Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl Radical Research Articles

Characterization and anti-aging activities of Haruan (Channa striata) fish oil

Haruan fish or snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a freshwater fish widely cultivated in Indonesia. Fish oils are believed to have some biological activities which are beneficial to human health, including antioxidant and antiaging activities. The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics and yield of Haruan fish oil (HFO) using three extraction methods (steaming, maceration, and pressing), to determine radical scavenging activity (RSA) of fish oils using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and to determine anticollagenase activity of HFO. The extraction of HFO from the flesh part using the steaming method resulted in the highest RSA values either using DPPH or ABTS radicals. HFO could inhibit the activity of collagenase by 26.87±0.391%. The highest yield of HFO was obtained using the steaming method, with extraction yields of flesh and offal of 2.02% and 2.05%, respectively. The acid values (AV) of HFOs obtained from different parts using the steaming method were 1.87±0.04 (flesh part), 1.88±0.07 (head) and 1.93±0.05 (offal). The saponification values (SV) of HFO using the same extraction method were 6.30±0.26, 6.17±0.07, and 6.30±0.23 for flesh, head and offal, respectively. The peroxide (PV) and iodine (IV) values were 85.37±2.86 and 198.51±7.68, 103.70±2.21 and 206.44±5.24, as well as 96.05±2.93 and 193.68±1.70, for flesh, head and offal, respectively. These parameters (AV, SV, PV and IV) met the requirements. Haruan fish oil has the potential to be developed as a source of the human diet.

Effects of fig and pineapple powder on metabolite compounds and health-promoting properties in fermented goat meat sausage.

The objective of this research was to identify the metabolite compounds and health-promoting properties of goat meat fermented sausages containing different amounts of fig and pineapple powder (0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%), which are presented by F1, F2, F3 and P1, P2, P3, separately. Fermented sausages were manufactured from the lean meat of female goats. The samples extracted from the goat meat fermented sausages were evaluated for their metabolite compounds, antioxidants, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity. The results showed that the diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity were the highest in F3 (p<0.05), whereas the hydroxyl radical (°OH) scavenging capacity was the highest in P3 (p<0.05). In addition, F3 and F2 showed the highest superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (p<0.05), whereas F3 and P3 showed the highest copper chelating activity (p<0.05). Based on the metabolite compounds, hydrophobic amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and bitter amino acids were abundant in F3. Both F3 and P3 contained high concentrations of umami-producing compounds. The incorporation of 0.5% fig powder into goat meat fermented sausage showed improved biological activities based on metabolite compounds.

Exploring the antioxidant and protective effects of Marsdenia thyrsiflora Hook.f. leaf extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rat models.

Medicinal plants are vital to healthcare, yet many remain unexplored. Marsdenia thyrsiflora Hook.f., from Bangladesh's Bhawal Forest, lacks research on its medicinal properties, especially its antioxidant capacities and protection against CCl4-induced liver toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant properties of M. thyrsiflora leaf extract to determine its protective effects on rodents against CCl4-induced liver injury. After extraction, the total phenol, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the leaf extract were measured using established protocols. Free radical scavenging abilities were evaluated with 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) assays. Additionally, reducing power was assessed through cupric-reducing and ferric-reducing assays. Based on the OECD 420 recommendation, acute toxicity was tested on Swiss albino mice to establish an effective and safe dosage. For the hepatoprotective study, Sprague-Dawley rats were pre-treated with M. thyrsiflora leaf methanolic extract (MTLM) at 250 and 500mg/kg body weight, and CCl4 was administered to induce liver damage. Serum hepatic enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides), total bilirubin, and markers of lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde (MDA)) were measured. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) were also evaluated to assess oxidative stress. The results demonstrated that MTLM, rich in phenolic and flavonoid content, exhibits significant antioxidant activities in DPPH and NO radical scavenging assays, as well as in reducing power assays. The acute toxicity study confirmed the safety of MTLM, with no adverse effects observed even at high doses. For the hepatoprotective study, rats were administered CCl4 to induce liver damage, followed by treatment with MTLM. Results showed that MTLM significantly reduces liver damage markers such as elevated serum hepatic enzyme levels, lipid profile, total bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation and improves the activities of GSH and key antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT. Histopathological analysis corroborated these findings, displaying reduced necrosis, inflammation, and edema in liver tissues treated with MTLM. MTLM extract exhibits potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Its ability to attenuate oxidative stress, enhance antioxidant enzyme activities, and facilitate histopathological changes in the liver highlights its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for liver damage. However, further investigation is required to understand its molecular processes, safety profiles, and active component characterization.

