DIN Method Research Articles

Corrosivity of water for concrete and metal water resources infrastructure with modification of the DIN Method and Langelier Saturation Index of Metcalf and Eddy

Corrosion or rust is an endless problem, both in Indonesia and in the world. This is so because corrosion or rust is very detrimental, especially if it occurs in water infrastructure, particularly one built from concrete and metal. Corrosion is a decrease in material quality due to a reaction with the environment. The kinds of losses incurred if corrosion occurs in the infrastructure of water resources include reservoir collapse due to the acceleration of corrosion in the dam, damage to the turbine, and damage to the irrigation gates. This research was conducted to determine level of corrosivity water to water infrastructure built from concrete and metal in 9 (nine) reservoirs. The primary data consist of water quality parameters, determined by sampling the water. The storage and preservation methods of the water samples were done in accordance with Indonesian National Standard Number 6989.57:2008. Water quality was tested by an accredited laboratory. Corrosivity of water for metal and concrete infrastructure was calculated using Metcalf and Eddy formula (2003) and the modification of the DIN 4030 method (2008), respectively. The results of the calculation with Metcalf and Eddy’s LSI (2003) show that the water corrosivity in the 9 (nine) reservoirs had the potential to damage the metal infrastructure, ranging from mild to severe corrosion and lime/crust formation. Based on the modification of the DIN 4030 method (2008), the water in 7 (seven) reservoirs did not have the potential to damage concrete infrastructure, but the water in 2 (two) reservoirs had the potential to damage the concrete infrastructure from mild to moderate level.

Thermal-gradient analysis of soil organic matter using an elemental analyser – A tool for qualitative characterization?

Analysing the thermal stability of soil organic matter (SOM) by heating soil material up to 900 °C and recording the time/temperature-dependent evolution of CO2, using an elemental analyser, may be an easily available tool to obtain information on the composition and stabilization of SOM. We studied four sample sets, including size fractions of mineral horizons, particulate organic matter (POM), soil aggregates, and thermally treated materials. All analyses were conducted with a thermal gradient of 70 K min−1, with i) stages of constant temperature at 400, 600 and 900 °C (‘DIN 19359′), ii) stages at 450, 600 and 900 °C (modified DIN method), or iii) continual heating. With both stage methods, the large majority of organic carbon (OC) was present in the least thermally stable fraction, thermally decomposing at T ≤400 or 450 °C, respectively. However, neither did these methods result in the same relative proportions of fractions of similar thermal stability, nor did they result in time/temperature-dependent CO2-evolution patterns characteristically reflecting the different sample sets. Thus, results of the stage-heating methods were operationally defined, as different SOM fractions in terms of composition or stabilization mechanism were combusted, but showing similar patterns. Nonetheless, most POM samples revealed less thermal stability than the other fractions with any method. Evaluation of CO2 development during continual heating provided more options, including T of maximum CO2 evolution, T50, that is, T at which 50% of CO2 has evolved, and peak deconvolution using Gauss functions. The mineral samples showed at least two maxima and variable T50 values up to 550 °C. Most POM fractions had lower T50, but not in general, possibly caused by the presence of black carbon or strongly complexing cations. The aggregate samples were mostly in between the mineral and POM samples. Irrespective of the method applied, direct unambiguous identification of samples in terms of composition or stabilization mechanisms was not possible. Nonetheless, we consider an elemental analyser a valuable tool to evaluate the thermal stability of large samples sets at relatively low cost and time effort. Particularly peak deconvolution from continual heating offers the option of quantifying OC fractions, differing in thermal stability.

Investigation of converging and collimated beam instrument geometry on specular gloss measurements

Specular gloss is an important appearance property of a wide variety of manufactured goods. Depending upon the application, e.g. paints, paper, ceramics, etc. different instrument designs and measurement geometries are specified in standard test methods. For a given specular angle, these instrument designs can be broadly classified as converging beam (TAPPI method) and collimated beam (DIN method). In recent comparisons of specular gloss measurements using different glossmeters, very large standard deviations have been reported, well exceeding the manufacturers claims. In this paper, we investigate the effect of instrument beam geometry on gloss measurements. These results indicate that this difference in beam geometry can give the magnitude of gloss differences reported in these comparisons and highlights the importance of educating the user community of best measurement practices and obtaining appropriate traceability for their glossmeters.

