Dinucleotide Phosphate-cytochrome P-450 Reductase Research Articles

Proteomic changes of CD4+/CD25+/forkhead box p3+ regulatory T cells in a 30-day rat model of sepsis survival.

Sepsis is defined as life threatening organ dysfunction arising from a dysregulated host response to infection. The outcomes of sepsis include early mortality, delayed mortality and recovery, and depend on the inflammatory response. Previous studies have demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important in determining the outcome of sepsis, as their suppressive function serves a role in maintaining immune homeostasis. However, Treg-mediated immunosuppression during the course of sepsis remains unclear and little is known about the survival of patients following diagnosis. Studying the survivors of sepsis may explain the mechanisms of natural recovery. Therefore, a 30-day rat model of sepsis survival was established in the current study. Cluster of differentiation CD4+/CD25+/forkhead box p3+ Tregs were isolated from the blood and spleens of rats undergoing cecal ligation and puncture or sham surgery, using flow cytometry. Proteomic analysis was performed using nano high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Several different biological pathways associated with uncommon differentially-expressed proteins were identified in the blood and spleen survivor and sham groups. Extracellular-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as integrin and actin cytoskeletal pathway elements, including Ras-related protein 1b, talin 1 and filamin A, were associated with Tregs in the blood. Pathway elements associated with cell cycle regulators in the B-cell translocation gene family of proteins, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4, Hippo signaling, P70-S6 kinase 1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 biosynthesis were associated with Tregs from the spleen including phosphatase 2A activator regulatory factor 4, histone arginine methyltransferase, CD4, major histocompatibility complex class I antigens, 14-3-3 protein θ and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome P450 reductase. These results explain the mechanism by which Tregs naturally recover and indicates that Tregs in the blood and spleen vary. Differentially-expressed proteins serving a role in these pathways provide additional insight for the identification of new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.

Components of the Electron Transport System in Adrenal Steroid Hydroxylase: ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF NON-HEME IRON PROTEIN (ADRENODOXIN)

Components of the electron transport system involved in steroid 11β-hydroxylation in pig adrenal cortex are a flavoprotein (adrenodoxin reductase), a non-heme iron protein (adrenodoxin), and possibly cytochrome P450. Reconstitution of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome P450 reductase was achieved from soluble components. Adrenodoxin contains 2 iron atoms and 2 moles of labile sulfide per mole, has a molecular weight of approximately 20,000, and has a high oxidation-reduction potential. The iron atoms, which are ferric in the oxidized form, play a dual role: as a chromophore and as a center of asymmetry. Upon reduction, the environment of the iron of adrenodoxin is changed greatly as judged by spectral and optical rotatory properties.