Investigating antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of liquid smoke and physical-chemical stability of bacon subjected to liquid smoke and conventional smoking.

Liquid smoke, an alternative to traditional wood burning smoking, enhances product value by imparting desirable characteristics such as aroma, flavor, and color. Furthermore, it contains components with inherent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This study compares the effects of liquid smoke and conventional smoking methods in bacon processing. Over a 90-day storage period at 22°C, physical-chemical stability, sensory attributes, and microbiological characteristics of the bacon were evaluated. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of liquid smoke were assessed. Liquid smoke exhibited antioxidant activity, with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.19mg/mL, indicating the concentration of the extract needed to inhibit 50% of DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals. Moreover, it demonstrated antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesius, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes, with a minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 7.5% to 10%. Throughout the storage, bacon treated with liquid smoke showed no signs of rancid odor, supported by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values below 0.85mgMDA/kg (where MDA is malondialdehyde). The utilization of liquid smoke yielded visually attractive bacon with enhanced color attributes, including a distinct yellow and red hue, as well as increased luminosity and brightness, surpassing the effects of traditional smoke. Remarkably, liquid smoke application significantly reduced processing time from 30h to approximately 5h, leading to substantial cost savings in the processing phase.

Chemical profile and biological activities of Lysiphyllum binatum (Blanco) de Wit.

Lysiphyllum binatum (Blanco) de Wit in the Fabaceae family, despite its traditional medicinal uses, has not been the subject of prior scientific inquiry into its chemical and biological profile. The dichloromethane and MeOH extracts of its roots exhibited notably similar antioxidant activity, while the dichloromethane extract of the vine stems showed aromatase inhibition. This study aimed to identify the bioactive components responsible for these activities. Chemical investigation of the roots led to the isolation of six new metabolites, named lysiphans A-F (1-6), along with eight known compounds (7-14). The vine stem yielded lysiphan C (3) and compound 7, as well as five known isolates (15-19). The structures of these metabolites were determined through NMR spectral analysis, HRESIMS, quantum chemical calculations of NMR and ECD spectra, and Mosher's modifications to establish their absolute configurations. The biogenetic relationships between the new compounds were proposed. Several of the isolates were evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-aromatase, and cytotoxic properties. Lysiphan B (2) exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 28.8 ± 0.4μM in the diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay, 3.5 ± 0.2μM in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XXO) assay, and 1.5 ± 0.0 ORAC units in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Additionally, compounds 12, 13, and 16 exhibited very strong aromatase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.3 ± 0.2, 4.7 ± 0.1, and 0.9 ± 0.2µM, respectively. Compound 16 also demonstrated strong ORAC activity of 1.9 ± 0.1 ORAC units.

Chemical Profiling of Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae) Essential Oil, and Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticholinesterase Properties.

A complete and comprehensive chemical and biological study of Drimys granadensis, a native Ecuadorian aromatic plant, was conducted. By conventional steam distillation from dried leaves, a yellowish, translucent essential oil (EO) with a density of 0.95 and a refractive index of 1.5090 was obtained. The EO was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and an FID detector (GC/FID), respectively. Enantiomeric distribution was also carried out by GC/MS using a chiral selective column (diethyl tert-butylsilyl-BETA-cyclodextrin). The microdilution broth method was employed to assess the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the EO against a panel of opportunistic microorganisms. Antioxidant capacity was measured using diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. Finally, the inhibitory potential of the EO against acetylcholinesterase was also valued. Sixty-four chemical compounds, constituting 93.27% of the total composition, were identified, with major components including γ-muurolene (10.63%), spathulenol (10.13%), sabinene (5.52%), and δ-cadinene (4.22%). The characteristic taxonomic marker of the Drimys genus, Drimenol, was detected at very low percentages (<2%). Two pairs of enantiomers ((1S,5R)-(+)-α-pinene/(1S,5S)-(-)-α-pinene; (1S,5R)-(+)-β-pinene/(1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene) and one pure enantiomer (1R,4S)-(-)-camphene were identified. Regarding antimicrobial potency, the EO exhibited a significant moderate effect on Listeria monocytogenes with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 250 µg/mL, while with the remaining microorganisms, it exerted less potency, ranging from 500 to 2000 µg/mL. The EO displayed moderate effects against the ABTS radical with a half scavenging capacity of 210.48 µg/mL and no effect against the DPPH radical. The most notable effect was noticed for acetylcholinesterase, with a half inhibition concentration (IC50) of 63.88 ± 1.03 µg/mL. These antiradical and anticholinesterase effects hint at potential pharmacological applications in Alzheimer's disease treatment, although the presence of safrole, albeit in low content (ca. 2%), could limit this opportunity. Further in vivo studies are necessary to fully understand their potential applications.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Zanthoxylum armatum from Uttarakhand locations