Comparison of two laboratory methods for the determination of biomethane potential of organic feedstocks

The increased interest in anaerobic digestion systems has led to the increased need for laboratories to conduct biomethane potential (BMP) to determine the possible usefulness of various feedstocks. There is currently no standard method, but two well established methods have emerged as standardized methods for BMP testing. These two methods are the Automated Methane Potential Testing System, or AMPTS and the German DIN standard method using eudiometers. While these are widely-used, there have been no comparison of how these systems relate to each other in terms of BMP results for identical feedstocks. This study compared the BMP results for ten feedstocks using both the AMPTS and DIN methods to see if the results can be directly related. Results suggest that the methods provide different BMP results for 8 of the ten tested feedstock (p<0.05). Each method has advantages in terms of using it for BMPs, but overall results suggest that users of these methods should be aware of method differences when comparing results between methods or labs. For those interested in determining BMPs for larger-scale projects they should choose a testing facility that has experience with both methods and understands the differences in results between methods. While both methods can provide valuable information, it is important to be cautious in interpreting the results of these methods when compared to each other and likely the many in-house methods that various labs have developed.

The Evaluation of Flammability Properties Regarding Testing Methods

Abstract In this paper, we address the historical comparison methods with current methods for the assessment of flammability characteristics for materials an especially for wood, wood components and wooden buildings. Nowadays in European Union brings harmonization in evaluated of standards into each European country and try to make one concept of evaluated the flammability properties. In each European country to the one standard level which will be used by evaluation of materials regarding flammability. In our article we focused mainly on improving the evaluation methods in terms of flammability characteristics of using materials at building industry. In the article we present examples of different assessment methods at their own test methods in terms of fire prevention. On the base of old compared of materials by STN, BS and DIN methods for testing materials on fire and new methods of evaluating the flammability properties regarding EU standards before and after starting the flash over.

Optimization of Wet Scrub Resistance and Glossiness of Water-Based Acrylic Paints Using Silica Nano-Composites by Experimental Method

Several dispersion resins were prepared and employed into water-based acrylic paints. DIN and ISO standard methods were used to investigate wet scrub resistance, to compare the effect of silica content and monomers combination on these scrub results, and to add proper functions to latexes. The glossiness of paints measured at angles of 20, 60, and 85° and optimized results identified. The optimum wet scrub resistance was in the 0.56 methyl methacrylate mole fraction and 90 g silica content and the optimum glossiness was in silica-free samples. The role of Tg on these results was determined.

The calculation and experiment for measurements over pins of the external helical gears with an odd number of teeth

For the calculation and measurement between pins in the external helical gears with an odd number of teeth, they have been studied for many years. And the calculation methods and measurements are also described in DIN and AGMA standards. However, for ISO standard, a clear conclusion has not been given yet. The differences between the research results and standards are still inconsistent in some cases of the actual situation. In the actual measurements, the pin instead of the ball is always used by survey crew. It is unreasonable that an incorrect value (usually the value across the ball) and measuring methods are used. In this paper, different calculations and measuring methods of different standards are firstly expressed. For different measurement tools, like dial caliper, outside micrometer and disc micrometer, the measurement results are not the same. Therefore, two test gears were manufactured and analyzed to verify the accuracy and reliability of the measurement methods between software calculation and manual measurement over pins. It is found that the calculation and measurement methods of DIN, AGMA or similar methods are feasible and reliable, but for the measuring surface of the measuring tools, the pin should be in a steady state along the spiral groove. Reliable measurement values are obtained to ensure the accuracy of the measurement. It is helpful to understand the measurements of the standard or similar methods through theoretical analysis and experiments.

