Dimitic Hyphal System Research Articles

Morphological and molecular identification of Asterostroma roseoalbum sp. nov. (Peniophoraceae, Russulales), from southwestern China

ABSTRACT Asterostroma roseoalbum sp. nov. was found in Yunnan Province, China, is described here as a new species based on its morphology and phylogeny. Asterostroma roseoalbum is characterised by its felted-membranous to pellicular, fimbriate basidiomata with a smooth hymenophore and a dimitic hyphal system bearing generative hyphae with simple-septate and echinulate, subglobose to globose basidiospores measuring as 8–9.5 × 7–9 µm. Phylogenetic analyses of the new species were based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the new species belongs to the genus Asterostroma, and is closely related to two species A. macrosporum and A. muscicola. A full description, illustrations and phylogenetic analysis results of the new species are provided. Furthermore, a key to the genus Asterostroma in China is provided.

Stratocorticium sinensis gen. et sp. nov. and Cericium gloeocystidiatum sp. nov. (Cyphellaceae, Agaricales) from East Asia.

Cyphellaceae, a small and under-studied family of Agaricales, includes mostly saprophytic taxa with varied basidiomes. In this study, we focus on wood-decay species with corticioid or stereoid basidiomes. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated ITS-nrLSU sequences uncovered seven generic lineages of corticioid or stereoid fungi-Acanthocorticium, Cericium, Chondrostereum, Cunninghammyces, Gloeostereum, Granulobasidium, and Stratocorticium gen. nov. The genus Cericium is shown to be in the Cyphellaceae family, and two new species, Cericium gloeocystidiatum and Stratocorticium sinensis, are described from East Asia. Morphologically, Ce. gloeocystidiatum is characterized by resupinate basidiomes with smooth hymenophores, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and micro-binding hyphae, cystidia with resinous-like or golden yellow contents, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Stratocorticium is monotypic, differing from Cericium by a trimitic hyphal system of clamped generative, micro-binding, and brown, thick-walled skeletal-like hyphae, clavate to cylindrical cystidia with homogenous, colorless contents, and hyphidia. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new taxa and Cericium luteoincrustatum, and a key to corticioid or stereoid genera in Cyphellaceae is included.

Taxonomic Re-Evaluation of the Genus Fuscoporia in the Republic of Korea Including Three Unrecorded Species

The genus Fuscoporia (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) comprises poroid white-rot fungi characterized by dark brown hymenial setae, a dimitic hyphal system, and encrusted generative hyphae. Despite the ecological and commercial significance of Fuscoporia species, their identification has been challenging owing to their morphological overlap with other genera of Hymenochaetaceae and to the limited resolution of nuclear ribosomal DNA markers. With the advances in molecular research, Fuscoporia has been revised to include species from Inonotus sensu lato and Phellinus sensu lato, and 71 new species have been reported over the past decade. In Korea, a comprehensive taxonomic study elucidating the true diversity of Fuscoporia is yet to be conducted. Among the 11 Fuscoporia species reported in Korea, two were identified solely based on morphological characteristics, and four were identified based on nuclear ribosomal DNA regions, which have limited resolution for species identification in Fuscoporia. To investigate the current status of Fuscoporia species native to Korea, we conducted a phylogenetic study using four genetic markers (ITS + nrLSU + RPB2 + TEF1), along with morphological characteristics, and re-analyzed the GenBank records deposited from Korea. Ten Fuscoporia species were identified, including three previously unrecorded species. A detailed description of the unrecorded species and a list of proposed Korean names for all Fuscoporia species in Korea are provided. This study will guide further taxonomic and applied research of Fuscoporia by providing a species identification key and a verified multigenetic database, in addition to confirming the sequences in public database.

