Dimethylol Propionic Acid Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of high‐solid carboxylate/sulfonate waterborne polyurethane and its application in novel water‐based superfine fiber synthetic material

AbstractWith isophorone diisocyanate and polytetrahydrofuran as basic raw materials, dimethylolpropionic acid and 2,3‐dihydroxypropanesulfonic acid triethylamine salt (DHPSTEA) as chain extension agents, trimethylolpropane as crosslinking agent, N, N‐dimethylethanolamine as neutralizer, the high‐solid carboxylate/sulfonate waterborne polyurethane (SC‐HWPU) was synthesized. The effect of COO−/SO3− molar ratio on the properties of SC‐HWPU was studied. Fourier transform infrared and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results demonstrated that the SC‐HWPU molecular chain contained carboxylate and sulfonate groups. The results of thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and mechanical properties of SC‐HWPU film indicated that higher DHPSTEA content was favorable for the thermostability and mechanical properties when the total dosage of hydrophilic groups was invariable. When the mole ratio of COO−/SO3− is 8:2, the solid content of the prepared SC‐HWPU3 emulsion can reach to 51.6%, which has excellent storage stability and alkali resistance stability. Subsequently, the application of SC‐HWPU emulsion on the fixed‐island type polyamide/polyethylene terephthalate copolymer superfine fiber non‐woven fabric single‐coating process was analyzed, and the water‐base superfine fiber non‐woven fabric was prepared. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there was still a large amount of SC‐HWPU filled in the superfine fiber gap after alkali‐decrement, indicating that SC‐HWPU has excellent alkali resistance.

Preparation and corrosion resistance of polyaniline and waterborne polyurethane composite coating film

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) particles were synthesized using aniline (AN), dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), and ammonium persulfate (APS). The particles were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A PANI/waterborne polyurethane composite material (PANI‐WPU) was obtained by combining it with polyethylene glycol (PEG600), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), N‐methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), and dibutyltin lauric acid (DBTDL). The structure was characterized by the FTIR spectrum. The mechanical characteristics of the coating film were evaluated with respect to the PANI content, as well as its water absorption, glossiness, electrochemical corrosion resistance, and acid and alkali resistance. The PANI/waterborne polyurethane film has a maximum tensile strength of 23 MPa, an elongation of 1012%, a pencil hardness of 5H, a flexibility of 2 mm, an impact resistance of 50 cm, the water absorption of 14.66%, and the glossiness of 99.9 at 60°. When the PANI content is 0.7%, the mechanical characteristics, glossiness, and anti‐corrosion performance of the composite film improve. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of the aqueous polyurethane coating film with PANI can reach 99.74%, as shown by the examination of electrochemical polarization curves and impedance spectra. The tinplate is coated with a 0.7% PANI‐WPU composite material and edge sealing. This coating provides excellent protection against acid and alkali resistance, as demonstrated by its ability to withstand immersion in 10% H2SO4 and 10% NaOH solution for 90 days without any paint peeling off.

Graphene thermally modified with polyvinyl alcohol applied as conductive water-based paints based on polyurethane

This paper presents the fabrication of thermally reduced graphene modified with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which can be used as a conductive water-based paint based on polyurethane (PU). Graphite oxide (GO) was oxidised from graphite by the Hummer method, and then graphene was formed by the thermal-reducing GO method. The graphene was modified by dispersing it into a PVA solution with various concentrations and mass ratios to optimise the modification process. The graphene modified with PVA could be easily dispersed in water. Water-borne PU film-forming polymer was prepared by polymerisation reaction between isophorone diisocyanate with poly(tetramethylene glycol) and dimethylolpropionic acid. The carboxylate functional groups on the surface of the polymer particles make the polymer particles dispersed well and stable in water, so this polymerisation process does not use any surfactants. The characterisation methods included field emission scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX), specific surface area measurement, Raman microspectroscopy, resistance measurement... The graphene-based conductive paint has good adhesion, conductivity of the dry paint film was from 0.1-4 mS/cm with graphene content in the dry paint film was about 5-10 wt%.