Agro-pellets for domestic heating boilers: Standard laboratory and real life performance

One multi-fuel domestic pellet boiler (40 kW) was tested under standard laboratory conditions while fired with eight different biomass pellets and two boilers (35 kW) were tested in real life conditions while fired with DIN plus certified wood pellets. The agro-pellets include apple pomace ( Malus domestica), reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea), pectin waste from citrus shells ( Citrus reticulata), sunflower husk ( Helianthus annuus), peat, wood and two types of wheat straw pellets ( Triticum aestivum). The measurements comprised of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulphur oxides (SO x ), particle mass concentration (by DIN plus sampling methods) and combustion efficiency. Under standard laboratory conditions, wood pellets yielded the highest combustion efficiency (92.4%) followed by apple pellets (91.3%). The CO and dust emissions were the highest with peat and sunflower husk pellet, respectively. Straw pellets emitted the highest NO x and SO x . For agro-pellets, statistical differences in ash contents were significant. High ash contents and low ash melting temperature made straw pellets less suitable for this type of boilers. Reed canary grass, citrus pectin and apple pellets have advantage over others with reasonable less ash contents and less emissions. In the real life conditions, the boilers had around 90% combustion efficiencies. Comparison with the standard laboratory performance showed that the NO x emission was higher in real life condition than standard laboratory conditions; however, lowed CO and particle emissions were reported in real life conditions. In the real life condition, dust emissions were 5.0 and 5.8 mg Nm −3 with RL-1 and RL-2 boilers, respectively. The FE–SEM examination of the particles revealed that most of the dust particle had a tendency to form small clusters of sub-micron size ranging between 300 ηm and 1.2 μm.

Comparison of daptomycin MIC results by DIN, NCCLS, SFM, and SRGA methods for 297 Gram-positive organisms

Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic with potent in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens. For daptomycin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommends the use of broth containing physiological levels of calcium (50 μg/ml). The daptomycin susceptibility of 297 organisms was determined by NCCLS (Mueller–Hinton (MH) broth), Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN; isotonic broth), Société Française de Microbiologie (SFM; three batches MH agar), and Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics (SRGA; PDM agar). All media were supplemented to 50 μg/ml Ca 2+. There was good correlation between DIN and SFM methods (for staphylococci) with NCCLS results. Enterococci MICs using SFM methods were one to three dilutions lower and pneumococci results were one dilution higher than NCCLS. SRGA results were higher than NCCLS by one to four dilutions. Use of isotonic agar is an accepted alternative to isosensitest agar for the DIN method.

West European paintmakers use 2.2 M tonnes/y of pigments, fillers & extenders

Pigment-binding capacity as determined by the wet scrub test is the most important characteristic that dispersion binders used in highly pigmented indoor paints must have. Aqueous dispersions used as binders in solvent-free paint formulations must guarantee excellent film forming at room temperature as well as demonstrate a high pigment-binding capacity.In this work, the mechanism of three independent methods used to probe the wet scrub resistance of paints are investigated. The scrub results of the DIN and ISO standard test methods and of an abrasion method (tribology) are compared as a function of pigment volume concentration (PVC). To understand the underlying mechanism, all samples were characterized as follows. The pigment distribution of TiO2 and various fillers in the paint formulation was analyzed by electron microscopy (EM) and Raman microscopy (RM). The surface structure of the original and scrubbed paint films were studied by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results obtained by the three different scrub methods are comparable, but show no strong correlation over the whole PVC range. Significant differences regarding the error of each measurement were observed. However, all test methods indicate that binders with high pigment-binding capacity have relatively strong adhesion at the surface of pigments, are less deformable, and exhibit higher mechanical stability.

Harmful azo colorants in leather: Determination based on their cleavage and extraction of corresponding carcinogenic aromatic amines using modern extraction techniques