Two new wood-inhabiting fungal species (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Yunnan Province, China

Wood-inhabiting fungi are a cosmopolitan fungal group worldwide. Two new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Rhodoantrodia purpurascens and Steccherinum wumengshanense are proposed based on a combination of the morphological features and molecular evidence. Rhodoantrodia purpurascens is characterized by the corky basidiomata with a pale lilac to lavender pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. Steccherinum wumengshanense is characterized by the corticoid basidiomata having a white to cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamp generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Full descriptions, photo plates and phylogenetic analysis results of the new species are provided.

Two new species of Perenniporia sensu lato (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from China and two new combinations in Crassisporus.

Phylogenetic and morphological analyses on Perenniporia s.l. were carried out. Phylogenies on Perenniporia s.l. are reconstructed with two loci DNA sequences including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the large subunit (nLSU). Two new species from Yunnan Province, southwest China, Perenniporiaprunicola and P.rosicola in Perenniporia s.l., are illustrated and described. Perenniporiaprunicola is characterised by the perennial and resupinate basidiomata with a clay pink pore surface when fresh, a trimitic hyphal system, the presence of clavate to fusiform hymenial cystidia, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.8-6.2 × 3.6-4.5 µm. Perenniporiarosicola is characterised by annual and resupinate basidiomata with a white pore surface when fresh, a dimitic hyphal system, the presence of dendrohyphidia, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 5-5.8 × 4-5.2 μm. In addition, Crassisporus is a genus in Perenniporia s.l., in which two new combinations Crassisporusminutus and C.mollissimus are proposed. Main morphological characteristics of species related to new taxa are also provided.

Lentinus punjabensis (Polyporaceae), a new species from Lal Suhanra National Park, southern Punjab, Pakistan

Lentinus punjabensis, from the biodiverse Lal Suhanra National Park in southern Punjab, Pakistan, is the first new species of Lentinus for the country. It is characterized by an applanate pileus with a dark brown depressed center, erect scales, decurved margins, eroded lamellae, oblong to sometimes lacrymoid basidiospores, clavate to lageniform or sometimes lacrymoid cheilocystidia, and the presence of a dimitic hyphal system in the pileipellis. Our study presents the taxonomic position, using morphology, and molecular characterization, based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S sequences, to prove the distinctiveness of the new species. We provide an illustrated morphological description and comparison with morphologically similar or phylogenetically related species. In addition, we provide a key to the known species of Lentinus in Pakistan.

Fulvifomes parviungulatus (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota), a new species from China based on morphological and molecular evidence

Fulvifomes parviungulatus sp. nov. is described and illustrated from China based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses. The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and nuclear-encoded large subunit rRNA gene (28S) were employed. Fulvifomes parviungulatus is characterized by the perennial, small and ungulate basidiocarps, crusted, smooth pileal surface, 4–5 pores per mm with thick dissepiments, a dimitic hyphal system with interwoven skeletal hyphae, absence of ventricose cystidioles, collapsed hymenium in the studied material and ellipsoid, yellowish brown, thick-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring 4.2–4.7 × 3.5–4 μm. The new species was compared with its related taxa and a molecular study supports it with in the genus of Fulvifomes.

Molecular and morphological data reveal two new species of Tropicoporus (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from Australia and tropical Asia.

Phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination confirmed two new species in the tropical polypore genus Tropicoporus, T.oceanianus and T.zuzaneae, from Australia and tropical Asia, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis based on the two DNA markers including the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit (nLSU) gene shows that these two new species form two independent lineages nested in the genus Tropicoporus. T.oceanianus is characterized by perennial and ungulate basidiomata, the occasional presence of hymenial setae, a trimitic hyphal structure in the context and a dimitic hyphal system in the trama, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 5.2-6 × 4-5 μm. T.zuzaneae is characterized by perennial and resupinate basidiomata with distinct receding margin, glancing pores, very thin to almost lacking subiculum, a dimitic hyphal structure, the absence of any setal elements, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 3.8-4.9 × 3-4.2 µm. The differences among the new species and their phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species are discussed.