Introducing free carboxylic acid groups along polyester chains using dimethylolpropionic acid as diol component

While different biodegradable polyesters have already been developed as green alternatives in food packaging, replacing functional polymers as present for example in superabsorbers is more complex due to the lack of selectivity in industrial polyester production. In this work, the trifunctional dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) was shown to react selectively as a diol component choosing the right reaction partners, introducing free carboxylic acid groups along the polyester chain. The reaction behavior was thoroughly investigated using a multimethod approach including NMR spectroscopy, MALDI mass spectrometry, and HPLC-MS. While reaction with adipic acid and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid was successful, material properties were inferior due to glass transition temperatures of the resulting polymers below 20 °C. A significant increase of Tg values up to 50 °C was obtained by introducing the aromatic isophthalic acid which could however not be realized in a direct reaction. Instead, a precondensate of isophthalic acid and neopentyl glycol was synthesized followed by the simultaneous addition of DMPA and the (cyclo)aliphatic acids. This protocol and the detailed description of characterization methods allow further investigations of DMPA polyester systems which carry potential in the fields of drug delivery, hydrogels, and superabsorbers as well as coatings, dispersants, and waste water treatment.

Synthesis and application of flame retardant self‐matting aqueous polyurethane dispersion

AbstractTo address the issues of insufficient film smoothness, and flammability of aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUD) prepared by adding matting agents, two hydrophilic chain extenders, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and sodium 2‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino] ethanesulphonate (A95), were used to regulate the particle size of the emulsion while using FRC‐6 flame retardant as a small molecule chain extender to prepare a self‐matting and flame retardant PUD. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy were used to structurally characterize the latex films. The results showed that as theR‐value (NCO/OH molar ratio) and soft segment content decreased, the prepolymer viscosity increased, making it difficult to emulsify and reducing the glossiness of the film. Moreover, an initial increase in DMPA content led to a decrease in film glossiness, followed by an increase. Increasing the molar ratio of A95 sulfonic acid salt‐based chain extender to EDA affected the glossiness of the film, with a 2:8 molar ratio of A95: ethylenediamine (EDA) resulting in a glossiness of the film of 6.5%. The addition of reactive flame retardant diethyl bis (2‐hydroxyethyl) aminomethyl phosphonate (FRC‐6) increased the branching content in the prepolymer, improved the flame retardancy of the film, and reduced its glossiness. As a result, the self‐prepared PUD had a flat film with a glossiness as low as 6.0% and a flame retardancy rating of level 4.

New waterborne polyurethane/silica hybrid dispersions based on natural rubber and prepared by sol-gel process: Effects of amino alkoxy-silane and nano-silica contents on dispersion stability and films properties

A bio-polyol based issued from natural rubber was successfully synthesized for the preparation of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and hybrid waterborne polyurethane (HWPU). The WPU was prepared by prepolymer process from hydroxyl telechelic natural rubber (HTNR), using dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). A series of new HWPUs was successfully synthesized by the sol-gel process, using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a coupling agent. Effects of the amount of APTES (0.8–1.3%wt) on properties of the HWPU were investigated. The WPU and HWPU with APTES content ranging from 0.8 to 1.0%wt showed well-dispersed particles with a long shelf life exceeding 3 months. The particle size increased with APTES content. In addition, the HWPUs showed increasing zeta potential with APTES content. The morphology and shape of particles were observed from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging. The chemical structures in WPU and the series of HWPUs were confirmed by FT-IR. The tensile strength of HWPU was improved on incorporating Si–O–Si linkages into the WPU backbone through a sol-gel process. Moreover, effects of the amount of nano-silica (0–15%wt) on properties of the HWPU/silica were investigated. TEM images demonstrated miscibility and specific interactions between HWPU and the dispersed nano-silica particles. The morphology of HWPU/silica films was characterized by Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM), and the elemental analysis of surfaces was carried out by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Additionally, nano-silica content enabled the hydrophobicity of HWPU/silica films, leading to water repellence and good water resistance. Moreover, the mechanical and thermal properties were significantly improved on increasing nano-silica content. The investigation demonstrated that using HTNR polyol in the formulation of a new HWPU dispersion is an environmentally friendly alternative, in which performance of the film is improved on adding nano-silica via a sol-gel process. The novel films have potential for coating applications.