This study concerns the possibilities of using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for detection of harmful azo colorants in leather. After degreasing of the leather sample with SFE there follows a reductive cleavage of the azo colorants to their corresponding aromatic amines in the MAE or SFE equipment. The aromatic amines are subsequently extracted using either MAE or SFE and then finally determined by liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. The results have been compared with recoveries obtained using the German DIN method 53316. This standard method, based on conventional solvent extraction, is used in several European countries. Overall much better recoveries were obtained using MAE or SFE. With both MAE and SFE the amine recoveries of spiked leather samples were generally above 50%. The average recoveries were 62% for MAE and 60% for SFE (solvent collection) compared to 24% with the DIN method. For genuine leather samples the recoveries decreased, especially for benzidine. In this case the average values for MAE, SFE and DIN were 54, 38 and 19%, respectively. The quantification limits in leather samples using MAE or SFE were below 1 mg/kg for all amines investigated. The within-laboratory precision was generally better than 10%, varying somewhat with the analyte considered. With the proposed methodology, the amount of hazardous organic solvents used could be decreased and the sample throughput increased with at least a factor of two with less manual handling compared to the DIN method.

Scrub resistance of highly pigmented paints: A study on abrasion mechanisms of different scrub techniques

Pigment-binding capacity as determined by the wet scrub test is the most important characteristic that dispersion binders used in highly pigmented indoor paints must have. Aqueous dispersions used as binders in solvent-free paint formulations must guarantee excellent film forming at room temperature as well as demonstrate a high pigment-binding capacity. In this work, the mechanism of three independent methods used to probe the wet scrub resistance of paints are investigated. The scrub results of the DIN and ISO standard test methods and of an abrasion method (tribology) are compared as a function of pigment volume concentration (PVC). To understand the underlying mechanism, all samples were characterized as follows. The pigment distribution of TiO 2 and various fillers in the paint formulation was analyzed by electron microscopy (EM) and Raman microscopy (RM). The surface structure of the original and scrubbed paint films were studied by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained by the three different scrub methods are comparable, but show no strong correlation over the whole PVC range. Significant differences regarding the error of each measurement were observed. However, all test methods indicate that binders with high pigment-binding capacity have relatively strong adhesion at the surface of pigments, are less deformable, and exhibit higher mechanical stability.

Testing the toxicity of influents to activated sludge plants with the Vibrio fischeri bioassay utilising a sludge matrix.

To protect the bioceonosis within activated sludge, a method of predicting the toxic effect of influents to the biological treatment stage of waste water treatment plants, based on DIN method 38412 L 34, has been developed. A population of the luminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri was incorporated into a sludge testing matrix derived from a model laboratory and real activated sludge plants. The sludge was challenged with different concentrations of pure toxicants and complex aqueous samples, and light output by V. fischeri monitored. The results were compared to toxicant testing in the absence of sludge (standard test). The modified method was found to be less sensitive for some toxicants tested than the standard DIN and other bioluminescent tests, but considered more realistic as it provides buffering and takes into account sorption which can affect the sensitivity of the test towards some compounds. The method is comparable in terms of ease of use, speed, reproducibility and cost effectiveness to standard V. fischeri luminescence methods.

Establishing Quantitative Structure−Property Relationships (QSPR) of Diesel Samples by Proton-NMR &amp; Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Analysis

The relationships between the structural parameters of diesel samples as observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy have been established with their physicochemical properties using multiple linear regression (MLR). About 60 commercial diesel samples were taken up for this study and their various physicochemical properties were determined using the standard IP, DIN, or ISO methods. The properties included density, cetane number, cetane index, viscosity, sulfur content, final boiling point, and the percentage of volume distillable till 350 °C. The 1H NMR spectra of the diesel samples were correlated with the properties using stepwise multiple linear regression, and resulted in high correlations. The method allows for the determination of about 7 properties of commercial diesel sample from a single 1H NMR spectrum. The present model is restrained to similar types of diesel samples, when intend to be used for predictive purposes. The presence of low levels of diesel additives (like cetane improvers or pour point depres...

Determination of organic fluorine in aqueous samples with neutron activation analysis in comparison with the DIN method.

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) has been used as detection technique for adsorbable organic fluorine in aqueous samples. The results have been compared with the standardized DIN method which uses a fluoride-ion-selective electrode (ISE).