Phylloporia vietnamensis sp. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from Vietnam

Phylloporia, belonging to Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales, is a cosmopolitan genus; some species are plant pathogens and possess medicinal properties. The species diversity of Phylloporia has been extensively explored; however, there is still no known record available from certain regions. Phylloporia vietnamensis is described here, as a new species from Vietnam based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. This is the first report of the genus Phylloporia in Vietnam. Phylloporia vietnamensis is characterized by annual, terrestrial, eccentrically stipitate basidiomes with small pores (9–11 per mm) and thick stipe (up to 1.5 cm in diam), a dimitic hyphal system in the upper tomentum, and the presence of cystidioles. Phylogenetically, P. vietnamensis occupied an independent lineage within the Phylloporia clade. This work will hopefully attract more attention to taxonomic works on Phylloporia in Vietnam.

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Analyses Reveal Three New Wood-Inhabiting Fungi (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in China.

Three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Cerioporus yunnanensis, Perenniporiopsis sinensis, and Sarcoporia yunnanensis, are proposed based on a combination of the morphological features and molecular evidence. Cerioporus yunnanensis is characterized by the pileate basidiomata having a fawn brown to black pileal surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the fusoid cystidioles and cylindrical basidiospores (9-12.5 × 3.5-5 µm). Perenniporiopsis sinensis is distinct from the osseous pileus with verrucose, an orange-yellow to dark reddish-brown pileal surface with a cream margin, a trimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the fusiform cystidioles and ellipsoid basidiospores (9-11 × 5.5-6.5 µm). Sarcoporia yunnanensis is typical of the pileate basidiomata with a salmon to reddish-brown pileal surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and the presence of the ellipsoid basidiospores (4-5.5 × 2.5-4 µm). Sequences of ITS + nLSU + mt-SSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2 genes were used for the phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The multiple genes with six loci analysis showed that the three new species nested within the order Polyporales, in which C. yunnanensis and P. sinensis nested into the family Polyporaceae, and S. yunnanensis grouped into the family Sarcoporiaceae.

Morphological and molecular data reveal Cerrenacaulinicystidiata sp. nov. and Polyporusminutissimus sp. nov. in Polyporales from Asia.

Two new species of Polyporales, Cerrenacaulinicystidiata and Polyporusminutissimus, are illustrated and described on the basis of morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses from southern China and Vietnam. C.caulinicystidiata is characterized by annual, resupinate, sometimes effused-reflexed basidiocarps, greyish orange to brownish orange pore surface, irregular pores (3-8 per mm), a trimitic hyphal system, pyriform to ventricose cystidia, and subglobose basidiospores 3.2-4.5 × 2.8-3.5 µm in size. P.minutissimus is characterized by annual, solitary, fan-shaped with a depressed center or infundibuliform basidiocarps, obvious black stipe, cream to buff yellow pileal surface with glabrous, occasionally zonate and radially aligned stripes, angular pores (6-9 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and cylindrical basidiospores, 5-9.2 × 2.2-4 μm. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the two new species are provided. The differences between the two new species and their morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are discussed.

A New Edible Wild Mushroom Species, Panus sribuabanensis (Panaceae, Polyporales) from Northern Thailand and Its Nutritional Composition, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity

A new edible wild mushroom species, described herein as Panus sribuabanensis, was collected from local markets and natural forests located in northern Thailand. This species is characterized by its medium to large-sized basidiomata, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid-shaped basidiospores, dimitic hyphal system, and the absence of hyphal pegs. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences supported the monophyly of P. sribuabanensis as a distinct lineage within the genus Panus. Full description, illustrations, color photographs, and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of P. sribuabanensis are provided. The dried mushroom showed a nutritional composition within the range of 2.58%–2.67% for fat content, 27.10%–27.98% for protein, and 43.97%–44.10% for carbohydrates. The ethanolic extracts from this mushroom exhibited a total phenolic content ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw). Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.90–1.08 mg TE/g dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.93–1.08 mg TE/g dw) assays demonstrate higher activity compared to the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (0.44–0.51 mg TE/g dw). The outcomes of this study provide significant information on the nutritional value, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity potential of this new mushroom species discovered in northern Thailand.