In this study, we prepared three extracts (methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of Zanthoxylum armatum from respective regions of Uttarakhand (Bageshwar, Pithoragarh, and Champawat) for determining the antimicrobial activity of fruits and seed samples using the disc diffusion method. These samples were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit the growth of three different bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli, and the zone of inhibition was calculated in mm (millimeters). Against the three test pathogens, however, the fruit extracts demonstrated more potent antibacterial activity, but the antibacterial activity of seed extracts was less evident. Staphylococcus aureus was shown to be more susceptible to each of the extracts than other strains. This plant has the potential to treat a wide range of bacterial conditions, including skin infections, urinary tract infections, dental problems, diarrhoea, and dysentery. Similarly, Zanthoxylum armatum fruit and seed extracts were tested for their antioxidant capacity using 2,2′-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavengers. These studies revealed that the methanolic fruit and seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum from Bageshwar showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial effects as compared to the control. Similar effects were obtained from ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts, but these had a lower effect than the methanolic extract. In short, Zanthoxylum armatum fruits and seeds have shown exceptional antibacterial properties against several pathogenic microorganisms that cause a number of disorders and have also shown antioxidant properties.

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. fruit inhibits iron-induced lipid peroxidation and ?-amylase enzyme activity

Insufficiencies in insulin secretion and/or action cause diabetes mellitus (DM), a complex condition characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels. Diabetes is often treated by modifying either glucose metabolism, lipids metabolism, or both. A direct correlation has been found between high levels of lipid peroxide in individuals with diabetes and lower intracellular antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Kigelia africana fruit on the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme, ?-amylase, and FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat pancreas. The in vitro antioxidant potential, including assays for (1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl (OH) scavenging, and Fe2+ chelating abilities, of the fruit extract was also evaluated. The effect of the fruit extract on the ?-amylase enzyme, and FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat pancreas was also evaluated. K. africana at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL scavenged DPPH radicals, with the lower concentration showing significant differences compared to the control. The K. africana fruit extract reduced ferric compounds significantly compared to the standard. The OH* radical scavenging results revealed that all concentrations of K. africana fruit scavenged OH* radicals without significant differences compared to the control. K. africana fruit also chelated iron significantly compared to the control. The fruit extract inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat pancreas and ?-amylase activity compared to the control. K. africana fruit displayed promising potential in inhibiting ?-amylase activity and associated lipid peroxidation in diabetics. Therefore, it holds strong promise for use in diabetes treatment, validating its traditional use for managing the condition.

Comparative Analysis of Physiochemical Properties and In Vitro Antioxidant Potency Among Morphotypes of Centella asiatica Grown in Sri Lanka

