Dioryctria Species Research Articles

Anatomical Study on the Morphology of the Reproductive Systems and the Scale Brushes ofDioryctria rubellaHampson (Pyralidae, Phycitinae)

ABSTRACT. The morphology of the reproductive systems and the coupling mechanism between the male and the female genitalia during copulation in Dioryctria rubella Hampson are described. Differing from those in other genera of Phycitinae moths, the corpus bursae possesses a well-developed signum, and the seminal duct does not exhibit a bulla seminalis, instead arising from the ventral surface of the corpus bursae. The ultrastructural observation shows that the spines on the inner surface of the ductus bursae and the cervix bursa are complementary to that of cornuti on the outer surface of vesica in position and direction, which elucidates the matching mechanism between the ductus bursae and the vesica. The male possesses well-developed scale brushes, which consist of six pairs of overlapped structures. Finally, the morphological differences of scale brushes between D. rubella and other Dioryctria species and related genera, and their function during copulation are discussed.

Phylogenetic framework for Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) based on combined analysis of mitochondrial DNA and morphology

Coneworms of the genus Dioryctria Zeller are important lepidopterous pests of co- nifer cones throughout the Holarctic region. Seventy-nine Dioryctria species are currently recog- nized and arranged into 11 species groups, but a globally unified classification of these species groups has not been attained. We surveyed 14 Dioryctria species belonging to 7 species groups recognized as being taxonomically problematic. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphologi- cal characters were used to resolve relationships among and within species groups and species. Sequences were obtained for 2.3 kb of the mitochondrial COI + COII genes and related to 52 morphological characters. Parsimony analyses of separate and combined data showed that (i) the five included Chinese species (D. abietella (Denis and Schiffermuller), D. rubella Hampson, D. nr. rubella, D. magnifica Munroe, and D. yiai Mutuura and Munroe) were distinct from the North American taxa, and their relationships were interspersed among Nearctic and European species; (ii) three of the four species groups represented by more than one species formed robust, well-supported clades (abietella group, sylvestrella group, and zimmermani group) for both mtDNA sequences and morphology; (iii) mtDNA and morphology gave conflicting interspecific and intergroup relationships for the auranticella, schuetzeella, ponderosae, and baumhoferi groups; (iv) all eight species for which more than one specimen was sampled were characterized by discrete clusters of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, and mtDNA divergences among species in the same species group were generally less than those among species in different species groups; and (v) combining mtDNA data with morphological data increased support for most nodes in the phylogeny, with morphological characters providing support for species groups and mtDNA be- ing essential for distinguishing species within species groups. This study demonstrates the value of a combined analysis of both mtDNA and morphological characters and establishes a phylo- genetic framework for broader and more comprehensive studies of Dioryctria species.

ОБЗОР ВИДОВ РОДА DIORYCTRIA Z. (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALOIDEA, PHYCITIDAE) ФАУНЫ ЮГА ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА РОССИИ

5 species of the genus Dioryctria Z. are recorded in the south of the Russian Far East – D. abietella, D. pryeri, D. schuetzeella, D. sylvestrella and D. simplicella, the last species is reported for the region for the first time, and D. pryeri is reported for the first time for Kunashir island. Identification keys for Dioryctria species by external characters and by genital morphology are proposed. Distribution of all five species within the Far East region is corrected and detailed.

Phylogenetic utility and comparative morphology of the composite scale brushes in male phycitine moths (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)

Male pyralid moths in the subfamily of Phycitinae are known to possess composite scale brush structures associated with the 8th abdominal sternite, but the histology and the structural morphology of these organs have not been adequately explored. As such, the phylogenetic utility of these structures is unknown. We examine the pre-genitalic abdominal histology of male Dioryctria reniculelloides (Pyralidae: Phycitinae) associated with the composite scale brushes, as well as structural morphology within the genus Dioryctria and two closely related genera. The composite scale brushes are composed of fused scales. The musculature associated with the base of sternum 8 shows considerable modification compared to previously described Lepidoptera. Complex glandular tissue was also found associated with the scale brush structures, suggesting secretory function. Phylogenetic utility of ultrastructure and gross morphology was examined for major Dioryctria species groups. Many characters were homoplasious, but several supported the monophyly of the genus, as well as some internal relationships. In conclusion, the combination of ultrastructural, gross morphological and histological characters can be a rich source of information for elucidating a range of evolutionary relationships within the subfamily.

