Direct Current Electrical Energy Research Articles

Revealing detrimental effects of various DC electrical energy conditions on different multidrug resistant bacteria: a comprehensive study

The arbitrary discharge of contaminated wastes, especially that encompass multidrug resistant microbes (MDR), would broaden the circle of epidemic diseases such as COVID-19, which in turn deteriorate definitely the whole socioeconomics. Therefore, the employment of electrical stimulation techniques such as direct current (DC) with low energy considers being effective tool to impede spontaneous changes in microbial genetic makeup, which increases the prevalence of MDR phenomenon. Herein, the influence of different electric energies generated by DC electric field, volts and time on MDR-bacteria that are categorized among the highly ranked nosocomial pathogens, was scrutinized. Wherein, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were examined as paradigms of Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. The results declared the significant superior antagonizing potency of electric energy in a dose-dependent modality rather than the applied volts or exposure time. Notably, the exposure of bacterial cultures to140 J inhibited the bacterial count by > 78% and the range of 47–73% for Gram-negative and Gram-positive, respectively. While the suppression in their metabolic activity assessed by > 75% and 41–68%, respectively; reflecting the capability of electrical energy to induce viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Similarly, the results of total protein, extracellular protein content and lactate dehydrogenase activity emphasized the cell wall deterioration and losing of cell membrane integrity. Additionally, the elevating in ROS upon DC-exposure participated in DNA fragmentation and plasmid decomposability by the range of 33–60%. Further, SEM micrographs depicted drastic morphological deformations after electrical treatment. Strikingly, DC-treatment impaired antibiotic resistance of the examined strains against several antibiotics by > 64.2%. Generally, our comparative detailed study revealed deleterious potentiality of different DC-protocols in defeating microbial pollution, which could be invested as efficient disinfectant alternative in various sectors such as milk sterilization and wastewater purification.

Marketing component of green technologies energy efficiency at traditional and renewable energy facilities

The article examines the economic aspects of the production of electrical engineering and electricity at traditional and renewable energy facilities. The authors emphasized that Ukraine has great potential for the development of wind and solar energy capacities, but the relatively high current price of such technologies compared to conservative sources of electricity generation makes new power generation capacities from RES twice as expensive. The authors consider, improving energy efficiency could significantly reduce the growth in energy consumption: according to the International Energy Agency, the implementation of measures to improve energy efficiency on a global scale by 2030 would lead to an increase in energy consumption by 40%, while failure to implement these measures would mean a 60% increase in demand. It is proved that in Ukraine the most promising direction is the use of solar energy. The authors focused on the direct conversion of wind and solar energy into direct current electrical energy. The possibility of converting wind and solar energy into thermal energy without preliminary concentration of the solar radiation flux for heating the coolant and subsequent supply to heating objects has been proved. It was noted that a significant modernization of power plants using renewable energy sources or the construction of additional capacities (for an amount exceeding 50% of their initial cost) after 2014, 2020 led to a reduction in the rates of the “green” tariff for the entire power plant by 10%, 20% respectively and will lead to 2024 by 30%.

PENYEDIAAN SUMBER DAYA LISTRIK BERBASIS SOLAR SEL DI GEREJA GPDI BUKIT HERMON TO’ LIMBONG LEMBANG TONDON, KECAMATAN TONDON, KABUPATEN TORAJA UTARA

Without electrical energy, electronic equipment cannot be used as a work aid to meet human needs. The GPDI Church of the Bukit Hermon To' Limbong Congregation, is one of the houses of worship whose location is not yet reached by the PLN electricity network. To get electrical energy, it still takes a long time because they are waiting for the plan to add electricity to the church site. The church already has several electronic devices such as sound systems and pianos that were donated by the congregation. However, these tools cannot be used because electrical energy is not yet available in the church. To meet the electricity needs in the church, solar cell-based electrical energy is provided. Service activities are carried out using the method of applying solar cell technology by installing solar panels. The function of the solar panel is to convert solar energy into direct current electrical energy which is then converted into alternating current electrical energy. With the installation of a 160 Wp solar panel, the electricity source is already available, in the Bukit Hermon GPDI church so that the electric lighting in the church is lit during the day and at night. Electronic devices that have not been used before, can already be functioned properly when carrying out activities

Prediction of the monthly cost of energy usage by PEMFC at housing in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

The development of renewable energy is increasing nowadays. Besides, the development of energy conversion systems that can work at high efficiency also increases along with the decreasing availability of fossil energy. The fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts chemical reaction energy directly into direct current electrical energy. The use of fuel cells as power generating in housing has also increased rapidly, especially in developed countries. This study aims to develop a model and simulation for the Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system with a working temperature of 165 °C) using Aspen Plus simulation. In this analysis, the model and simulation developed are used to predict the amount of fuel needed when used in housing as an electricity generator and obtain a monetary value for the monthly fuel procurement. The PEMFC system is designed to generate power up to 0.60 kW by consuming hydrogen fuel with a current density of 0.02 A/cm2. The hydrogen consumed by the PEMFC system is around 0.030 kg/hour, with a monthly cost of hydrogen consumption by the system is Rp. 2,052,000. Meanwhile, the monthly electricity from the national grid (PLN) bill costs around Rp. 569,261 (in the year 2019). In comparing the energy bill, at the moment, the fuel cost for PEMFC as a power generation system is much more expensive than PLN’s electricity consumption costs due to the high hydrogen fuel cost.

Helical micromotor operating under stationary DC electrostatic field.