Facile fabrication of high performance hydrophilic anti-icing polyurethane methacrylate coatings cured via UV irradiation

In this article, high performance hydrophilic anti-icing coatings with carboxyl groups were facilely fabricated via UV curing polyurethane methacrylate prepolymers, which were prepared through polyaddition of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) gradually in acetone (A series prepolymer) or isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) (B series prepolymer), and finally treated with triethylamine (TEA). The structures of A series prepolymer and the corresponding cured coating were confirmed via various techniques. The anti-icing performance of the cured coatings was investigated by ice freezing delay test, ice adhesion strength test, water contact angle and water absorption tests, and DSC test. Based on the testing results, the anti-icing behavior was defined as the incomplete icing of water on hydrophilic surface to weaken the interface adhesion. The ice adhesion strength firstly decreased as the DMPA content increased. At DMPA content of 5 %, the coating displayed a stable and very low ice adhesion strength of 40 kPa even after 25 times of icing (at −12 °C) and de-icing (at 25 °C) cycling. At even higher DMPA content, the ice adhesion strength improved because of the anchoring effect of the ice. Moreover, when IBOA was used as reactive diluent and participated in the polymerization with the prepolymers, the obtained B series coatings could have much improved mechanical properties, together with low ice adhesion strength. The facile fabrication process, excellent anti-icing performance and adjustable mechanical properties should make the coatings suitable for various purposes.

Study of a Novel Fluorine-Containing Polyether Waterborne Polyurethane with POSS as a Cross-Linking Agent.

Waterborne polyurethane are more eco-friendly materials due to lower volatile organic compounds (VOCs, mainly isocyanates) content than the alternative materials. However, these rich hydrophilic groups polymers have not yet reached good mechanical properties, durability and hydrophobicity behaviors. Therefore, hydrophobic waterborne polyurethane has become a research hotspot, attracting significant attention. In this work, firstly, a novel fluorine-containing polyether P(FPO/THF) was synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-propoxymethyl)-oxirane (FPO) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Secondly, fluorinated polymer P(FPO/THF), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hydroxy-terminated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-(OH)8) were used to prepare a new fluorinated waterborne polyurethane (FWPU). Hydroxy-terminated POSS-(OH)8 was used as a cross-linking agent, while dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and triethylamine (TEA) were used as a catalyst. Four kinds of waterborne polyurethanes (FWPU0, FWPU1, FWPU3, FWPU5) were obtained by adding different contents of POSS-(OH)8 (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%). The structures of the monomers and polymers were verified by 1H NMR and FT-IR, and the thermal stabilities of various waterborne polyurethanes were analyzed by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). As the results, the thermal analysis showed that the FWPU performed the good thermal stability and the glass transition temperature could reach at about -50 °C. The FWPU1 film exhibited that the elongation at break was 594.4 ± 3.6% and the tensile strength at break was 13.4 ± 0.7 MPa, elucidating that the FWPU1 film developed the excellent mechanical properties relative to the alternative FWPUs. Further, the FWPU5 film performed the promising properties, including the higher surface roughness of FWPU5 film (8.41 nm) obtained by the atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis, and the higher value of water contact angle (WCA) at 104.3 ± 2.7°. Those results illustrated that the novel POSS-based waterborne polyurethane FWPU containing a fluorine element could develop the excellent hydrophobicity and mechanical properties.

Microcrack self‐healing capability of waterborne polyurethane/polyacrylate composites with dynamic disulfide bond

AbstractIn this paper, a series of self‐healing waterborne polyurethane/polyacrylate composites (SWPUA) with different disulfide content on the main chain were synthesized. The SWPUAs were synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate, dimethylolpropionic acid, polyether diol and bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) disulfide (HEDS). The structure of the products was characterized by IR and Raman spectra. The effects of different content of HEDS on dispersion stability, mechanical property and self‐healing properties (including tensile strength and breaking elongation) of SWPUAs were studied. The results showed that all the prepared SWPUAs have excellent dispersion stability, thermal stability, self‐healing efficiency and certain hydrophobic capacity. Thereinto, SWPUA‐1 and SWPUA‐2 products with HEDS content of 0.0025 mol and 0.0050 mol have the best repair efficiency. They can recover 101.03% and 102.18%, respectively, after 3 h of repair at 75°C. In addition, SWPUA‐1 has the highest repeatedly repair efficiency of 91% for tensile strength but 75% for breaking elongation because of the influence of physical entanglement and chain link.