Piptoporellus taiwanensis sp. nov. (Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae) from Taiwan and its phytochemistry

Piptoporellus is a recently proposed genus placed under Fomitopsis-like taxa in the Antrodia clade. Four species of Piptoporellus are known, of which three are distributed in China, and one in Africa. A specimen collected around Sun Moon Lake, Nantou County, Taiwan proved to be the first documentation of Piptoporellus in Taiwan. Based on morpho-molecular data, a new species, Piptoporellus taiwanensis, is introduced. In a multi-gene. phylogeny of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) region, large subunit RNA gene (nrLSU), small subunit RNA gene (nrSSU), and translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α), the novel taxon formed a distinct clade sister to P. hainanensis and P. triqueter. Phenotypically our strain differs from other Piptoporellus species in having yellow to orange pileus, buff to yellow pore surface, thin-walled basidiospores, and a dimitic hyphal system. Chemical analysis showed that this novel species contained about 3.878 g of total polysaccharides, 112.9 mg of total phenols, 182.9 mg of total flavonoids, 34.33 mg of total triterpenoids, and trace amounts of alkaloids per 100 g of dried fruiting bodies. This study has shed light on the diversity of Piptoporellus taxa in Taiwan and has also shown that this novel species contains significant amounts of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and triterpenoids.

Cyathus tongxinianus sp. nov. (Basidiomycota) from China

A new species of bird’s nest fungus, Cyathus tongxinianus, is proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Cyathus tongxinianus is characterized by the cupulate to obconical basidiomata with the smooth outer and inner surface of the peridium, a dimitic hyphal system of peridium walls with generative hyphae having clamp connections, the presence of the fimbriate mouth, brown black to dark grey peridioles, a monomitic hyphal system bearing the generative hyphae with clamp connections, the presence of crystals, and sub-globose, thick-walled basidiospores (8.5–19.5 × 7.5–11). Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and the phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and bayesian inference methods on two datasets (ITS+nLSU and ITS). The analyses showed that the new species clustered into the genus Cyathus within the family Nidulariaceae based on the ITS+nLSU phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data from ITS sequences showed that C. tongxinianus is sister to C. annulatus, and groups with C. renweii.

Vanderbylia kashmiriana sp. nov. (Polyporales, Polyporaceae) from Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan

A novel wood rotting species of genus Vanderbylia occurring at the base of Zanthoxylum armatum is described from mixed vegetation of District Bhimber, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU sequences. Further, distinct morpho-anatomical characters confirmed the novelty of the species as Vanderbylia kashmiriana. The taxon is characterized by pileate and corky basidiomata, a dimitic hyphal system with peculiar, extensively branched arboriform hyphae, globose to sub-globose to ellipsoid, hyaline, apiculate, strongly dextrinoid basidiospores, sub-clavate to obovoid basidia with the variable number of sterigmata (1–4), clavate to obclavate to ventricose to tubular, apically encrusted, granular, clamped cystidia. This is the first described species of the genus Vanderbylia from Pakistan.

Two new species of resupinate poroid fungi (Basidiomycota, Polyporaceae) from São Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago

Megasporia insularis and Porogramme principes are described as new species based on morphological and molecular data of specimens collected on the Island of Príncipe (São Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago). Megasporia insularis is characterized by the hymenophore with large regular pores, a di-trimitic hyphal system with strongly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, apically acuminate hyphal endings at the dissepiments edges, presence of dendrohyphidia, and large, subcylindrical basidiospores. Our phylogenetic analyses of the ITS-nLSU-mtSSU-RPB1-RPB2-TEF regions support the placement of M. insularis within an inclusive clade containing the redefined Megasporia. Porogramme principes has small irregular pores, a dimitic hyphal system with weakly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, and small, oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses of Porogramme and related genera place P. principes, together Grammothele taiwanensis, in a supported clade sister to P. subargentea, and separate from the species clade Grammothele s.str. Therefore, we propose to combine the species G. taiwanensis as Porogramme taiwanensis. Illustrations of these two novel species and updated keys to Megasporia and Porogramme genera are provided.