The direct current (DC) motor is a rotary device that converts DC electrical energy into mechanical energy. However, it is known that, in downsizing the currently available macromotor, rotary motion of DC micromotors cannot work well due to the larger viscous effect. Here, we report simple DC micromotors working under a new principle. We previously revealed that in an oil phase containing an ionic surfactant, non-spherical particles exhibit various types of regular motions such as spinning and circular orbital motions. In this study, we found that a microhelix exhibits a new type of periodic motion, namely, the cork-screw-type rotation, in a specific direction depending on the material of the helix, metal or non-metallic organics. The results show that a left-handed nickel helix rotates in the clockwise direction when viewed from the positive electrode, whereas an organic one rotates in the opposite direction (anti-clockwise) under the same electrode arrangement with stationary constant DC voltage. In addition, we demonstrate that the cork-screw rotation is switched to opposite direction by changing the handedness (chirality). It is to be noted that the micromotors reported here maintain their stable motion without any mechanical support such as rotational axes or electronic switching devices. The invented DC micromotor would be applicable for mechanical and fluidic devices, being useful as a smart device in microrobots and microfluidics.

ANALISIS ENERGI LISTRIK DC SISTEM IEM-FC (Inorganic Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell) DENGAN SUMBER ENERGI AIR SUNGAI ERANG SERAM BARAT DAN AIR ALPHA SPIN: “PENDAHULUAN DARI BATTERY CAIR”

This research was conducted to generate direct current electrical energy as a simple prototype of liquid battery in the samples of river water of Erang West Seram and alpha spin water by using inorganic electrolyte membrane fuel cell (IEM-FC) system connected with DC POWER SUPPLY PS-305D and multimeter in order to measure the voltage and current strength, respectively. The value of the voltage and current strength will be obtained to calculate electrical energy power. The power outputs of treated pure water with alpha spin, and river water of Erang West Seram are 0.052 × 10- 6 Watt, and 0.054 × 10-6 Watt, respectively. While the values of electrical energy from water alpha spin and water samples of Erang West Seram are 6.24 × 10- 6 Joule, and 12.96 × 10- 6 Joule, respectively

A simple method to harness DC (direct current) electrical energy generated by bacterial activity

We developed a new system for collecting electrons generated by bacterial activity to supply DC (direct current) electrical energy. This system used eight titanium sub-electrodes (surface area of each sub-electrode: 189 cm 2) connected to one central main titanium electrode (surface area of electrode: 1571 cm 2). The distance between each sub-electrode and the main electrode was 30 cm. In an initial experiment, we collected electrons during composting cattle excreta, which was mixed with a commercially available microbial compost activator/starter. We analysed the relationships between the composting temperature and electrical current and voltage. Electrons were effectively collected and used successfully to obtain DC electrical energy. Generation of a stable voltage of approximately 0.5 V was clearly observed. This voltage was not related to compost temperature; however, the generated electrical current increased and decreased with compost temperature. The method was then used in a second experiment to collect electrons generated by bacterial activity in an agricultural field (area: 48 m 2). Electrons in the field were effectively collected, and we measured a stable voltage of approximately 1.1 V and a stable current of approximately 0.7 mA. The system has the advantages of being simple, easily maintained, inexpensive, and applicable to large-scale agricultural fields.

An airborne intensive care facility (fixed wing).

A fixed-wing aircraft (Beechcraft KingAir B200 C) fitted as an airborne intensive care facility is described. It completed 2000 missions from 1987-1992 for distances up to 1300 km. Features include: 1. Space for carriage of two stretchers, medical cabin crew of up to five persons and equipment and two-pilot operation if necessary. A third stretcher may be carried in emergencies. 2. Two CARDIOCAP (TM) fixed monitors for ECG, invasive and noninvasive pressures pulse oximetry and end-tidal C02 plus SIEMENS 630(TM)/PROPAQ(TM) compact monitors for the ground transport phase of missions, or the total duration. 3. A medical oxygen reservoir of 4650 litres sufficient for two patients on IPPV with FiO2 = 1.0 for a four-hour trip. The medical suction system is powered from the engine or a vacuum pump. 4. Other medical equipment and drugs in portable packs, for ground transport and resuscitation needs and for replenishment by nursing staff at the parent hospitals. 5. Stretchers compatible with helicopter and road ambulance vehicles used. 6. A stretcher loading device energized from the aircraft, operating through a wide (cargo) door. 7. Provision of 24Ov AC (alternating current) and 28v DC (direct current) electrical energy. 8. Pressurization and climate control. 9. Satisfactory aviation performance for conditions encountered, with single-pilot operation.

Electrical ablation of posteroseptal accessory pathways

Electrical ablation of a posteroseptal accessory pathway by delivery of direct current electrical energy at the coronary sinus ostium was attempted in six patients. As a result of 12 procedures in these six patients, the posteroseptal accessory pathway was successfully ablated in one patient. Retrograde conduction only was affected in a further three patients, abolishing paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in two and reducing the tachycardia rate in one. One of the six patients developed coronary sinus perforation requiring prompt pericardial aspiration. The procedure is complicated, time consuming, of limited efficacy and coronary sinus perforation is a significant risk. Surgery remains the preferred option as a curative procedure for arrhythmias due to posteroseptal accessory pathway.

Possible fuel cell applications for ships and submarines

Fuel cells chemically convert fuels into direct current electrical energy and unlike heat engines, are not limited by the Camot cycle. Although still an emerging technology, small and high reliability fuel cell plants have been built for space applications and large systems as demonstrators for commercial power generation [ 11. In these applications automatic and reliable operation of fuel cells has been demonstrated. Military applications have included small land based systems using phosphoric acid electrolyte fuel cells [2,3] and a German development using alkaline electrolyte fuel cells in a submarine [ 4,5]. For the operation of a fuel cell system, fuels generally have to be converted to usable hydrogen which is combined with oxygen in the fuel cell to produce water and electric power through a load. The following summarises benefits which might accrue from applying fuel cell systems to surface ships and submarines, and is based on earlier papers [6,7].