Centella asiatica commonly referred as Gotukola, is recognized for its extensive application in traditional medicine owing to its remarkable health benefits. This study investigated the differences in pH, ash content, moisture content, and in vitro antioxidant potential among three prevalent vine- type morphotypes of C. asiatica: Wel Gotukola, Meerigima Gotukola, and Yodha Gotukola, indigenous to Sri Lanka. C. asiatica plants of the same age (100 days) at their first harvestable matured stage, were randomly collected from domestic gardens in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. Three replicates of each morphotype were sampled. Moisture and ash content were analysed using the standard AOAC method, and pH was measured using the potentiometric method. DPPH (2,2- Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacity assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity. To thoroughly compare antioxidant potential among morphotypes, the ANOVA test was utilized followed by post-hoc Tukey HSD tests. Following results were obtained for the average moisture content of Wel Gotukola (83.41%±1.16%), Yodha Gotukola (74.33%±2.23%), and Meerigama Gotukola (79.46%±1.89%), alongside average ash content of Wel Gotukola (11.60%±1.02%), Yodha Gotukola (13.12%±2.57%), and Meerigama Gotukola (12.17%±2.01%). Additionally, an average pH of Wel Gotukola (6.00±0.21), Yodha Gotukola (5.75±0.25), and Meerigama Gotukola (5.98±0.14) was observed. The antioxidant activity of C. asiatica extracts exhibited concentration dependent increases in radical scavenging capacity. Notably, the DPPH radical scavenging potency, denoted by the minimum IC50 value, exhibited significant variations across different Gotukola varieties (p&lt;0.05): Wel Gotukola (6.4 ± 0.54 µg/mL), Yodha Gotukola (8.56±0.35 µg/mL), and Meerigama Gotukola (7.0±0.75 µg/mL). Post-hoc Tukey tests showed antioxidant activity was significantly higher in Wel Gotukola compared to that of Meerigama and Yodha Gotukola morphotypes (p&lt;0.05). Furthermore, Wel Gotukola demonstrated the highest average pH, moisture content, and the lowest mineral content. Conversely, Yodha Gotukola exhibited the lowest pH, moisture content, and the highest ash content. These findings underscore the potential of chemical parameters in elucidating the distinctive attributes of the three Gotukola varieties. Specifically, the significantly higher antioxidant potential observed in Wel Gotukola suggests its potential as an optimal candidate for herbal product development. This study imparts valuable insights into optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of formulations based on the specific C. asiatica employed in such endeavours.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Centella asiatica, Morphotypes, Proximate analysis

Solubility Enhancement and Antioxidant Potential of Silymarin: A Poorly Water-soluble Drug

Background: Silymarin is extracted from the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), exhibits antioxidant properties, and is considered to treat numerous hepatic ailments like chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and chemical degradation of liver cells and prevent hepatotoxicity from various drugs. Objective: The objective of the present study was to preclude the problem of poor dissolution of the relatively water-insoluble drug by formulating solid dispersions of the drug. Methods: Solid dispersions of silymarin were prepared by solvent evaporation method by using different polymers, i.e., PEG 6000 and poloxamer 407, in various ratios such as 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6. The compatibility of ingredients with the drug was tested by using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffractometry, and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The scavenging activity of DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical was used to study the antioxidant activity, and an in vitro release study was conducted using phosphate buffer pH 6.8 as dissolution medium followed by the kinetic assessment to study the drug release mechanism. Results: Solid dispersions with different polymers were successfully prepared by the solvent evaporation method. FTIR spectroscopy and DSC showed no chemical interaction between the drug and polymers. Powder XRD analyses of optimized solid dispersions showed a relative decrease in crystallinity compared to the pure drug. The dissolution profile of solid dispersions successfully exhibited 90.78% drug released, and the optimized batch was found to follow Higuchi drug release kinetics with an R2 value of 0.990. Furthermore, the optimized formulation F6 showed higher antioxidant activity compared to pure silymarin and ascorbic acid. Conclusion: The elevated bioavailability, as well as absorption, consistently regulates the specific therapeutic effect of the water-insoluble drug. The specific response of silymarin to various bodily functions upgrades various activities like anti-aging effects, anti-cancer, antihypertensive, etc. Solid dispersion of drugs with good aqueous solubility results in a decrease in dose frequency and enhanced specificity of the drug mechanism.

Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid Value of Balinese Trengguli Flower (Cassia fistula)

The Balinese trengguli flower (Cassia fistula), found in the northern part of Bali, is known to contain flavonoids and phenols, one of the sources of natural antioxidants that can reduce the effects of free radicals. This study aimed to extract the powder of trengguli flower with ethanol and measure the total flavonoids and phenolics. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Trengguli flower (EEBTF) was investigated. The filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator after soaking the Trengguli flower powder in ethanol. Total phenolic and flavonoid levels were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) technique was used to determine antioxidant activity. This study shows that Balinese trengguli flower extract has the highest antioxidant activity for a concentration of 100 mg/L with a DPPH radical inhibition percentage value of 87%. In this research, the ethanol extract of the Balinese trengguli flower has secondary metabolites of flavonoids and phenolics. The ethanol extract of Balinese trengguli flower has a flavonoid content of 8.35 mg QE/g and a total phenolic content of 8.12 mg GAE/g.