Fulvifomes aurantiacus sp. nov. (Basidiomycota; Hymenochaetaceae) from Pakistan

The present study is the first report dealing with Pakistani Fulvifomes species. A new species, Fulvifomes aurantiacus, is identified on the basis of morpho-anatomical and phylogenetic analyses from Lahore, Pakistan. The species is characterized by pileate to sub-stipitate, basidiocarps having orange-brown pileal surface with yellow ocher wide zones and velutinous poroid hymenophore; 4–5 pores per millimeter, the presence of duplex context, dimitic hyphal system, absence of hymenial setae and the presence of contextual gleoplerous hyphae and highly pigmented ovoid to sub-globose basidiospores, 4.4–6.7 × 3.75–5.8 μm. Phylogenetically, our species formed a distinct clade with other Fulvifomes species, indicating its distinct position in the genus.

Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses revealed two additional taxa in Cyathus (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)

Two new species of the bird’s nest fungus, Cyathus asiaticus and C. prismaticus are proposed based on a combination of the morphological and molecular evidence. Cyathus asiaticus is characterized by having an obconical, campanulate to cupulate basidiomata with the inconspicuously striation on the inner surface of the peridium, smooth mouth, silver gray to black peridioles with funicular cord, a monomitic hyphal system bearing the generative hyphae with clamp connections and broadly ellipsoid, elliptical, subglobose, ovoid, irregular, thick-walled basidiospores with inconspicuous apiculus. Cyathus prismaticus is characterised by the infundibuliform, obconical to cupulate basidiomata covered with shaggy or hirsute hairs, presence of the striations on the outer and inner surface of the peridium, peridioles with the funicular, a dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae having clamp connections, prensence of the narrow oblique prisms and subglobose, ovoid, elliptical to broadly ellipsoid, thick-walled basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and the phylogenetic analysis were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods on two datasets (ITS+nLSU and ITS). The dataset analysis showed that two new species clustered into the genus Cyathus.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of Sidera (Hymenochaetales, Rickenella clade) from China and North America revealing two new species.

Sidera, belonging to the Rickenella clade of Hymenochaetales, is a worldwide genus with mostly poroid hymenophore of wood-inhabiting fungi. Two new species in the genus, Sideraamericana and S.borealis, are described and illustrated from China and North America based on morphological and molecular evidence. They were mainly found growing on rotten wood of Abies, Picea and Pinus. S.americana is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with silk sheen when dry, round pores (9-11 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.5-4.2 × 1 μm. S.borealis is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with cream to pinkish buff dry pore surface, angular pores (6-7 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.9-4.1 × 1-1.1 μm. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined 2-locus dataset [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)] shows that the two species are members of Sidera, and they are compared with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species, respectively. An identification key to 18 accepted species of Sidera in worldwide is provided.

The molecular phylogeny and morphology revealed a new wood-rotting fungus Vararia yunnanensis (Peniophoraceae, Russulales) in Yunnan Province, China

Vararia yunnanensis sp. nov. is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Vararia yunnanensis is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with a cracking hymenial surface, a dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing simple-septa, and colorless, slightly thick-walled, smooth, amyloid basidiospores measuring 5–12 × 3.5–9 µm. The phylogenetic analyses of ITS+nLSU in Russulales showed that V. yunnanensis nested into the family Peniophoraceae, in which V. yunnanensis grouped within the genus Vararia. Furthermore, the ITS sequence data indicated that the new species is sister to Vararia ellipsospora.