Field measurement of illuminance

A variety of methods have been developed for field measurement of working plane illuminance from interior artificial lighting. The methods recommended by the various national lighting bodies are generally similar to, or derivatives of, the methods set out in the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting, IES Lighting Handbook or DIN Standard. All the methods require measurement of illuminance at points on a grid at working-plane height, but the grid size and position of the measuring points differ. The IES method, and its derivatives, position the grid relative to the luminaire locations; the CIBSE and DIN methods use a grid which is a function of room size. The techniques of analysis of the field measurement results also differ. This paper reports the results of a series of comparative field measurements taken in typical installations according to the recommendations of the various lighting codes. Modifications to the CIBSE method are suggested.

Sun protection factor testing: comparison of fda and din methods

AbstractThe sun protection factor (SPF) is a dimensionless ratio that estimates the protective efficacy of a sunscreen against acute damage. SPF values of several sunscreens were measured by three protocols: (1) the FDA sequential technique, in which successive sites are exposed to a constant source for progressively longer time periods, varying by 25% intervals; (2) the DIN simultaneous technique, in which all sites are exposed simultaneously to a constant source and sequentially occluded to provide exposure steps varying by 40%; (3) a series-sequential technique in which six sites are exposed simultaneously to a multiport source with selectable intensity gradations of 25%. Methods 1 and 3 utilize xenon arc solar simulators, whereas method 2 uses the Osram Ultravitalux mercury vapor lamp source. The FDA and DIN testing procedures differ in their radiation source, application amounts, exposure regimens, and data evaluation, and may produce similar or different results with different sunscreens. Reasons fo...

Interpretive Criteria for the Agar Diffusion Susceptibility Test with Ofloxacin

Regression analyses to determine the correlation of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and inhibition zones produced by ofloxacin discs were carried out with 300 freshly isolated cultures of infective organisms (20 strains from each of 15 species). After pilot studies, 5 micrograms loaded discs were chosen. Studies were performed simultaneously by using ICS/DIN and Kirby-Bauer/NCCLS methods on Mueller-Hinton agar. It was found that the correlation becomes poorer with increasing disc loads and when the Kirby-Bauer method is used. Based on preliminary MIC breakpoints of greater than or equal to 2 mg/L and greater than or equal to 8 mg/L and by calculations from regression equations, the following zone interpretations using the NCCLS method are recommended: resistant up to 12mm, intermediate 13 to 15mm, susceptible 16mm or more. The values for the DIN method are: resistant up to 13mm, intermediate 14 to 17mm, susceptible 18mm or more. No major errors were found in zone interpretations. Minor errors were observed in 0.7% when the NCCLS method was used, and in 1.3% with the DIN method.

Criteria for the interpretation of sensitivity testing of ofloxacin with the agar diffusion test

Regression analyses to determine the correlation of MIC and inhibition zone produced by ofloxacin disks were carried out using 300 freshly isolated cultures of infective organisms (20 strains each from 15 species). It was found in pilot studies that the correlation becomes poorer with increasing disk loads. Disks containing 5 micrograms of ofloxacin were chosen for comparative studies using Mueller-Hinton agar and Kirby-Bauer, as well as DIN-58940 methods. Based on preliminary MIC breakpoints of 1 and 4 mg/l and on calculations from regression equations, the following zone interpretations using the Kirby-Bauer method are recommended: resistant = up to 12 mm, intermediate = 13 to 19 mm, susceptible = 20 mm or more. The respective values for the DIN method are: resistant = up to 14 mm, intermediate = 15 to 21 mm, susceptible = 22 mm or more. The results are similar to those obtained by us in previous studies with norfloxacin, enoxacin and ciprofloxacin.

Sun protection factors

Synopsis The absorption of ultraviolet light by a film of sunscreen product on the surface of the skin is considered from a theoretical standpoint. It is apparent that Beer-Lambert's Law would predict protection factors in excess of the actual factors by many orders of magnitude. The possible reasons for this are discussed in detail, and the relevance of it to in vitro and in vivo measurements of protection factors, and also the in-use situation, are discussed. The implications for formulators of sunscreen products are also discussed. The methods of measuring protection factors are reviewed. These include instrumental methods, based on both solutions and thin films, model systems, animal methods and human volunteer studies. The current situation with respect to proposed standard methods for measuring sun protection factors, particularly the American FDA method and the German DIN method, is reviewed.