Thermal-driven self-healing and green recyclable waterborne polyurethane films based on double reversible covalent bonds

Recently, the self-healing and recyclability of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) has attracted significant research attention. Herein, different weight ratios of Diels-Alder (DA) diol and diacetyl oxime (DMG) were used as the reactive monomer with polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA). A series of thermal-driven self-healing and green recyclable waterborne polyurethane films (WPU-DMGx-DAy) were prepared based on synergistic dynamic reactions of oxime-carbamate and DA bonds. We investigated the properties of WPU-DMGx-DAy emulsions by particle size and zeta potential tests, and the results show that these emulsions have excellent storage stability. The self-healing properties of WPU-DMGx-DAy films were identified by dynamic mechanical analysis. It was revealed that the WPU-DMG4-DA4 film has the best self-healing capability, and the self-healing efficiency can reach 92. ± 0.1 % after self-healing at 120 °C for 4 h. The mechanism of the self-healing behavior was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the effective reversibility of the oxime-carbamate and DA bonds were verified. In addition, thermal gravimetric analysis and tensile test results showed that the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the WPU-DMGx-DAy films were significantly improved. More importantly, the WPU-DMG4-DA4 film can be dissolved in a mixed acetone/ethanol solvent at room temperature. The recycled polyurethane solution could be dispersed in water to obtain a WPU emulsion again. After being recycled three times, the recovery efficiency of the mechanical properties of the WPU-DMG4-DA4 film was higher than 90.1 ± 0.1 %, and the recycled film maintained its thermal stability and self-healing behavior. Moreover, the synthetic leather obtained by compounding WPU-DMG4-DA4 and non-woven fabrics could be easily recycled through this process. The basic properties of the recycled non-woven fabric remained unchanged and the recycled WPU-DMG4-DA4 resin could be reused. Therefore, the WPU-DMG4-DA4 resin has broad application prospects in the tanning industry.

Optically transparent, ultra-tough, aerosol-sprayable, waterborne polyurethane composite reinforced with natural polymer nanofibers

In this study, we introduce an optically transparent, mechanically tough waterborne polyurethane (WPU) nanocomposite incorporating succinylated cellulose nanofibers (SCNF) and chitin nanofibers (SChNF) as the reinforcing fillers. Both a commercially available WPU as well as a typical anionic WPU synthesized using poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTMEG), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) as the internal emulsifier are used. Aqueous colloidal suspensions of the SC(h)NF nanofillers are prepared via the aqueous counter collision (ACC) method. A simple blending of the two waterborne materials renders homogeneous WPU/SC(h)NF (1–10 wt%) nanocomposite that simultaneously achieve an outstanding mechanical toughness and high optical transparency (>90%). We also demonstrate an environmentally benign aerosol-spray coating of the WPU/SC(h)NF using dimethyl ether (DME) as the aerosol propellant.

Hybrid Films from Blends of Castor Oil and Polycaprolactone Waterborne Polyurethanes.

Waterborne polyurethanes (WBPUs) with relatively high biobased content (up to 43.7%) were synthesized, aiming at their use as coatings for metals and woods. The study was performed on self-standing films obtained from anionic polyurethane water dispersions (PUDs). The initially targeted PUD was prepared from castor oil (CO), while tartaric acid (TA), a byproduct of wine production, was utilized as the internal anionic emulsifier. Although the films were cohesive and transparent, they were fragile, and thus blending the CO-TA PUD with other WBPUs was the chosen strategy to obtain films with improved handling characteristics. Two different WBPUs based on polycaprolactone diol (PCL), a biodegradable macrodiol, were prepared with dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and tartaric acid (TA) as synthetic and biobased internal emulsifiers, respectively. The use of blends with PCL-TA and PCL-DMPA allowed for tailoring the moduli of the samples and also varying their transparency and haze. The characterization of the neat and hybrid films was performed by colorimetry, FTIR-ATR, XRD, DMA, TGA, solubility and swelling in toluene, and water contact angle. In general, the addition of PCL-based films increases haze; reduces the storage modulus, G’, which at room temperature can vary in the range of 100 to 350 MPa; and reduces thermal degradation at high temperatures. The results are related to the high gel content of the CO-TA film (93.5 wt.%), which contributes to the cohesion of the blend films and to the crystallization of the PCL segments in the samples. The highest crystallinity values corresponded to the neat PCL-based films (32.3% and 26.9%, for PCL-DMPA and PCL-TA, respectively). The strategy of mixing dispersions is simpler than preparing a new synthesis for each new requirement and opens possibilities for new alternatives in the future.

Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Chain-Extended Waterborne Polyurethane Coatings with Cellulose Acetate Butyrate.

A series of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions were prepared by chain-extending a prepolymer made of polyester diol, isophorone diisocyanate, and dimethylol propionic acid using cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). The particle size and viscosity of the WPU dispersion were measured. In addition, we investigated the effects of CAB on the thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of WPU films. The use of CAB effectively improved the crosslinking degree of the WPUs, increasing the thermal stability and water resistance of the corresponding films. In particular, CAB increased the tensile strength of the WPU films up to 67%, while maintaining their elongation at break unchanged. In addition, CAB improved the optical transmittance by reducing the microphase separation between the soft and hard segments of PU. The rough surface structure of the WPU films formed by CAB led to improved matting properties.

Synthesis of high-toughness waterborne polyurethane utilizing self-emulsifying CO2-based polyols

In this work, a self-emulsifying CO2-based polyol (LAPEC) was prepared by the terpolymerization of propylene oxide, allyl glycidyl ether and CO2, followed by thiol-ene click reaction with mercaptopropionic acid. And the carboxyl group was successfully introduced into LAPEC verified in 1H NMR. LAPEC was served as both soft segments and internal emulsifiers for WPU. Meanwhile, γ-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane (KH902) was also employed to improve the mechanical properties of WPU. Compared to dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), WPU emulsion prepared by LAPEC had smaller particle size and higher emulsification efficiency. And the performance differences between LAPEC-based WPU films (LWPUs) and DMPA-based WPU films (DWPUs) with different hard segment contents were studied. The stronger hydrogen-bonding interactions improved the tensile strength, toughness and thermal stability. Compared with DWPU, the tensile strength and the elongation at break of LWPU respectively increased from 17.8 to 21.1 MPa and from 302.3 % to 356.5 %, when their hard segment content was both maintained around 37 wt%. Meanwhile, due to rougher surfaces and more hydrophobic silicon clusters, LWPU had stronger surface hydrophobicity. Therefore, LAPEC can provide a new way to synthesize WPU with high toughness and can be potentially used for flexible substrate coatings in the future.

Synthesis and characterization of a novel itaconic acid‐based internal emulsifier for anionic waterborne polyurethane

AbstractA novel bio‐based liquefied internal emulsifier is synthesized through the thiol‐ene photo‐click reaction of itaconic acid (IA) and 1‐thioglycerol (TG), with the purpose to replace dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), an internal emulsifier commonly used in the synthesis of waterborne polyurethane (WPU). Compared to WPU prepared with DMPA, a WPU sample synthesized using the IA‐based internal emulsifier (IATG) shows a smaller particle size as well as higher storage modulus, phase separation, and tensile strength. Increasing the IATG content while maintaining the NCO/OH ratio constant increases the specific gravity of the hard segment of WPU, which leads to a significant increase in the 100% modulus of the WPU films. In addition, the content of hydrophilic functional groups increases, resulting in the formation of a stable dispersion with small particle size. IATG is also more environmentally friendly than DMPA when used in the WPU synthesis, because it does not require the use of organic solvents. These results suggest that IATG is an effective environmentally friendly alternative to DMPA.

Polyurethane dispersions prepared from vegetable oil and their application as textile finishes

One of the major challenges facing the polymer industry now is finding sustainable and renewable alternatives to petroleum-based raw materials. To overcome such challenges, these novel water-borne polyurethane dispersions were prepared from bioresources (vegetable oil). Vegetable oil-based polyol is synthesized by epoxidation and hydroxylation methods from vegetable oil. Consequently, polyurethane dispersions are prepared by reacting the vegetable oil-based polyol with isophorone diisocyanate and dimethylol propionic acid to form the polyurethane prepolymer, which further reacts with 1,4-butanediol, and the final product is obtained by the addition of water. Fourier transform infrared analysis is used for the structural confirmation of the prepared vegetable oil-based polyol and polyurethane dispersions. A number of textile tests, including mechanical (tear strength (ASTM 1424) and tensile strength (ASTM D-5034)) and antibacterial, were conducted on poly/cotton plain weave fabrics after applying the synthesized dispersions by pad dry-cure methods. The hemolytic test method was used to check the biocompatibility of the synthesized dispersions. Results reveal that these finishes effectively increase the tensile strength of the treated fabric samples, such as white fabric samples, which show tensile strength values of (248, 255, 268 and 325 N from untreated 240 N) in the warp direction. The biological outcomes show the antibacterial and hemolytic activity of the dispersions are influenced by the presence of natural polyols in the dispersions. These results indicate that covering poly/cotton fabrics with vegetable oil-based polyurethane dispersions improve their tensile strength and antibacterial properties and they can replace petroleum-based polyurethane finishes.