Population structure and species boundary delimitation of cryptic Dioryctria moths: an integrative approach

Accurate delimitation of species boundaries is especially important in cryptic taxa where one or more character sources are uninformative or are in conflict. Rather than relying on a single marker to delimit species, integrative taxonomy uses multiple lines of evidence such as molecular, morphological, behavioural and geographic characters to test species limits. We examine the effectiveness of this approach by testing the delimitation of two cryptic Nearctic species of Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using three independent molecular markers [cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), second internal transcribed spacer unit (ITS2), and elongation factor 1alpha (EF1alpha)], forewing variation and larval host plant association. Although mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes do not form reciprocally monophyletic clades, restricted gene flow between COI haplotype groups, and concordance with ITS2 genotypes, forewing variation and host plant associations support delimitation of two Nearctic species: eastern Dioryctria reniculelloides and western Dioryctria pseudotsugella. Conversely, EF1alpha genotype variation was incongruent with the two previous markers. A case of discordance between COI and ITS2 was detected, suggesting either introgression due to hybridization or retained ancestral polymorphism due to incomplete coalescence. This study is consistent with other similar literature where molecular loci in closely related species progress from shared to fixed haplotypes/alleles, and from polyphyletic to reciprocally monophyletic relationships, although loci may vary in these characteristics despite maintenance of genomic integrity between distinct species. In particular, mtDNA in other studies generally showed a lower rate of fixation of differences than did X-linked or autosomal loci, reinforcing the need to use an integrative approach for delimiting species.

Phylogenetic framework for Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) based on combined analysis of mitochondrial DNA and morphology

AbstractConeworms of the genus Dioryctria Zeller are important lepidopterous pests of conifer cones throughout the Holarctic region. Seventy-nine Dioryctria species are currently recognized and arranged into 11 species groups, but a globally unified classification of these species groups has not been attained. We surveyed 14 Dioryctria species belonging to 7 species groups recognized as being taxonomically problematic. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological characters were used to resolve relationships among and within species groups and species. Sequences were obtained for 2.3 kb of the mitochondrial COI + COII genes and related to 52 morphological characters. Parsimony analyses of separate and combined data showed that (i) the five included Chinese species (D. abietella (Denis and Schiffermüller), D. rubella Hampson, D. nr. rubella, D. magnifica Munroe, and D. yiai Mutuura and Munroe) were distinct from the North American taxa, and their relationships were interspersed among Nearctic and European species; (ii) three of the four species groups represented by more than one species formed robust, well-supported clades (abietella group, sylvestrella group, and zimmermani group) for both mtDNA sequences and morphology; (iii) mtDNA and morphology gave conflicting interspecific and intergroup relationships for the auranticella, schuetzeella, ponderosae, and baumhoferi groups; (iv) all eight species for which more than one specimen was sampled were characterized by discrete clusters of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, and mtDNA divergences among species in the same species group were generally less than those among species in different species groups; and (v) combining mtDNA data with morphological data increased support for most nodes in the phylogeny, with morphological characters providing support for species groups and mtDNA being essential for distinguishing species within species groups. This study demonstrates the value of a combined analysis of both mtDNA and morphological characters and establishes a phylogenetic framework for broader and more comprehensive studies of Dioryctria species.

Monoterpene Composition of Pinus sylvestris Varieties Resistant and Susceptible to Dioryctria zimmermani

The proportion of monoterpenes and enantiomeric ratios of chiral monoterpenes were determined in two susceptible and two resistant varieties of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris, by capillary GC analysis of headspace volatiles emitted by 9-year-old trees. Half the trees sampled in each variety had been wounded by Dioryctria zimmermani, while the other half were unwounded. The presence of wounds had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on the proportion of monoterpenes or the ratio of enantiomers of each of the optically resolved monoterpenes in the four varieties. In contrast, monoterpene composition varied significantly (P < 0.05) among varieties. However, the results do not entirely support the putative role of car-3-ene and terpinolene as an oviposition stimulant for D. zimmermani in resistant varieties of Scotch pine. Although the resistant Lake Superior Blue virtually lacked these two monoterpenes, the resistant Belgian had a relatively high concentration of car-3-ene and terpinolene. Both resistant varieties, however, emitted relatively high levels of limonene, a monoterpene associated with increased oviposition in three other Dioryctria species. There was no evidence linking enantiomeric composition of chirally resolved monoterpenes with varietal resistance. The relative importance of monoterpenes as resistance factors and oviposition stimulants is discussed.