Terapeutska svojstva nekih specifičnih vrsta meda

This paper examines the physicochemical characteristics, as well as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative effects, of several honey types that are commercially available but not typical of Serbia. The analysis included moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, free acidity, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). All tested honey samples met EU regulatory standards. The antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and scavenging activity on diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH •). Forest honey exhibited the highest TPC level (30.6 ± 1.63 mg GAE/100 g), while buckwheat honey had the lowest (14.4 ± 0.75 mg GAE/100 g). This was consistent with the scavenging activity on DPPH • , which was the highest in manuka honey and lowest in buckwheat honey. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using microdilution test and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements. Manuka honey demonstrated the strongest antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, with a MIC of 6.25% for both strains. Buckwheat honey also showed notable antibacterial activity against these strains. In terms of antiproliferative activity, manuka honey was the most effective among the tested honey types, with IC 50 values of 21.9 ± 2.05 mg/mL for cervix cancer cells (HeLa) and 32.5 ± 3.69 mg/mL for MRC-5 cells derived from healthy lung tissue.

PHYTOCHEMICAL, PROXIMATE AND IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ANALYSES OF Ageratum conyzoides LEAF

Before the emergence of pharmaceuticals, different cultures worldwide depended on medicinal plants to combat diseases. Ageratum conyzoides, an annual herb that possesses a rich record of medicinal use has been recognized for its pharmacological properties. This study aimed to examine the proximate content analysis, phytochemical components plus in-vitro antioxidant potentials of ethanol extract of A. conyzoides leaf (ELEAC). Standard procedures were employed to conduct proximate and mineral composition analysis as well as qualitative and quantitative phytochemical assessments, while in vitro antioxidant assays were done using 1,1- Diphenyl2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Total Phenol Content (TPC) assays. Qualitative phytochemical assessment recorded the presence of saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids. Proximate and mineral analysis revealed high carbohydrate content (84.97%), along with crude protein (1.53%), crude fat (3.27%), moisture (9.00%), Magnesium (42.30 mg/L), Sodium (73.21 mg/L) and Iron (4.30 mg/L). The extract exhibited a % DPPH radical scavenging activity of 44.63 at 200 µg/ml and 56.05 at 1000 µg/mL while the FRAP assay indicated a concentration-dependent increase in absorbance from 0.544 at 20 µg/mL to 0.756 at 100 µg/ml. TPC of the extract was quantified as 1.40 µg gallic acid equivalent/ mg of residue at 200 µg/mL and 2.22 µg gallic acid equivalent/ mg of residue at 1000 µg/mL. In conclusion, this study affirms the presence of medicinal phytochemicals in A. conyzoides. The identified phytochemicals, nutrients, and minerals with the demonstrated antioxidant activities, lend credibility to the traditional use of A, conyzoides in herbal medicine.

Hemagglutinin from the Root Tuber of Dioscorea preussii Pax.

In this study, Dioscorea preussii root tuber hemagglutinin was purified and its physicochemical properties were determined. The antioxidative and anti-hemolytic activities of the hemagglutinin were also investigated. The hemagglutinating assay was used to detect the presence of lectin in the phosphate-buffered saline extract of the D. preussii root tuber. The lectin was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation and molecular sieve chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature were determined. In addition, antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2 diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Red blood cells subjected to oxidative damage caused by H2O2 were employed to evaluate their antihemolytic ability. Starch inhibited hemagglutinin activity. Dioscorea preussii hemagglutinin (DPH) maintained full hemagglutinating activity from 30 °C to 60 °C and pH 5-13. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid did not affect the hemagglutinating activity of hemagglutinin. All denaturing agents (Guanidine-HCl, urea, and β-mercaptoethanol) reduced the hemagglutinating activity of the hemagglutinin to different degrees. The hemagglutinin scavenged the DPPH radical and chelated iron metal with half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.727 ± 0.035 mg/mL and 0.583 ± 0.078 mg/mL, respectively, while the FRAP assay showed that it contained 76 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of the purified hemagglutinin. In the absence of hemolytic agents and at lower concentration tested, hemagglutinin showed positive membrane integrity protection. This study provides information on the antioxidant properties of D. preussii root tuber hemagglutinin as well as its cell membrane protective ability. The lectin is a starch-binding, which makes it a novel lectin.