Click Reaction in the Synthesis of Dendrimer Drug-delivery Systems.

Drug delivery systems are designed for the targeted delivery and controlled release of medicinal agents. Among the materials employed as drug delivery systems, dendrimers have gained increasing interest in recent years because of their properties and structural characteristics. The use of dendrimer-nanocarrier formulations enhances the safety and bioavailability, increases the solubility in water, improves stability and pharmacokinetic profile, and enables efficient delivery of the target drug to a specific site. However, the synthesis of dendritic architectures through convergent or divergent methods has drawbacks and limitations that disrupt aspects related to design and construction, and consequently, slow down the transfer from academia to industry. In that sense, the implementation of click chemistry has received increasing attention in the last years, as it offers new efficient approaches to obtain dendritic species in good yields and higher monodispersity. This review focuses on recent strategies for building dendrimer drug delivery systems using click reactions from 2015 to early 2021. The dendritic structures showed in this review are based on β -cyclodextrins (β-CD), poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), dendritic poly (lysine) (PLLD), dimethylolpropionic acid (bis-MPA), phosphoramidate (PAD), and poly(propargyl alcohol-4-mercaptobutyric (PPMA).

Effect of cyclophosphazene nucleated hyperbranched polyester on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resins

AbstractHexakis(4‐hydroxyphenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene (PN‐OH) was synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution and aldehyde reduction reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and then cyclophosphazene nucleated hyperbranched polyesters (HBP) were prepared via a one‐pot esterification reaction of PN‐OH and dimethylolpropionic acid. The chemical structure and molecular weight distribution of HBP were confirmed by 1H‐NMR, FTIR, and GPC. The HBP was applied to epoxy resin (EP) to improve its mechanical properties and flame retardancy. The cone calorimeter test revealed that the maximum heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke release of HBP/EP composites were reduced by 35.9%, 21.6%, and 27.3%, respectively, when 7 wt% HBP was added to the EP matrix compared with pure EP. Meanwhile, when 7 wt% HBP was added to EP composites, the limiting oxygen index value was increased from 24.6% to 27.7% and the UL‐94 test reached a V‐1 rating. More importantly, the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the HBP/EP composites were enhanced. The flame retardant mechanism analysis showed that HBP primarily acted as a flame retardant in the condensed phase. These results indicate that the HBP/EP composites have exceptional overall performance and a broad range of applications in critical fields.

Business Roundup

BUSINESS Business Roundup ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2022, 100 (3), p 13January 24, 2022Cite this:C&EN 100, 3, 13AbstractSabic has formed a collaboration with PKN Orlen for the development of chemical facilities in Poland. The effort could result in a new ethylene cracker in the country and the expansion of existing facilities. Arkema plans to increase global capacity for its Pebax elastomers, derived in part from castor oil, by 25% by expanding its facility in Serquigny, France. Applications for the elastomers include running shoes and ski boots. Biosynthetic Technologies has acquired the castor oil derivative specialist Innoleo. Both firms convert biobased oils into lubricants, coatings, and personal care ingredients. Perstorp has purchased the dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) business of Geo Specialty Chemicals. DMPA is an ingredient in water-based polyurethane coatings and adhesives. MycoWorks has closed a $125 million series C funding round led by the investment group Prime Movers Lab. The company says it will use the funds to build the first full-scale plant for its leather alternative Reishi,View: PDF | Full Text HTML

Perstorp acquires DMPA business from GEO

As of January 2022, Perstorp controls GEO’s dimethylol propionic acid business. GEO will continue to produce DMPA exclusively for Perstorp in Allentown, Pennsylvania.