Sex Pheromone of the Blister Coneworm Moth, Dioryctria clarioralis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Male Dioryctria clarioralis moths are attracted to a synthetic blend of 30 µg Z9–14:OAc, 12% E 9–14:OAc, and 5 to 10% Z11–16:OAc. The two tetradecenyl acetates have been characterized from the female sex pheromone gland. Due to the small quantities of pheromone stored by the female (<0.5 ng per female) we were not able to isolate Z11–16: OAc. Dodecyl acetate was identified from gland extracts yet it did not appear to be necessary for attracting males to pheromone traps. Males of a sympatric species, D. merkeli , were attracted to pheromone traps containing blends of the two 14-carbon acetates (0 to 15% E ), yet were not attracted to traps baited with virgin D. clarioralis , suggesting that an additional component(s) was used by D. clarioralis . Temporal (diel and seasonal) and pheromonal niche dimensions for four sympatric species of Dioryctria are discussed.

The Dioryctria Species of Loblolly Pine in East Texas, with Comments on the Occurrence of Two New Species1

The Dioryctria Species of Loblolly Pine in East Texas, with Comments on the Occurrence of Two New Species1

DIORYCTRIA BANKSIELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN THE WESTERN GALL RUST, ENDOCRONARTUM HARKNESSII (BASIDIOMYCETES: UREDINALES)

AbstractThe seasonal occurrence and larval habits of Dioryctria banksiella Mutuura, Munroe, and Ross in the western gall rust Endocronartium harknessii (J. P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., were studied in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The early instars score the gall tissue below the bark, and the later instars mine the gall tissue and heartwood. The insect overwinters in the larval stage. The last-instar larvae pupate partly exposed and not entirely within the rust gall from June to July and adults emerge from July to August. The six species of parasites recovered from D. banksiella were Bracon lutus Provancher, Bracon sp., Microchelonus sp., Agathis binominata Muesebeck, Exeristes comstockii (Cresson), and Stiboscopus n. sp. Morphological characters used in separating the last-instar larvae and pupae of D. banksiella from those of other known species of Dioryctria are given.

A new species of Dioryctria Zeller (Lep., Pyralidae) on Pinus kesiya in Assam, N.E. India

A species of Dioryctria reared from Pinus kesiya (= khasya) at Shillong, Assam, where it is found in association with D. abietella (Schiff.) and D. sylvestrella (Ratz.), is described as new and is named D. castanea sp.n. The distinctive purplish or reddish chestnut brown coloration of the forewings is considered to distinguish this species from others in the genus. Illustrations are given of the adult and of the male and female genitalia.

The Dioryctria Coneworms of North Florida Pines (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)

Studies of the insects which reduce seed crops of slash and longleaf pines in northeast Florida showed that larvae of 3 species of Dioryctria commonly and consistently injure “flowers” and cones. D. amatella (Hulst) was common in “flowers” and cones; also in trunks, buds, and shoots of pines. D. abietella (Denis and Schiffermuller) was common, but only in diseased first-year cones and in second-year cones. D. clarioralis (Walker) occurred mainly in buds and in first-year cones, but was less frequently collected.

Observations on the Biology of Four Species of Dioryctria in North Carolina (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)1

In North Carolina, Dioryctria amatella (Hulst) is injurious to long-leaf pine ( Pinus palustris L.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.); D. disclusa (Heinrich) feeds upon long-leaf pine, loblolly pine, and scrub pine (P. virginiana Mill.); and I), zimmermani (Grote) and D. clarioralis (Walker) occur on loblolly pine. D. amatella produces several generations each year; the other 3 species of Dioryctria are univoltine. Parasites associated with D. amatella include Exochus turgidus Holmgren, Bracon sp., Macrocentrus sp., and at least 2 species of Diptera. D. zimmermani is parasitized by Hyssopus rhyacioniae Gahan, and D. disclusa by Met corns tetralophae Muesebeck and Apanteles sp.

Abdominal Characters of Dioryctria Pupae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from British Columbia

The following is an illustrated discussion of pupal abdominal characters observed in British Columbia species of Dioryctria, a genus containing some of the most economically important cone-feeding and wood-boring Lepidoptera. Species examined and referred to herein are: cambiicola (Dyar), zimmermani (Grote), abietivorella (Grote), auranticella (Grote), rossi Munroe, reniculella (Grote), and pseudotsugella Munroe. Dioryctria reniculella and pseudotsugella are defoliators, but they may occasionally feed on cones.

Canadian Species of Dioryctria Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Heinrich (1956) records four species of Dioryctria from Canada. Material in the Canadian National Collection includes eight species from Canada, two of them new. Also, one of the species recorded by Heinrich was in my opinion misidentified by him. In this paper I describe the new species, and give locality records and photographs of the other Canadian species, notes on taxonomy and host associations, and a key to the Canadian species.