Antioxidant activity and efficacy of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) oil on pathogenic and alteration microorganisms of attiéké

Attiéké, the most widely consumed cassava product in Côte d'Ivoire, has a short shelf life. This is largely due to microbial contamination. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the antioxidant activity and effectiveness of Garcinia kola seed oil against pathogenic and spoilage strains of attiéké. This was possible through an extraction of Garcinia kola oil by maceration in hexane. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed using an agar diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of Garcinia kola oil was assessed using the DiPhenyl Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test. Garcinia kola oil showed significant antioxidant potential. A high percentage of DPPH radical inhibition was observed, with an IC50 of 2.57 mg/mL. Iron-reducing power was highest when the oil was used at a concentration of 100 %. Garcinia kola oil was able to inhibit the bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli at a concentration of 100, 50 and 25 % respectively from 22 ± 0.05 to 16 ± 0.00 mm and 20 ± 0.05 to 14 ± 0.08 mm and Salmonella typhimurium (12 ± 00 mm) at a concentration of 100 %. Candida albicans (20 ± 0.07 to 18 ± 0.01 mm), Aspergillus flavus (28 ± 1.41 to 16 ± 0.00 mm) and Aspergillus niger (21 ± 1.01 to 15 ± 0.02) were inhibited at concentrations ranging from 100 to 12.5 %. Bacillus cereus, on the other hand, was resistant to Garcinia kola oil. Based on the findings of this study, Garcinia kola seed oil could be used to extend the shelf life of attiéké.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ghee Hiang Sesame Oil Extract

Introduction: Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is an oil-producing plant, with seeds that contain 50 to 60% oil and 25% protein. Sesame oil is widely used as a seasoning in Asian cuisine due to its flavour and aroma. It contains a high concentration of bioactive compounds, particularly lignans, vitamin E, and phytosterols. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Ghee Hiang sesame oil extract. Methods: The sesame oil was provided by Ghee Hiang Manufacturing Co., Penang, Malaysia. The sesame oil was then extracted with methanol using liquid partitioning method. The antibacterial activity of the sesame oil extract was determined on disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Then, the antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Results: Out of 8 test microorganisms, 4 Gram positive bacteria and 2 Gram negative bacteria were susceptible to the extract. The antibacterial activity was broad spectrum. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the sesame oil extract ranged from 3.1 to 12.5 mg/mL, where the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranged from 6.3 to 25.0 mg/mL. The MBCs were significantly higher than MIC. DPPH scavenging activity of sesame oil extract was concentration dependent. The sesame oil extract at 1000 µg/mL showed the highest antioxidant activity, and an IC50 of 120.9 µg/mL was recorded. Conclusion: Ghee Hiang sesame oil extract showed significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Further investigations should be done to determine the bioactive entities present in the extract.

Optimization and kinetics modeling of phenolics extraction from coffee silverskin in deep eutectic solvent using ultrasound-assisted extraction

This research investigates the effect of extraction parameters on total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant capacity of coffee silverskin (CS) extract using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in deep eutectic solvent (DES). The optimization was carried out in two stages: (i) the optimization of the UAE condition with the highest TPC; and (ii) a four-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the UAE condition with the optimal TPC; 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity; and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results showed that the optimal UAE condition with the highest TPC was 150–250 μm CS particle size; 1,6-hexanediol as hydrogen bond donor (HBD); 1:7 HBA:HBD molar ratio; and 30% (w/w) water content, given choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), 30 min extraction time and 30 ° C extraction temperature. The BBD-based optimal UAE condition was 30% w/w water content, 45 mL/g liquid/solid ratio, 90 min extraction time and 85 ° C extraction temperature, given the CS particle size of 150–250 μm and the HBA:HBD molar ratio of 1 (ChCl): 7 (1,6 hexanediol), achieving 19.19 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g CS for TPC, 24.06 ± 1.77 mg TE/g CS for DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and 59.13 ± 4.55 mg Fe (II)/g CS for FRAP. The experimental results were in good agreement with the BBD-based predicted results (22.40 mg GAE/g CS for TPC, 24.09 mg TE/g CS for DPPH, and 59.43 mg Fe(II)/g CS for FRAP). The two-site kinetics model best fitted the experimental data, with R2 of 0.991–0.999.

