examines the implementation of smart city policy in Serang City, Banten Province, Indonesia, in the context of local government reform from a centralised to a decentralised system. The main objective is to analyse how smart city policy can improve peoples welfare through integrating information technology in e-government, e-budgeting, e-planning, environmental management, and urban planning. The methodology used is a descriptive analysis design with a qualitative approach involving direct data collection in the field and observation of social interactions. The results show that the effectiveness of smart city policy implementation in Serang City is influenced by five main dimensions: environmental conditions, inter-organizational relationships, available resources, characteristics of implementing agencies, and the quality of public services. These factors interact with each other to support or hinder the achievement of policy objectives. This study concludes that the success of smart city policies depends on technology and the ability to manage resources, inter-organizational coordination, and human resource quality development. Continuous evaluation and adjustment of policies and practices are needed to create sustainable and inclusive solutions to improve peoples quality of life. KEYWORDS: Decentralization, Smart City, Serang City, Policy Implementation