A study on in vitro antioxidant effect of Cordyceps neovolkiana DL0004 extracts isolated in Lam Dong, Vietnam

Cordyceps neovolkiana DL0004 is a group of insect parasitic fungi collected at an altitude of 1650 m above sea level at the top of Langbiang Mountain, Lam Dong province, Vietnam. C. neovolkiana DL0004 has been used in traditional medicine and possesses numerous biological effects such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, antioxidant properties. In this research, the fungi biomass and fruiting body of C. neovolkiana DL0004 were cultured and examined for their antioxidant properties using test methods such as reducing power, scavenging 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, neutralizing 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazonline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) free radical, and inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XO). The results showed that all 7 extracts of the biomass were more active than the fruiting bodies of C. neovolkiana DL0004. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of C. neovolkiana DL0004 biomass showed DPPH, ABTS, and XO free radical scavenging with IC50 values (the concentration of the sample required to inhibit 50% of radical) of 107.01 μg/ml, 111.91 μg/ml, and 106.2248 μg/ml, respectively. Moreover, the reducing power of the EtOAc from C. neovolkiana DL0004 biomass was 0.184 at 1000 μg/ml.From the obtained results, the biomass EtOAc fraction extract of C. neovolkiana DL0004 was demonstrated to contain antioxidant compounds with potential applications in the production of functional foods.

Comparative Studies on Chemical Profile of Red Soko (Celosia Trigyna) and Green Soko (Celosia Argentea)

Chemical profile of leafy vegetables enable researchers to affirm the constituents present in them as well as knowing their possible usefulness for consumption and medicinal applications. Red and green soko were obtained, rinsed in water and cut into smaller pieces, air dried, grounded and sieved to give 40mm mesh size powder. The powdered samples were analyzed for proximate composition and mineral contents using standard methods. The antioxidant properties such as reducing power, ferrous ion chelating activity 2,2- diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) of samples were determined. Red soko had the higher value of crude lipid (2.36 ± 0.06%), ash content (16.45 ±0.15%), protein (17.06 ±0.06%), and dry matter (89.74 ±0.24%) while green soko had higher value of moisture content (10.86±0.33%), crude fibre (13.66±0.20%), carbohydrate (54.81.81±0.21%) and energy value (297.38±0.89 Kcal/100g). Red soko had the higher values of Mg (25.16 ± 0.22 mg/kg), Fe (2.86±0.05 mg/kg), Zn (0.10 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Mn (0.56 ±0.08 mg/kg), and Cu (0.20 ±0.01 mg/kg) while green soko had higher value of Ca (180.16 ±1.00 mg/kg), Na (73.44 ±0.00 mg/kg), K (694.14 ± 0.96 mg/kg), Pb (0.23 ±0.00 mg/kg) and Se (0.20 ±0.03 mg/kg). Green soko had higher value of ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.36±0.04%), Fe2+ Chelating Activity (4.46±0.09%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (11.75±0.74%) and ABTS+ Radical Scavenging Activity (10.18±0.44%) than red soko. The antioxidant properties (TRAP, Fe2+, DPPH and ABTS+) of green soko were higher than red soko. Green soko is richer in antioxidant properties than red soko.

Gc-ms Analysis and In-vitro Antioxidant Activities of Cissus Quandrangularis Stem Extracts

Plants with therapeutic constituents are gaining prominence in the fields of food and pharmacological industries. Nowadays, researches are focussed mainly on drugs from natural sources with minimal side effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Cissus quadrangularis stem in Methanol extract. The phytochemical constituents were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical method and in-vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extract was investigated by DPPH (2, 2- Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) Radical Scavenging Activity. The total antioxidant activity revealed that fresh stem has more antioxidant activity compared to dried powdered stem. The Phytochemical analysis carried out by GC-MS technique indicated that thirty two compounds were present in Cissus quadrangularis stem extract. Thus the results anticipated the therapeutic potency of the plant and its basis for further phytochemical and nutraceutical investigation.